Types of roofs of private houses by design. Types of roofs of private houses by design and geometric shapes

The roof of any private house has an incredibly important and multidisciplinary task - throughout its entire service life it must protect the home from snow, rain, wind, scorching sun rays and winter frosts. In order to maintain warmth and comfort in the house, the roof must be properly designed, the design and materials must be selected taking into account the nuances of the architectural structure and the characteristics of climatic conditions. But in addition to a rationally chosen form, reliable materials and high-quality installation, any owner would like to see not only protection of his home from the vagaries of nature, but also an externally attractive building element that decorates the building or brings originality to its image.

Roofing for a private house - a variety of shapes

You have probably already seen many options for roofing when building a modern home. The variety of forms will help not only to decide on the most in a suitable way protecting the building from weather conditions, but also to find your own solution for implementation design ideas to create an original image. Before you start choosing the type of roof for your own home, it makes sense to familiarize yourself with the design features of the various options for its design. If we talk about the global division of roofs into types, the main criteria are:

• material type;
• roof slope;
• type and shape of the structure.

Exactly right choice These three components will help create a truly reliable, durable and durable building coating that can withstand all the nuances of climatic conditions. The main influence on the choice of type of construction will be the weather conditions in a given area - there is no point in constructing a roof with a slight slope in places with big amount precipitation in winter (snow will accumulate and subsequently destroy the structure).

The main classification of roofs is based on the shape and number of slopes. A slope is a roof slope of more than ten degrees. Roofs come with one, two and four slopes. There are also more complex structures equipped with combined slopes - multi-gable and hipped roofs. Less common, but still found in the construction of private houses, are domed and conical roofing models. If the roof structure contains several options and shapes, then it is called combined.

So, let’s take a closer look at the options for roofing in private houses. different sizes and forms located in different climatic conditions:

single-pitched roofing is the simplest and most cost-effective design that does not require large financial and labor costs for installation;

gable– a roof structure that is no less affordable in cost, which is often used for buildings of various shapes (ideal for regions with a lot of snow);

attic roof is an option gable roof with a broken profile (each slope has two levels, the first is flat, the second is falling);

hip the roof is suitable for buildings with a large area. It is able to withstand high wind loads;

a hip roof with an arched slope (like a pagoda) is rare due to the complexity of manufacturing. But the appearance is very attractive and original;

tent– a type of hip roof, which is ideal for square-shaped buildings (the roof consists of four triangles, converging at the tops like a tent);

half-hip roofing - another subtype of hip roof (a slightly more complicated design for a gable roof);

multi-forceps the roof has a rather complex design (suitable for both square and rectangular houses);

vaulted roof - the name speaks for itself - the roof has the shape of a vault (rarely used as the main type of roofing for residential buildings, more often it serves as an addition);

diamond the roof consists of four diamond shapes brought together to the center and is ideal for houses that have a square shape at the base.

In addition to classification by shape, there is a division of roofs into:

• exploited;
• unexploited.

The name speaks for itself. Useable roofs include flat roofs, on which you can create an outdoor recreation area, a sports area, a terrace, and even a lawn with plants. The advantage of a flat roof is not only ease of execution, minimal amount of materials and time costs, but also that such a roof will not be torn off even strong wind. A significant disadvantage is the accumulation of sediment on a flat surface without a slope.

IN Lately It’s fashionable to use the roof surface to create real masterpieces landscape design. The high cost of land within the city, the desire to have your own green corner within walking distance, and the possibilities of the modern market for materials and plants for organizing such oases on the roofs also play a role.

If we talk not only about the aesthetic side of using the roof surface, but also the practical one, the most popular way to create an efficient space is to install solar panels. Energy saving and fairly high prices for electricity consumption encourage many owners of private houses to use alternative sources energies that are easy to install on the roof itself.

Also, all roof options can be divided into two groups:

• attics;
• roofless.

If the distance between the ceiling and the roof surface does not exceed one and a half meters, then this type of roof is considered attic. Typically this space is used for technical needs. A roofless roof is used if there are ideas for using the space under the roof to organize living quarters. In addition, the attic space can be organized in a finished building by adding a second floor.

How to choose a roof slope

According to the type of slope, all roofs are divided into pitched and flat. Slope is the angle of inclination of the slope relative to the horizon line. Most often it is measured in degrees, less often - as a percentage of the roof height to the span length. For example, a slope of 100% corresponds to 45 degrees.

