Typical panel 5-storey building. Typical series of residential buildings in the city

1957-1962: First batch of episodes

Series I- 515 (5-story panel, 9-story - in the 70s)

Multi-section, panel residential building with row and end sections.
In house 1, 2, 3 room apartments.
Ceiling height 2.48 m.
Expanded clay external walls concrete panels-blocks 400 mm thick.
Internal - concrete panels thick. 270 mm.
Partitions are gypsum concrete panels 80 mm thick.
The floors are reinforced concrete hollow-core panels 220 mm thick.

It was continued as a massive 9-story series
and experimentally - 12 storeys.

As a rule, they are relatively well preserved.
Reconstructed series

Series II-32 (5-story panel)

II-32 - a series of panel five-story multi-section residential buildings,
one of the first series of industrial housing construction, the basis of some areas
mass residential development of the 60s.
Distinctive feature:
the balconies rest on supports extending from the foundation to the top floor.

The houses do not have elevators, but there are usually garbage chutes.
Heating, cold and hot water supply are centralized.
The houses include 1, 2 and 3-room apartments with separate and combined bathrooms,
three apartments per floor.
Ceiling height - 2.60 m.
The external walls of the facades are made of vibrobrick panels 320 mm thick
with insulation made of large-porous expanded clay concrete.
Internal walls are vibrobrick panels made of one brick.
Calculations showed that the load-bearing properties of vibrobrick panels are twice as high,
than regular wall made of brick, however due to its smaller thickness and greater
By filling the voids with solution, many positive properties were lost.
Ceilings and external end walls- reinforced concrete panels.

There is also a version of series II-32 houses with small apartments.
Several such houses can be found on Zelenogradskaya Street. in Moscow.
In this case, there are no balconies, the ends are blank, consisting of 4 panels,
and in the entrance there may be 8-10 apartments per floor.
Part facade panels has two narrow vertical windows - these are kitchen windows
two neighboring apartments at the same time.
After the production of panels for the II-32 series was completed, more
several dozen houses with small apartments,
but with pure brick walls.

Demolished series. Interesting is the relatively high floor height.
As a rule, they are worn out quite significantly, the nodes are especially damaged,
balcony supports and roofing.

The most widespread and most unsuccessful series in terms of durability.
Almost demolished. There are only a few copies left. See the link in the title for more.

Series I-335 (5-story panel, partial frame)

The most common series of panel 5-story residential buildings throughout the former USSR.
In the form of separate inclusions they are found even in Moscow. The first house in this series was built in
Cherepovets. Largest quantity houses of this series can be found in St. Petersburg -
Leningrad. There they were produced by Polyustrovsky DSK. The series was considered the most unsuccessful of all
series of residential buildings developed under Khrushchev. However, oddly enough, they were not included in the list
houses demolished in Moscow first. Houses of this series were built from 1958 to 1966,
after which they moved on to construction modernized series 1-335A, 1-335AK, 1-335K and 1-335D,
which were produced until the end of the 1980s.

A relative of K7 in terms of design. Has similar problems.

"About the main difficulty of reconstruction work of panel housing
mass series will consist of semi-frame structures with external load-bearing walls and
the inner row of columns, i.e. basic I-335 series, widely used
up to 1966."

In Moscow, it is presented in a single copy of 5th Street. Falcon Mountain

The external difference between the 1-335 series and other series in Moscow is the wide windows
(double-hung windows look square), iron 4-pitched roof
and elongated windows almost the full height of the panel in the stairwells.
The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outermost ones.
Usually there is an external fire escape at one end of the house.
In another modification, including the one he built
Polustrovsky DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region)
May be flat roof no attic at all. There are 4 apartments on the site.

The apartments are 1-2-3-room, ceiling height is 2.55 m. The central room is a walk-through room.
Combined bathroom. Water and heat supply is centralized.

Semi-frame residential buildings of the I-335 series are almost everywhere
are now in a pre-emergency state with almost exhausted reliability
design scheme, therefore, first of all, they need to be strengthened
and increasing system rigidity load-bearing structures the entire building as a whole.

Series I-464 (5-story panel)

Construction of the 464 series of houses began in 1960.
However, these houses did not become widespread,
In addition, the 464 series had a small pitch of the transverse carriers
walls 2.6-3.2 m. The 464-series house consisted of 3
sectional five storey house. The section consists of 4 apartments
on the floor: one 1-room, one two-room
(with adjacent rooms) and two 3-room apartments
(with adjacent-separate rooms) apartments.
Main characteristics of the 464 series:

Thickness load-bearing walls: 0.35 m
Load-bearing wall material: concrete covered with ceramic tiles
Floors: reinforced concrete, flat per room (see attached drawings)
Kitchen area: 5-6 m2

Building construction:
External walls are foam block 400 mm.
Internal panel thickness. 200.
Partitions - gypsum concrete panels with a thickness of 160, 80 mm.
Floors - panels 140 mm thick.

A very rare and interesting project. Unlike its ancestor 439a, the same walls with floor-to-floor support that we see now in modern monoliths are used here. IN
I didn’t come across Moscow...

The rest is a standard set of options at that time...

Well, using these drawings you can easily understand constructive solution building.

Well, the architectural concepts are presented below.

II-29 (9-storey brick)

House type - panel
Number of floors - 5
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms
Floor height - 250mm
Three-layer external panels
Floors per room 140mm thick
Manufacturer - until 1962 trust Giprostroyindustry, then DSK-2
Years of construction: 1958-1966
Cities of distribution - Moscow, Dolgoprudny,

Series1605 (5-story panel)

In the history of large-panel development in Moscow, there are one-day ones, like the already discussed II35th & K7th and long-lived ones. The 1605 series, originally developed and produced by the GIPROSTROYINDUSTRIYA trust, undoubtedly also belongs to the long-livers. The first versions of the series appeared in 1958, a little late compared to the K-7. A latest version built in 1985, when the 44M was already in full production. The record stood for a long time and only last years was beaten by the P44 and P3 series, but at the same time the 1605th held the record in the face of fierce competition with the series of other authors and sometimes changed beyond recognition.

to be continued...

Previous episodes:

The project of a 5-storey 3-section residential building was completed in 2011 on the basis of the design assignment and the Chapter Resolution rural settlement Gabovskoye, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow region. The plot intended for construction, with a total area of ​​0.52 hectares, is located in the village of Gabovskoye, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow region. The project provides for a residential building with 53 apartments with a usable attic and a usable technical underground area. On the ground floor of the house there are office premises with workplaces for administrative services of the Gabovskoye village in the amount of 19 places. The building was erected in October 2012.

Architectural and planning solutions:

The residential building is 5-storey, 3-section, rectangular in shape, with a usable attic and a usable technical underground area. The dimensions of the house in the extreme axes are 15.3 × 53.32 m. The project provides for 3 ordinary rectangular sections. There are apartments inside the building from the 1st to 5th floors. On the ground floor there are also office spaces with separate exits directly to the outside. Each section of the house has its own staircase with doors opening onto it. To provide life support for low-mobility groups and people with disabilities, ramps with a slope of 1:12 are provided at the entrance to the entrance and inside the building in front of the stairs.

Space-planning solutions:

Space-planning solutions for the building were adopted in accordance with the design specifications, technological solutions for residential and office premises, current building regulations and norms, sanitary standards, technical regulations and the town planning code. Structural diagram buildings - frameless wall, consisting of brick walls, hollow core slabs floors, coverings and monolithic reinforced concrete strip foundation. Load-bearing elements are foundations, walls and floor slabs. The building has a usable attic for laying communications and a non-usable underground.

The external and internal walls of the building are brick (external b=380 mm, internal transverse and longitudinal b=250.380 mm). The basement part of the building is made of solid red brick b=510 mm. Prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slabs and coverings. Flights of stairs are made of metal stringers and prefabricated reinforced concrete steps. The platforms are made of reinforced concrete monolithic metal beams. The roof is gable. The foundations of the building are monolithic reinforced concrete strip.

Technical and economic indicators of the designed facility:

number of storeys of the building: above-ground floors - 5; attic - 1;
construction volume of the building: 12680.60 cubic meters. m;
building area: 748.50 sq. m;
total building area: 663.54 sq. m;
living area of ​​the building: 663.54 sq. m;
number of apartments: 53 (including one-room: 36, two-room: 14, three-room: 3);
total area apartments: 2364.54 sq. m;
total built-in area: 410.50 sq. m;
area of ​​technical premises + attic: 19.0 + 206.40 sq. m.