The main reason for arranging a roof slope is the need to remove precipitation from its surface. If there is no slope at all (less than 1%), then the roof will often leak and cause inconvenience to the owners. And externally, this approach to organizing the covering of buildings is more suitable for outbuildings. Although many designers offer such Constructive decisions as an original way to distinguish a building from similar houses on the same street.

When choosing a roof slope option, it is considered that the maximum load from fallen snow on the surface is achieved at a slope angle of 30 degrees. In order for such a roof to self-clean (snow naturally rolls down), the slope must be 45 degrees.

In addition to precipitation, gusts of wind also affect the roof. When the slope increases by 20-30%, the wind load on the roof increases 5 times. But even a very slight slope is not an option; the wind can penetrate through the joints of the ceiling and tear down the structure, as they say, from the inside. That is why the design justification for the shape of the roof and its slope must be entrusted to competent specialists who will take into account all the nuances of the weather conditions of a particular area.

In order to determine the magnitude of the slope, specialists use special calculation formulas and graphs. They are easy to find on the Internet. In short, to determine the slope it is necessary to calculate the ratio of the size of the ridge to half the width of the house. After multiplying the resulting number by 100, we get the desired slope value. If we talk about slope, in relation to construction costs, they increase with increasing value of this indicator.

Despite the obvious fact of rising prices pitched roof in relation to the flat model, all developers prioritize reliability, durability and structural strength rather than initial costs. Therefore, pitched roof structures are the most popular option for covering a private house. The slope of such a roof will be determined not only by wind and snow load, but also by its aesthetic appearance. In addition, the roof slope is determined by the use of a specific building material.

We select building materials depending on the roof slope

In order for the roof to be reliable protection for the building from any manifestations of weather, it is necessary to take into account the angle of inclination of the slope (s) when choosing a roofing material:

slate or corrugated asbestos-cement sheets - the coating can be used for roof slopes from 13 to 60 degrees. If the slope is less than 13 degrees, water will get into the joints of the roofing material, significantly reducing the service life of the coating (and slate cannot be classified as a durable material anyway);

ceramic tiles– the slope for this type of coating ranges from 30 to 60 degrees. Laying ceramic tiles with a slope of less than 30 degrees is possible, but additional measures must be taken to organize ventilation and waterproofing the roof;

metal tiles- one of the most popular materials used in private construction. One of the advantages of this roofing is that the maximum angle of inclination is not standardized, and the minimum is 15 degrees;

corrugated sheet It is rarely used as a permanent material for covering private houses (it is mainly used for outbuildings and garages). The material is laid with a roof slope of 10 degrees (the maximum value is not standardized);

bitumen shingles – Great for unusual roofs with arched shapes. The slope angle must be at least 12 degrees, the maximum value is not limited;

bitumen slate– used infrequently and with a slope of at least 5 degrees. There is also no maximum value, but it is necessary to take into account the angle of inclination to calculate the sheathing - with a slope of 5 to 10 degrees, a continuous flooring is usually installed;

seam steel roofing – used at an inclination angle of 20 degrees (the final figure is not limited).

A special group of roofing materials includes double-glazed windows and sheets of tempered glass, from which part of the roof is often made. Usually this is the canopy of a veranda or greenhouse, less often - a kitchen or living room in a private house. The design, of course, turns out to be incredibly attractive in appearance, not to mention the aesthetic features of the appearance of the ceilings inside the room, but such architectural solutions will also require considerable costs. Glass can withstand quite large snow and wind loads. Most often it is attached to a metal profile, less often it acts alone.

When choosing a covering to create a roof, you need to use a simple rule - the denser the structure of the roofing material, the smaller the angle of inclination of the pitched roof should be. If you take into account the angle of the roof slope when choosing a material, you can end up with a durable and robust construction, ready to withstand the various climatic features of a particular area.

Design and color scheme

The choice of color for roofing materials in the lines of modern manufacturers of building and finishing materials is incredibly wide. You can use color to create a harmonious ensemble of a building and its roof or highlight the roof with a bright, contrasting shade. The only thing you need to decide when choosing a color scheme for roofing material is whether you want the roof of the house to blend with the environment (greenery, mountains, steppes for country homes and other buildings for city apartments) or to stand out against the general background of the landscape with brightness and contrast .