1990s

Ruins of a demolished Khrushchev building in Moscow

Territories of demolished 5-storey buildings panel houses are being built up with 17-25-storey residential buildings, mainly new series of panel houses. Also continuing to build panel houses series 88-91, from 1995-2002 they began to build brick panels with beige polygonal clapboard triangles

2000s

Center of the Novokosino district. P-44 series

• GMS-1
• Individual project monolith-brick
• I-155
• I-1723 External walls are made of brick, internal structure is made of panels.
• I-1724
• KOPE The height of the residential premises is 2.64 m. The series consists of houses from layout (catalogue) volumetric planning elements (abbreviated as “KOPE”), representing a vertical block in the height of the house and part of a section in plan. The combined “KOPEs” form residential complexes of varied architecture.
• KOPE-M-PARUS More than 60 percent of the facade area is glass
• MES-84
• P-3M Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Type - panel houses. Floors from 8 to 17.
• P-44T modification of the P-44 series, main project DSK-1
• P-44TM, compared to P-44T, the area of ​​apartments has been increased
• P111M
• PB-02 both panels and blocks are used in construction
• Episode 75
• Episode 87 (Ukraine)
• Series 83 (111-83) Series 83 houses were intended to replace Series 1-468.
• Episode 97 (111-97)
• Episode 121
• Series 135 modified in 2012. Type - panel houses. Number of storeys from 3 to 9. Cross-wall structural system with load-bearing transverse walls, with two internal and two external longitudinal load-bearing walls (the maximum pitch of load-bearing walls is 6.3 m), the internal longitudinal walls are located continuously along the entire length of the building. Working drawings of standard modified projects were developed using the block-element method. For areas with seismicity 8 points, standard designs 135-014s-9m, 135-015s-9m, 135-014s-9m, etc. are used.
• Episode 141 (121-141)
• Episode 182 "Mobile"
• Series 600.11
• Series 90LO and 90LO-m
• "Contact-SP"
• Series "Makarovskaya" or "Optima"

Series of monolithic houses

Most often, monolithic buildings are erected according to individual projects, however, there are also several series of monolithic houses:

• Ear
• Unicon
• Series: III/17

Types of apartments and their characteristics

There are several classifications of apartments. Common abbreviations and their definitions:

• Pg or “Stalin” - Full-sized apartments are houses built before Khrushchev’s housing experiments (Stalinist). They have high ceilings up to 3.5 m, large comfortable kitchens up to 15 sq.m., total area of ​​apartments: from 110 sq.m. three-room apartments and up to 40 sq.m. one-room apartments The rooms in these apartments are isolated, separate bathrooms, large staircases. The houses are 3- and 5-story, usually brick.
• XP- Khrushchev buildings are 4- or 5-story residential buildings built during the Khrushchev housing program, when post-war period the country needed mass and inexpensive construction housing. Therefore, apartments of a small area were built, quite compact, usually with adjacent rooms, with low ceilings, with a total area of ​​60 sq.m. three-room, 43 sq.m. two-room and 30 sq.m. one-room apartments, with small kitchens (5-6 sq.m.), combined bathrooms and balconies in some apartments.

Panel house

• Type. or Art.- Typical or Standard layout of apartments - these are apartments of the next (after Khrushchev's time) generation: ceiling heights from 2.6 m to 2.75 m, total area of ​​apartments from 63 sq.m. three-room apartments up to 33 sq.m. one-room apartments, kitchens 6-7 sq.m., rooms in two-room apartments are isolated, rooms in three-room apartments are adjacent and isolated, bathrooms are usually isolated, there are balconies and loggias. These are 5- and 9-story buildings with a garbage chute and elevators. The bulk of these houses are built from reinforced concrete panels.
• U/P- Apartments with improved layout. As a rule, these are 9-story panel buildings with an increased area of ​​apartments: 69 sq.m. three-room, 53 sq.m. two-room and 39 sq.m. one-room apartments, the kitchen area has also been increased to 9 sq.m., all rooms are isolated, separate bathrooms, there are balconies and loggias. The houses are equipped with elevators and garbage chutes.
• Email- “Elite” apartments, or new generation apartments. They have no restrictions on area and are varied in their layout. Most often, the future owner plans his own home. Stocked big amount services - these are underground garages, a garbage chute, elevators both passenger and freight, pantries and vegetable storage, large staircases, convenient access roads, possible GYM's, saunas, etc.

• Episode 103- One of the very first, built in all republics of the USSR. The houses in this series are built of red brick and white concrete, the house is 5-storey, usually does not have an elevator, but some houses have a garbage chute and 2 entrances, on each floor there are 3 apartments (on the ground floor there are 2 apartments), on the sides there are 2 3 rooms and in the middle 1-1.5 rooms, a total of 14 apartments for each entrance. There is a loggia (except for those who have a 1-1.5 room apartment)

• Episode 104- A high-story building, distributed throughout the USSR, but there are not many of them. The house is 16-storey, there is a passenger and freight elevator, and a garbage chute. This series differs in that each apartment has a large loggia along the room and kitchen (similar to the “Small Family”), and a regular window.

• Episode 119- One of the first 9-story buildings. One of the later projects, along with the 602 series there is an elevator and a garbage chute. In an apartment with 2 or more rooms, there are 2 loggias - one larger, the other smaller.

• Episode 467- 9-storey building, there is an elevator and a garbage chute. The entrance design is interesting: there are 4 apartments on each floor, there are small room, separated from the staircase by a wall, the entrance to the floor is through a door (probably to distance the apartment doors from the smell of the garbage chute), an elevator is installed in the room itself. The total number of apartments in each entrance is 36. There is a loggia.

• Episode 602- one of the latest series of projects of low-rise residential buildings (standard - 9 floors). There are 4 apartments on the floor. The project is interesting because the elevator and garbage chute are located between the floors of the staircase. All apartment doors are nearby, which in some cases creates problems for neighbors who want to enter/exit at the same time. In some old buildings, the elevator is located on the very first floor, at the level of the entrance to the entrance; in newer buildings, the elevator is located half a floor above. There is a loggia.

• Little Family- the houses are built like dormitories. There are 5, 9, 12 storey buildings. In such apartments there is a very long loggia, stretching to the kitchen and room; most of the apartments on the floor are 1-room; there are only two 2-room apartments on the floor. There is only one entrance to the house. There are a lot of apartments on the floor and they are located like a dormitory. 9- and 12-story buildings are equipped with an elevator and a garbage chute; a 5-story building has only a garbage chute.

• Lithuanian project- (abbr. Litovka) houses, according to the name, were invented in the Lithuanian SSR, distributed mainly in the Baltic states. There are only 5, 9-story buildings, a garbage chute and an elevator are only in high-rise buildings; there are 3.4 comparatively per floor. large apartments(the kitchen, bathroom and corridor in total occupy approximately 14 sq.m.), there is a loggia, the kitchen in all apartments is the same - 6.5 sq.m.

Panels for residential buildings for social and cultural services

In - ies, a group of architects under the leadership of Valerian Kirhoglani, workshop No. 10 of Lenproekt (now LenNIIproekt), developed projects for standard kindergartens using standard DSK products. The development of standard projects for frame-panel kindergartens has been carried out since 1964. Kindergarten project series 1-335A-211 - used panels produced for the construction of residential buildings series 1-335A. There were two modifications - one-story building for 140 and a two-story building for 280 children. The projects of workshop No. 4 - series 2C-04 - were developed through the efforts of architects V. Berezkina and V. Maslov, similarly for 140 and 280 children. The projects of these workshops turned out to be similar, since all kindergartens were H-shaped in plan. These types of kindergartens were used in the construction of Leningrad residential areas in the 1970s. The massive construction of kindergartens in Leningrad from the beginning of the eighties was carried out according to standard project 212-2-3ЛГ, designed by the architect M. Sadovsky.

Elements of panel buildings

• Engineering systems.

Other countries

In France, for the 1922 Autumn Salon exhibition, Edouard Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret presented the project “ Modern city for 3 million inhabitants,” which proposed a new vision of the city of the future. This project was subsequently transformed into the "Plan Voisin" () - a developed proposal for the radical reconstruction of Paris. Voisin's plan envisaged the construction of a new business center of Paris on completely cleared territory. To achieve this, it was proposed to demolish 240 hectares of old buildings. Eighteen identical office skyscrapers with 50 floors were located according to the plan freely, at a sufficient distance from each other. The built-up area was only 5%, and the remaining 95% of the territory was allocated for highways, parks and pedestrian areas. The Voisin Plan was widely discussed in the French press and became something of a sensation.

In 1924, by order of the industrialist Henri Fruge, in the village of Pessac near Bordeaux, the town “Modern Houses of Fruge” was built according to Corbusier’s design ( Quartiers Modernes Frugès). This town, consisting of 50 two- to three-story residential buildings, was one of the first experiences of building houses in series (in France). Four types of buildings are used here, different in configuration and layout - strip houses, blocked and free-standing. In this project, Corbusier tried to find a formula modern house By affordable prices - simple shapes, easy to construct and at the same time possessing a modern level of comfort.