If the facade of your house is made in light colors, then a contrastingly dark roof can not only become an original addition to the building’s image, but also make it stand out among other buildings on the street or outside the city, among green plants.

The opposite situation, when the roofing material is chosen in a light tone and the façade is finished in a dark color, is rare. This will make your building look more valuable and original, standing out among the many similar private houses built in the neighborhood.

The bright, rich color of the roof will help create a truly unique image of your architectural structure. If your goal is to attract attention to a private home, then the colorful color of the roofing material is an excellent way to achieve the goal. But in this case, the facade of the building should be made in a neutral tone.

In modern private construction there are a great many types of roofs of houses, and in our material we'll talk about their most popular options. Such important roofing structures can be divided depending on the shape, design features and what materials were used in its construction.

Tilt angle

First, we suggest you familiarize yourself with what types of roofing there are. Depending on the angle of inclination, two main categories of structures can be defined:

1. Flat, with an angle of inclination not exceeding 3 degrees relative to the horizon. Since their maintenance is very difficult, and precipitation stagnates in them, such options are quite rare. The positive aspects here include inexpensive installation and no a large number of Supplies. On such a structure you can build an open-air terrace, which can also be considered an advantage.
2. Pitched, with an inclination angle of 10 degrees and above. Such samples are easy to use, which is why their popularity is very high. There is no accumulation of precipitation here, and water is perfectly discharged through storm drains.

Roofs with pitched surfaces, in turn, are divided into subcategories:

• single-pitched;
• gable steep;
• gable flat;
• gable attics with a broken configuration;
• hipped, semi-hip;
• hipped hipped roofs;
• four-slope hip.

The most convenient to implement include shed roofing structures, the surface slope of which is from 4 to 6 degrees.

What are the types of roofing?

If you need to build an attic, give preference to a mansard roof, which can consist of two slopes and have a broken contour configuration. Hip samples are practical; they can withstand wind loads, but their installation cannot be called simple.

This will require materials in large quantities, and you cannot do without a professional installation team. When choosing roof types, be sure to consider all factors, and do not limit yourself solely to information about the service life and cost of the project.

In order for the structure to please the eye and be a real decoration of the house, it is necessary to pay special attention to its design.

Popular types of roofs of private houses and their characteristics Of course, the popularity of this or that type of roofing is explained by the ease of installation, saving money and time, the climatic characteristics of the region and the personal preferences of the owners. Let's move on to detailed review

options presented in modern construction.

Gable This type is the most popular and has been erected in our country for a long time. Another name for a structure with two slopes that rest on walls of the same height is a “gable roof.” Installation here is more complicated than the single-slope version, but facing materials

here they can be completely different, which makes it possible to satisfy any developer’s design requirements.

Hip

During the installation process, beams are installed here using double tightening and drains are installed on each slope at an angle of 45 degrees.

The construction of such structures requires additional effort and skills, because the structure of the rafter system in this case is quite complex.

Half-hip This is one of the options hip roofs

, with the only difference that a truncated triangular slope is formed here, and it is installed higher than its trapezoidal counterparts. Among the disadvantages, it is fashionable to note only additional costs for materials, because you will have to finish those sections of the planes that are adjacent to the ribs of the roof. Such structures are good for use in regions with windy climates.

Attic (broken) Another type of gable model, characterized by broken slopes, which allows you to significantly increase the attic space, called the attic. Pentagonal pediments leave no one indifferent, and their construction will not cause any particular difficulties experienced craftsmen

. The only thing you will have to deal with is to buy materials for insulating the living space and install them, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of the house, which is not required in the case of a regular attic not intended for living. On average, the cost of constructing a roof is about 20% of total amount construction costs, but we can make maximum use of the usable area of ​​the building and get two-storey house

with virtually one level.

Flat

Forgotten for a while, these types of house roofs are gradually returning to construction thanks to the unusual design solutions of modern architects. Flat roofs allow you to build a flower garden, tennis court or mini outdoor pool, especially if your home is located in a region with a warm climate. They can be improved with removable canopies made of glass or other materials that will reliably protect the recreation area from precipitation and pollution. A transparent dome will provide the space with natural light, and lighting fixtures will help out in the evening. Here you can install solar panels and water heating elements, if you need them, of course. Among the advantages, I would especially like to note the affordable costs for materials and installation work. Don't forget about quality, with the help of which all precipitation will leave the roof without a trace; moreover, the flat surface still has a slope, although it is invisible at first glance.

As for the disadvantages, problems with thermal insulation may arise here, and here we are primarily talking about the heating of the plane in the summer heat, but you can deal with the cold in the same way as in the case of a mansard roof.

If the roof structure with slopes has its own heat exchanger in the form of an attic, then flat options cannot boast of such a feature, so in case of urgent need you will have to resort to its construction separately.

The main rule here is to create ventilation between the ceiling of the living space and the roof, and it does not matter what shape it will be. You can equip both a ventilated attic and ventilation ducts

, which will hide the rafters and cladding materials of the roof.

Less popular roof types In addition to the most common roofing structures

There are other options that can also be found in private construction, although less frequently. Their shape is somewhat different from the specimens we looked at above, but that makes them no less beautiful. You need to take the creation of such samples seriously, because their implementation may only be feasible for professionals.

Single-pitch Distinctive feature of this type design is rafter system , resting on walls of different levels, due to which a slope is formed.

Such structures are easy to construct, and any, even the most inexpensive, materials are suitable for their cladding.

As for practicality, it is obvious, because precipitation does not linger here, so you don’t have to worry about maintaining such a building. The disadvantage is also significant - you will not be able to equip an attic or attic, and perhaps this is why today it is rare to see lean-to examples on new houses.

Tent

The shape of such a roof is made in the form of four symmetrically located triangles along each wall of the building, which form a kind of tent.

It has an unusual chic look, but it is very difficult to build due to the overly sophisticated rafter system. Multi-forceps It has another name - valley, and is characterized by one of the most complex rafter systems. Lots of outdoor and

Multi-gable designs can be afforded by wealthy people who build polygonal-shaped houses with a large number of extensions and attic spaces.

Dome

These types of roofs only in rare cases cover the entire area of ​​the building and are mainly installed over part of it. To install the frame you will need flexible elements, and decorative covering Flexible or soft lining is suitable. As a rule, dome solutions are preferred by lovers of antiquity, oriental style, ancient castles and everything unusual, bringing it into your home.

Spherical

Recently, spherical roofs have been slowly gaining popularity among our compatriots, although this rarely applies to residential buildings. They cover gazebos, sports grounds, and church buildings, so we can see these types of construction almost every day.

Green

The point here is not the color of the decorative coating, as it might seem at first glance. As a cladding, if you can call it that, we are dealing with natural soil in which plants are planted that serve as a real decoration for such an exotic design. Everything can be noted here positive traits flat samples, improved with a special ventilation system. Thanks to this laying, the roots of bushes and trees are limited in growth, always have enough moisture for watering, and in addition, conditions are created for healthy aeration of the roots of green spaces.

An undoubted advantage is the uniqueness of the open greenhouse, because it is very rare to come across such green living structures. Looking at the rapid development of new technologies and the popularity of environmental projects, it is not difficult to predict that soon such plantings on the tops of houses will become much more widespread. Do you want to distinguish yourself from your neighbors and are not afraid to face the need for careful care of outdoor plants? Then a green roof is right for you and you can enjoy its beauty.

Decorative cladding: what to choose?

In addition to personal preferences and financial capabilities, in this matter you need to take into account design features that can either limit your choice or allow you to expand it. Today the most common materials are:

• metal tiles;
• bitumen shingles;
• ceramic tiles;
• slate;
• sandwich panels.

All these roofing materials differ from each other in technical characteristics, composition and design, and are also installed on the surface of the structure according to different technologies, therefore, before choosing, you should carefully read their description, manufacturer’s recommendations and warnings. If you take a balanced approach to this issue and study all the subtleties and nuances of the roof structure, you will be able to create reliable protection and at the same time decoration for your home.

When building a house, this is of great importance for the aesthetic perception of the building and protection from unpleasant weather conditions. important detail the entire structure, like a roof. A variety of types of roofing depending on the shape factor, type, size, as well as design features require appropriate building materials and complex calculations of loads on various elements of the roof structure.