At the 1925 International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, the Esprit Nouveau pavilion was built according to Corbusier's design ( L'Esprit Nouveau). The pavilion included a life-size residential unit of an apartment building - an experimental apartment on two levels. Corbusier used a similar cell later, in the late 40s, when creating his Marseille Residential Unit. The Marseille block (1947-1952) is a multi-apartment residential building in Marseille, located separately on a spacious landscaped plot. Corbusier used standardized duplex apartments (on two levels) with loggias on both sides of the house in this project. Inside the building - in the middle of its height - there is a public complex of services: a cafeteria, library, post office, grocery stores, etc. For the first time on such a scale, the enclosing walls of the loggias were painted in bright pure colors - polychrome. Similar Residential Units (partially modified) were erected later in the cities of Nantes-Rezé (1955), Meaux (1960), Brie-en-Forêt (1961), Firminy (1968) (France), and West Berlin (1957). These buildings embodied the idea of ​​Corbusier’s “Radiant City” - a city favorable for human existence. In 1950, at the invitation of the Indian authorities of the state of Punjab, Corbusier began implementing the most ambitious project of his life - the project new capital state, city of Chandigarh. As in the Marseille block, for exterior finishing special processing technology is used concrete surface, the so-called “béton brut” (French - untreated concrete). This technique, which became a feature of Le Corbusier’s style, was later picked up by many architects in Europe and countries in other regions, which made it possible to talk about the emergence of a new movement “brutalism”. Brutalism became most widespread in Great Britain (especially in the 1960s) and in the USSR (especially in the 1980s). By the early 1980s. Western Europe was swept by a wave of protests against this kind of development. Over time, brutalism began to be perceived as the embodiment worst qualities modern architecture(alienation from human needs, soullessness, claustrophobia, etc.), and its relevance has come to naught. The planned city of Brasília, the capital of Brazil, was created as the embodiment of Le Corbusier's vision, and includes some of the world's famous examples of standard residential buildings designed by him in the 20s-40s.

Terminology

"plattenbau" ("panel building")

• Russia: « panel house» , « block house» or simply "block"
• Czech Republic: Panelák (block houses in former Czechoslovakia on Wikimedia Commons)

Term panelak used specifically in relation to block houses built in the former Czechoslovakia. Nevertheless, similar houses were built in other socialist countries, and even in Western Europe. Equivalents of panelak (Czech term "panelák") in other languages:

• French: Maison a panneaux
• German: Plattenbau / "plattenbau" ("panel building")]
• Austria: Gemeindebau/"gemeindebau" ("community building")
• Bulgarian: panel block, socket
• Croatian: stambeni block(“tile block”)
• Slovak: Panelový house(“panel house”)
• Polish: Block, Wielka płyta(“wielka (great/big) pўyta”) (block houses in Poland on Wikimedia Commons)

• Romanian: Bloc
• Italian: Casa prefabricata
• Estonian: Paneelmaja
• Hungarian: panelház(“panel house”) or tombház(“block house”), Transylvanian version;
• Finnish: Elementitalo, Tornitalo
• Serbian: stambeni block(“stambeni (tile) block”)
• Catalan: bloc prefabricated

• Spanish: Torreta prefabricada(in the USA often - Panel or Sectional)
• Esperanto: Slabokonstruaĵo
• Slovenian language: sk:Vežový dom

Project of a 5-storey apartment building. dwg

Sections AR, KZH, EO, VK, OV

Project of a 5-storey residential building. Description of design solutions

Construction solutions and structures

The building is 5-storey, monolithic frame, reinforced concrete. Floor height -3.0 meters.
After developing the pit, carry out a soil analysis (if other foundation soils are found, inform the project developers).
The foundations are designed for foundation soils - hard loams with the following design characteristics: y=19kN/m3, U=19 deg. c = 25 kPa. (stock material “report on engineering-geological surveys at the site: “Shop on Perova Street”. Arch. No. 930 DSP). Collapse loams of the first type
Foundations and monolithic walls technical undergrounds should be made with sulfate-resistant cement.
The foundations for the columns are monolithic reinforced concrete columnar, for the walls of the technical underground and the rigidity diaphragms are strip foundations.
The walls of the technical underground are monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 300 mm. with insulation with mini-slab 100 mm thick.
Columns are monolithic reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm.
The stiffening diaphragms are monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 200 mm.
Floors and coverings are monolithic, reinforced concrete with a thickness of 220 mm. The blind area is concrete.

Coat all unspecified surfaces of structures in contact with the ground with hot bitumen 2 times, using a primer of liquefied bitumen.
Concreting at negative temperatures environment and temperatures above +25 degrees. The requirements of SNIP RK 5.03-37-2005 “Load-bearing and enclosing structures” must be met.

When carrying out all types of work, be guided by SNIP RK 1.03-05-2001 “Occupational health and safety in construction.
Paint steel structures with enamel PF-115 GOST 6465-76 in 2 layers over primer GF-021 GOST 25129-82 in 1 layer according to SNIP RK 2.01-19-2004.
Fire protection steel structures perform with intumescent coating VPM-2 (GOST 25131-82) at a consumption of 6 kg/m2 and with a coating thickness after expansion of 4 mm.

Water supply and sewerage

The following technical solutions were adopted in the project:

Laying distribution networks for cold and hot water supply on the technical underground.
- release of domestic sewerage to a public well.
- a water metering unit with a cold water meter is installed at the entrance to the building
- hot water supply - central (see section "HVAC")

Heating and ventilation

The heating and ventilation project for a residential building was developed in accordance with the drawings of the AS, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001, SNiP RK 3.02.01-2001.
The design temperature of outside air for heating is assumed to be Tn = -31 C.
The source of heat supply to the building is a thermal power plant.
The duration of the heating period is 200 days.
The total calculated heat supply is 580,000 kcal/hour.
Coolant parameters 130 - 95 C.
Hot water supply - from the heating unit.
The heating system of a residential building is single-pipe, dead-end with U-shaped risers and distribution of supply and return lines through the technical underground.
As heating devices cast iron radiators M90-108 were adopted.
Ventilation of the residential building is provided - exhaust, natural, through the ventilation ducts of kitchens and bathrooms. Ventilation ducts should be made of cross-section. 200x200 from a flat asbestos-cement sheet.
Accepted steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 **
Installation of heating and ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85.

Power supply and lighting

An ASU type switchboard is used as an input distribution device, which is installed in the technical underground of the house. To supply electricity to apartments, supply lines depart from the input distribution board and are suitable for ShchE 3300 cabinets.

ShchE electrical cabinets are installed on floors. The cabinets house apartment electricity meters, automatic devices for protecting group lines of apartments and distribution boxes for low current devices.

In ShchE floor lighting panels, reinforce the cabinet doors with a locking device, ensuring access to them only by the personnel of the power supply organization. Electricity metering for lighting the basement and staircases is carried out by a meter installed on the ASU panel.

Group lighting lines are made with PUNP brand wire, laid in a pipe hidden along the ceiling, in wall grooves.

When purchasing a home, the new owner often wants to refurbish it at his own discretion. However, in order to carry out any redevelopment or other changes legally, it is necessary to have enough information about the apartment building. Some of them can be found out from documents received from the previous owner. The series of houses also speaks volumes.

Residential building projects directly affect the design of apartments, as well as the service life of the house. Residential buildings were mostly built during the USSR and have standard standard projects. Each project is assigned a specific series, which carries certain information. You can find out the series of the building in which the apartment is located by several signs.

For example, the construction time of the property plays a big role in this. Previously, during the Soviet era, construction of buildings with five and nine floors was practiced, panel houses were erected en masse, reducing the cost of residential premises, and there was an actual transition from communal apartments to individual ones. To obtain the necessary data, you should have an idea of ​​where to look for it and how to use it.

Save your time and nerves. and within 5 minutes you will receive free consultation professional lawyer.

Distribution by year

The types of series of residential buildings were formed from mass buildings of the same type. The sleeping areas built throughout Russia before the collapse of the USSR consist of precisely such objects. Three construction methods were used: panel, block and brick.

The most common types of residential buildings are listed here, but there are some other varieties. In particular, they can be determined by knowing in what year the house was put into operation.

Where to look

You can obtain information about the series of your house by contacting the housing and communal services or other management company. In addition, the initial designs of residential buildings are displayed in technical data sheets. If such a document is missing for some reason, it can be restored or obtained from the Technical Inventory Bureau. You should also go there if the layout was done arbitrarily, and now it needs to be legalized or the property completely returned to its previous form in order to get a mortgage.

The necessary data is also stored in the city building department. It’s worth going there if the property is old and it’s impossible to find a developer. The city department has an archive, which necessarily contains a plan of the building. It will be stored there until the building is demolished.

If you need to find out the series of a house during unfinished construction, the path lies with the development company. In practice, it is not necessary to go there, since according to the rules, a large stand or poster is hung at the construction site, which contains basic information about the future object.

It is worth noting that neglect of such information in the future is fraught with a significant fine.

Block and “brezhnevka”

During the years of the USSR, standard block houses and so-called Brezhnevkas were actively built. Each type of storey residential buildings has its own characteristic distinctive features, thanks to which you can independently determine their affiliation:

Common serial numbers similar residential facilities are P-42, I-209, and also 1605AM.