To answer the question of what roof shapes there are, let's look at some of them. Depending on the angle of inclination, roofs are divided into two main categories:

Flat roof

Flat roofs - the angle of inclination of such roofs is usually 2 - 3 degrees, if you relate this angle to the horizon. The use of such roofs in the construction of private houses can be found very rarely. This is due to the fact that maintenance of roofs of this shape becomes problematic. During rainy periods, water stagnates on the roof, and in the winter season, accumulated snow will need to be removed independently.

Apparently, due to these reasons, these types of roofs are not widespread in private construction, although they may have some positive aspects. When erecting this type of roof, you can significantly save on building materials, and the resulting additional area use it to your advantage by arranging a relaxation area for your loved ones and guests or a small beautiful garden.

Pitched roofs - these types of roofs are very practical to use; usually the angle of inclination of such roofs can start from 10 degrees or more. During winter and rainy seasons precipitation do not accumulate snow on it, along the slopes or rainwater quietly goes through the drains. It is for this reason that the use of pitched roofs has become so popular in private construction.

What types of roofs are there for houses with pitched surfaces? To answer this question, consider some types of roofing of this type:

• single slope;
• steep gable;
• flat gable;
• broken (attic) gable;
• semi-hip hipped;
• hipped hipped roof;
• hip hipped.

One of the most convenient in construction are pitched roofs, whose slope is no more than 4 - 6 degrees. Such roofs are mainly erected in garages, sheds and other outbuildings. It is quite easy to install shed roofs, but they are still rarely found in suburban or dacha construction residential buildings, mainly this type of roof is used for outbuildings.

If there is a need to use an attic space, then they build an attic roof, which can be gable and have broken lines of the roof contour. The hip roof is very practical to use; these types of roofs cope well with various types of load, including wind. But this type of roof is not as easy to install as the previous ones. Its construction requires much more building materials and requires a competent team of professionals to ensure that everything is done very accurately and correctly. Next, we will take a closer look at the different types and designs of roofs.

When choosing a roof and its type, you need to consider all factors. Don't just look at durability characteristics or other practical parameters, but also consider what the appearance and shape of your roof will have in terms of aesthetics and artistic value.

For example, a mansard roof not only looks aesthetically beautiful due to its broken shapes, but it is also very practical to use. If there is a heavy snowfall, the snow masses will not linger on such a roof.

What types of roof are there? Let's look at them in more detail.

The most popular types of house roofs today

The popularity of a particular type of roof is often explained either by the ease of its creation, or by economic factors, or climatic conditions terrain. Let's briefly talk about what types of roofs there are and why they are so good and popular today.

Gable roof

It is not at all surprising that this particular type of roof comes in first place. Even in ancient times, our ancestors built houses, namely, with gable roofs, and only then Western trends came to Russia, such as mansard or dome roofs, as well as hip roofs.

This is one of the most popular and convenient roofs for private homes. A roof with two slopes resting on walls of equal height and forming a space in the form of a triangle (gables) is sometimes called a “gable roof.” The installation of such a roof is much more complicated than the construction of a pitched roof, but the choice of roofing material for it is simplified. It is not inferior to it in functional characteristics: it also easily copes with snow, rain, and wind. From a design point of view, a gable roof looks much better than a single-pitch roof.

Hip roof

Hip roofs already have 4 slopes, two of which are trapezoidal in shape, and two are triangular.
This type of roof gets its name from the word “hips,” which means triangular slopes that are located on the front side. When constructing such a roof, beams and double ties are used. In addition, it is necessary to equip drains for each slope, the slope of which is usually made up to 45 degrees. Only a steep enough slope can drain both water and snow, and also withstand strong gusty winds. The construction of hip roofs requires a lot of labor, as a rather complex rafter system is used.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are another type of hip roof, which differs from the hip roof in that it has a truncated triangular slope, usually located higher than the trapezoidal slopes. Its only drawback is the large consumption of material to cover those areas of the roof that are adjacent to the roof ribs.

Mansard or sloping roof

Also applies to gable roofs with broken lines of slopes. Such fractures increase the area and volume of the attic, which is commonly called the attic. The pentagonal shape of the gables of mansard roofs attracts the attention of almost all passersby. It is not very difficult to build such a roof. However, during construction you are unlikely to do without insulating your attic.