Individual and brick-monolithic

The individual type of home is widespread nowadays. It is worth noting separately, since the series is assigned even to a brick house that was built by the owner according to a standard design. There are no restrictions set for him, so boundless imagination is often used. Of course, in this case the owner is interested in thermal and sound insulation, comfort, external design, quality repairs and double glazed windows. Such buildings are distinguished by their high cost, which consists of the location of the house, the environmental situation, infrastructure and other things.

Talking about brick-monolithic houses, their popularity is about the same as that of classic brick buildings. The structure of such buildings is distinguished by a monolithic concrete frame, which will later be finished with brick. Thus, the value of the property decreases without loss of strength and reliability. The structure can withstand disasters such as floods and even earthquakes. Inside, all partitions play the role of load-bearing walls, and the building will not require significant repairs for a hundred years.

Monolithic and panel

Typical designs of monolithic storey residential buildings are distinguished by the fact that they consist entirely of concrete. Essentially, formwork is placed at the construction site, where concrete is then poured. It follows from this that there will be no seams on the walls, which means that the thermal and noise insulation in such housing is excellent. Moreover, additional insulating material is often used, and the walls are thinner than brick ones. However, that is no less durable. Despite rumors that rely on harmful properties monoliths due to supposedly non-breathable apartment walls, modern materials completely refute this myth. Fears are associated with old buildings from the times of the USSR, when they were not used much quality material, however, this has long been gone.

The panel type is completely divided into several categories, divided by area. For example, panel houses of the 137 series are very spacious, but their maximum area is 70 square meters. (kitchen 9 sq. m.). This is followed by the six hundredth series of the middle class with apartments of no more than 65 square meters. (kitchen 7 sq. m.). The third option is budget houses 504 series with a kitchen of 6.3 sq. m. Also their distinctive feature are very high windows and the absence of a window sill.

"Stalins" and "Khrushchevs"

“Stalin” cars, built in the USSR, are still considered elite. An apartment in such a building is expensive, but the owner receives truly prestigious and comfortable housing with large square footage, spacious rooms, convenient access and a presentable appearance of the building itself. In addition, such series are located in good areas, often in the city center. At the same time, there is not one type of series, but is divided into two categories depending on the material used. The material here is either brick or cinder block, a later and cheap option with less noise insulation. This type They stopped building houses in 1956.

Khrushchevka has a standard five floors. Today, such houses are no longer being built and, moreover, are slowly being demolished. They do not differ in internal comfort; they have a small area with a kitchen of 6 sq. m. and with ceilings of 2.5 m. Brick was previously used during construction, and at a later time panels were used to reduce the cost of apartments. This resulted in a decrease in thermal insulation. In winter, it is cold in such residential buildings, and in summer, on the contrary, it is hot. In addition, these types of series do not have an elevator, a garbage chute and have a shared bathroom.

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Don Construction College
Construction and operation of buildings and structures
Course project in the discipline "Architecture of civil buildings"
On the topic: "5-storey residential building
Novocherkassk 2015

The designed 5-storey residential building is rectangular in plan with side dimensions of 34.20 x 12.00 m, and according to its typological characteristics, it belongs to the sectional type.
A residential section (block section) is a cell consisting of several apartments located around one communication node (entrance, vestibule, staircase). The layout of the area of ​​each apartment is made in accordance with the functional diagram of the interconnection of the premises.
In the house being designed, the type of staircase assembly is transverse.
By operational requirements The designed residential building belongs to the 2nd degree of durability.
According to SNiP 2.01.07-85* “Loads and impacts”, the designed residential building belongs to the II level of responsibility.
According to SNiP 2.01.02-85* “Fire safety standards”, the designed residential building belongs to the II degree of fire resistance, since the load-bearing and enclosing structures are made of artificial stone materials: brick walls, reinforced concrete floors and flights of stairs.
By decision of the Department of Municipal Economy of the city of Novocherkassk, permission was given for the construction of a 5-story residential building in the city of Novocherkassk. The shape of the plot is rectangular with an area of ​​3000.00 m2.
On the site there are: a 5-story residential building, a gazebo, a parking lot, and a children's playground.
The building is oriented latitudinally, which ensures heat savings in winter. The distance to the nearest building is 24.70 m, which satisfies fire and sanitary requirements.
The vertical layout of the site ensures the drainage of rain and melt water.
The site has a 4.00 m wide road for vehicles and pedestrian paths covered with asphalt. There is a blind area 1.00 m wide around the building. The site also has green spaces: row-planted shrubs and deciduous trees.
A space-planning decision is a decision on the basis of which a particular composition and size of premises is made.
The building has a rectangular shape; 5 floors and a basement.
This building is designed:
the height of each floor is 2.80 m;
the height of the entire building is 15.60 m;
dimensions in axes - 34.20 m (1-9) and 12.00 m (A-D).
This residential building consists of 20 apartments: 10 two-room and 10 three-room.
The two-room apartment includes: corridor, living room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, storage room, loggia, balcony.
Part three-room apartment includes: corridor, living room, bedroom, children's room, kitchen, bathroom, loggia, balcony.