The cost of the roof is approximately 15 to 20% of the total cost of constructing the entire house. Creating an attic under the roof is the most economical option obtaining additional premises. Therefore, it may be very appropriate to slightly increase the cost of the attic, which will give you another full floor. And there you can arrange summer bedrooms and recreation rooms for young family members and guests.

But why does an attic increase costs compared to building a simple attic? This is connected, of course, with the need to insulate the roof; residential premises require this. Additional infusions will be required and due to the inevitable complication of the roof structure with an attic, there cannot be struts and braces that would be located in the living rooms themselves. For these purposes, they came up with this form of roof (in the form of an attic) with braces and racks above the ceiling of residential premises.

The presence of an attic floor makes it necessary to place a layer of thermal insulation under the roof, and therefore a multi-layer roof arises. Thermal insulation material with internal lining is usually attached to the rafters (to the inside), and sheathing is installed on the outside and the direct roof covering is laid. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the rafter structures due to the multi-layer roof. This can be done by increasing the number of rafters, while reducing the distances between them. A successful solution to this problem can be considered the use of metal rafter structures.

One of the important positive aspects of the attic roof can be considered that the arrangement of the attic can be done later, since the space of the resulting attic will no longer require major complex work.

If you want to save money, but at the same time build a two-story mansion, then we recommend that you take a closer look at the mansard type of roof. This is a great option!

Flat roof

Previously, flat roofs were not popular in private housing construction. But recently, interest in flat roofs has grown again and is in the field of view of modern architects and designers. Flat roofs have unique features due to their flat surface. On such a roof you can plant a flower garden, arrange a sports ground or a small swimming pool. This solution is especially suitable for areas with warm climates. Although in middle lane In Russia, you can use this roof option if you use a special system of removable canopies. They will be able to protect the desired part or the entire flat roof from annoying rain.

There are many most different types similar canopies, but transparent glass structures are especially attractive. They provide additional light to the upper rooms of your home; you can use special lanterns for evening lighting. And here you can find a great place for solar panels and water heating elements, if necessary.

The advantages of flat roofs include low construction costs, since the cost is reduced due to a reduction in the total roof area and the absence of complex rafter structures.

Many people hesitate to build such roofs for fear of problems with drainage. But you should not be afraid of this; installing drainage systems from a flat roof is no more difficult than creating storm drains. And the roof itself should have a small, barely noticeable slope so that the emerging water can flow to the drains. Drainage systems are usually installed outside and inside the house.

Many people find it convenient to combine storm drainage with the internal sewerage system of the building, but do not forget to take into account the level of precipitation in your region.

The disadvantages of a flat roof include problems with thermal insulation. It can be difficult to cope with the strong heating of residential premises during the hot season, but it is not difficult to create a system of protection against the cold (as in the case of a mansard roof).

If in a pitched roof the “heat exchanger” is the attic, then in a house with a flat roof it has to be created in a special way. The main thing is to know that between the ceiling of living rooms and the roof of the roof there must be ventilation, in any form. Create a small ventilated attic or special ventilation ducts, which are best located under the roofing material.

Less popular, but no less interesting types of roofs

In this section, we will consider what types of roofs there are, besides the most popular and widely known among the population of our country. This group presents types and designs of roofs of unusual and beautiful shapes, but requiring practical skills to create them. What are the different roof shapes of original structures and where can they be used? We will briefly present them later in the text.

Shed roof

A characteristic feature of this type of roof is that it has a rafter system that rests on walls of different heights, and since one wall is slightly higher than the other, a slope is formed due to this. Such roofs are quite easy to construct, and to cover them, you can use inexpensive and reliable materials such as ondulin, slate, and roofing felt. The convenience of such roofs is obvious; precipitation does not accumulate on them, flowing smoothly in the direction of the slope. Therefore, you can clearly understand where water drains need to be installed, ensuring the building is reliably dry.

The truth and shortcomings are obvious. One of the most important things is that the room will have no attic. Today it is very rare to see private houses that would have pitched roof.

Hip roof

Usually it has four slopes of identical triangles that converge at one upper point. If you like houses in the shape of an equilateral polygon (for example, a square), then a hip roof will help you out, which looks like a tent and looks great. However, installing such a roof is not easy; it has a very complex rafter system.

Multi-gable roof

A standard roof of this type (also called a valley roof) has a very complex structure: a large number of external ribs and valleys (internal corners) at the junction of the slopes. When erecting such a roof, be sure to contact specialists with experience in its installation. The multi-gable roof is used for the construction of polygonal-shaped houses that have many different extensions and side attics.

Dome roof

Dome-shaped roofs usually cover only part of the building, rarely the entire structure. During its construction, a frame of curved elements is used, and is used to cover the roof as soft materials(glass insulation, roofing felt, bitumen shingles) and flexible (galvanized steel or plastic tiles). Some lovers of the ancient and unique style even today decorate their “castles” with domed roofs of various sizes.

Spherical roof

Building a spherical roof has become a little more popular lately. Under this type of roof, gazebos are usually placed, as well as other types of buildings (stadiums, cathedrals and churches), which also have a roof or dome type. Therefore, it cannot be said that this type of roof has no application at all.
But still it loses very significantly to such types of roofing as a gable roof or mansard.

Green roof

A green roof uses natural soil and planted greenery as a roof covering, while plants grow on the same well-groomed surface.

soil. A green roof has all the positive properties of flat roofs, but when created

liquidate it main drawback(difficulty with ventilation) using a special ventilation gasket. This gasket not only limits the growth of plant roots, but also allows you to save water necessary for the life of green spaces. In addition, which is also important, it also serves to aerate the root system of the green lawn.

Another advantage is that a green roof is a very unique phenomenon for almost any area in our country. The popularity of flat roofs will undoubtedly grow from year to year along with the development of latest technologies in this direction. If you want to be known as the owner of a home with a “fashionable” roof, then create your dream with a beautiful, comfortable flat green roof.

Types of roofing in terms of covering materials

Having decided on the type of roof, mansard, gable, and perhaps dome, you need to select the appropriate materials that are optimal for each type. What types of roofs are there and what material they are covered with – we will try to answer these questions in this section.

The five most common types of roofing used in construction today are roll roofing, made from materials based on various mastics, composite types (sheet), and membrane. Let's look at them in more detail.

Roll roofs

To make this type of roofing, special bitumen and polymer materials are used, the base of which is cardboard and fiberglass. During the manufacturing process of such materials, special modifiers are added, which then impart water resistance, heat resistance, and other useful properties to the entire material. It can also be noted that these additives protect the material from cracks, which of course has a positive effect on their service life.

When installing such a roof, the roll is unwound and laid in several layers, usually from 3 to 4. But they are not simply laid, but glued together with mastic or fused to each other.

This type of roofing would be universal, it is easy to install, very inexpensive, but it has some disadvantages. This material does not have a very attractive appearance, this material may be susceptible to rotting. Therefore, such roofing material is often used to cover sheds or other utility rooms, which are usually made with a pitched roof.

Membrane roofs

This type of roof covering has very high resistance to punctures or various types of tension. Membrane coverings are used for installation on roofs with slight slopes. You can cover your roof with this material quite quickly. And excellent protective properties will allow you to keep roofs in their original form for a long time.

Roofing from sheet roofing materials

To this type roofing coverings More modern types can be included, such as metal tiles, artificial slate, made of bitumen and corrugated sheets of cardboard.

• Artificial slate can be found on many roofs; it is a sheet of asbestos cement, wave-shaped, which can be painted in a variety of colors. Paint, of course, is very decorative; this type of coating gives the material a beautiful appearance. Good characteristics temperature changes can also speak in favor of this coating. And the service life is quite long and can be up to 40 years.
• Metal tiles are a very popular material today; it can be seen on various types and shapes of roofs, be it a hip roof or a mansard roof. These are galvanized sheets that have a special decorative polymer coating and this coating reliably protects the roof from most types of adverse weather influences.
• Bitumen-cardboard sheets - made from pressed cardboard, which is impregnated with bitumen. The greater the thickness of the outer layer, the longer this type of coating will last. Such sheets also became popular among the people under the name “Euroslate”. Its main advantages are the ease of working with this material and fairly good elasticity. But in terms of service life, this material is inferior to others. Euro slate “lives” on average 30 years.

Roofs made from piece roofing materials

The main and main representative of the piece material can be safely called ceramic tiles. This material is still very popular, although it is already several thousand years old. It can still be seen on all shapes and types of roofs. The performance characteristics of this material are very high. Ceramic tiles do not require constant maintenance, meet environmental characteristics, and are a soundproof coating. It also has the ability not to accumulate static voltage, as in other materials.

Well, the most important feature of this material is its unique durability. In one of Western countries there is even an ancient castle, which is many hundreds of years old, and it still stands under a tiled roof, safe and sound

They say that the disadvantage of ceramic tiles is their high weight. But on the other hand, it is precisely this quality that allows a roof with such a coating to successfully withstand heavy snow and wind.

Today, ceramic products are gradually being replaced by similar products made from concrete and various mixtures of cement and sand, which are included in the final product. Such analogues may be easier for installation work, but they significantly reduce the service life of the material.

Let us briefly mention this type of material as flexible tiles. It is made from fiberglass, and sometimes cellulose or asbestos cardboard is used. Inner side covered with a layer of self-adhesive rubber bitumen, and the front part consists of fine mineral chips. Weight of this coverage very small. And the most important advantage is that it can be quickly and easily replaced without having to dismantle the entire coating.

Sandwich panel roofing

It is impossible not to mention such material as sandwich panels. It arose with the recent rapid development of “rapid construction” technology. They are made from 2 sheets of steel, as well as one layer of insulation. The panels have very good strength characteristics and, according to manufacturers, can even compete with other materials in terms of resistance to temperature changes, ranging from -50 to +50.

Such panels will look good on roofs of various types and types, but mainly they are used in the construction of office buildings, retail spaces, and hangars. If desired, such panels can be easily painted in any color, which, of course, improves the aesthetic appearance of buildings made from this material.

Basically, such panels, due to their modularity, have proven themselves well in the construction of sheds and utility rooms for household equipment, but you can also find houses made according to this sandwich panel fashion that came to us from the West.

Using sandwich panels, you can quite easily construct the roof of a building, while the interior will be comfortable and warm in winter, and pleasantly cool in summer. The disadvantages of this material, perhaps, include only a relatively short service life, only 30 years.

When getting ready to build a roof, you need to think through everything down to the smallest detail, types and structures of the roof, design and quality protection, with or without an attic space. And of course, you need to make a choice suitable materials so that the appearance of the roof pleases the soul and eyes!

So, it has long been known that every house can provide much more information about its owner than he will tell about himself. The walls of a house, and especially its roof, tell not only about wealth, but also about the tastes of its owners. Remember this when choosing a beautiful, comfortable, and most importantly, suitable roof for your future home.

When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with a flat structure, these are floor slabs, thermal and waterproofing. The exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And call it “coating” top part St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.

The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.

A pitched roof can have a very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name suggests, attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional housing in all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.

Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

A combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. Based on the relative position of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, and wooden beams with continuous flooring can be used.

Flat roof roof structure according to reinforced concrete slab coating is multilayer

The area of ​​flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a program to transform the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps, the only thing, which is relatively expensive - a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.

The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Single-pitch roofing

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge; for non-ventilated roofing coverings (for example, flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and the ventilation holes can be located in the filing. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. The maximum wear and tear on roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice remain there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. All other things being equal, a pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the rafter system is simpler, the minimum quantity is not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a standard house with a pitched roof. High slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

To build this country house we used simple materials: wood, galvanized metal profile and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting

Gable design

The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.

Tightening (2) tightens rafter legs(1). From a closed triangular contour to the Mauerlat (3) and the walls only vertical load.

For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports

A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure frame house, allows rational use of the space on the upper floor

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer

A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°

Hip view

A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. One of the positive properties of the hip structure is the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house make it possible to create large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple-shaped hipped attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.

Windows in hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.

Dormer windows of this type are called “ Bulls-eye»

Multi-slope variety

They call it hip hipped roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct

A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types of roof windows at once.

Attic construction

Roofs are called mansard various forms and types that have one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.

Collected truss structure gable mansard roof.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (strings), racks, and rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically

Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are recouped by increasing the area of ​​normal height by attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape

Roofs of complex shapes

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks,” complex roofs are rarely found in the architecture of individual residential buildings.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” different types.

This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs

But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.

A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

Simple in form, but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings; sheet materials are more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows minimum slopes roofs for different types of roofing coverings

For roofs simple shapes You can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with complex curved shapes can only be decorated with small pieces ( natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money you will have to spend. Any developer can handle a gable roof. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.