Compound: Two sheets and PZ (Facade 1-6 M1:100; Section 1-1 M1:100; 1st floor plan M1:100; Plan typical floor M1:100; General plan M1:500; Node 1 M1:20; Node 2 M2:10; Foundation plan M1:100; Floor and covering plan M1:100; Roof plan M1:100; Knot 3,4,5 M1:10; unit 6 M1:20l)

Software: KOMPAS-3D 13 SP2

Project of a 5-storey apartment building. dwg

Sections AR, KZH, EO, VK, OV

Project of a 5-storey residential building. Description of design solutions

Construction solutions and structures

The building is 5-storey, monolithic frame, reinforced concrete. Floor height -3.0 meters.
After developing the pit, carry out a soil analysis (if other foundation soils are found, inform the project developers).
The foundations are designed for foundation soils - hard loams with the following design characteristics: y=19kN/m3, U=19 deg. c = 25 kPa. (stock material “report on engineering-geological surveys at the site: “Shop on Perova Street”. Arch. No. 930 DSP). Collapse loams of the first type
The foundations and monolithic walls of the technical underground will be made with sulfate-resistant cement.
The foundations for the columns are monolithic reinforced concrete columnar, for the walls of the technical underground and the rigidity diaphragms are strip foundations.
The walls of the technical underground are monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 300 mm. with insulation with mini-slab 100 mm thick.
Columns are monolithic reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm.
The stiffening diaphragms are monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 200 mm.
Floors and coverings are monolithic, reinforced concrete with a thickness of 220 mm. The blind area is concrete.

Coat all unspecified surfaces of structures in contact with the ground with hot bitumen 2 times, using a primer of liquefied bitumen.
Concreting at negative ambient temperatures and temperatures above +25 degrees. The requirements of SNIP RK 5.03-37-2005 “Load-bearing and enclosing structures” must be met.

When carrying out all types of work, be guided by SNIP RK 1.03-05-2001 “Occupational health and safety in construction.
Paint steel structures with enamel PF-115 GOST 6465-76 in 2 layers over primer GF-021 GOST 25129-82 in 1 layer according to SNIP RK 2.01-19-2004.
Fire protection of steel structures should be performed with intumescent coating VPM-2 (GOST 25131-82) at a consumption of 6 kg/m2 and with a coating thickness after intumescence of 4 mm.

Water supply and sewerage

The following technical solutions were adopted in the project:

Laying distribution networks for cold and hot water supply on the technical underground.
- release of domestic sewerage to a public well.
- a water metering unit with a cold water meter is installed at the entrance to the building
- hot water supply - central (see section "HVAC")

Heating and ventilation

The heating and ventilation project for a residential building was developed in accordance with the drawings of the AS, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001, SNiP RK 3.02.01-2001.
The design temperature of outside air for heating is assumed to be Tn = -31 C.
The source of heat supply to the building is a thermal power plant.
The duration of the heating period is 200 days.
The total calculated heat supply is 580,000 kcal/hour.
Coolant parameters 130 - 95 C.
Hot water supply - from the heating unit.
The heating system of a residential building is single-pipe, dead-end with U-shaped risers and distribution of supply and return lines through the technical underground.
Cast iron radiators M90-108 are used as heating devices.
Ventilation of the residential building is provided - exhaust, natural, through the ventilation ducts of kitchens and bathrooms. Ventilation ducts should be made of cross-section. 200x200 from a flat asbestos-cement sheet.
Accepted steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 **
Installation of heating and ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85.

Power supply and lighting

An ASU type switchboard is used as an input distribution device, which is installed in the technical underground of the house. To supply electricity to apartments, supply lines depart from the input distribution board and are suitable for ShchE 3300 cabinets.

ShchE electrical cabinets are installed on the staircase landings of the floor. The cabinets house apartment electricity meters, automatic circuit breakers for protecting apartment group lines, and distribution boxes for low-current devices.

In ShchE floor lighting panels, reinforce the cabinet doors with a locking device, ensuring access to them only by the personnel of the power supply organization. Electricity metering for lighting the basement and staircases is carried out by a meter installed on the ASU panel.

Group lighting lines are made with PUNP brand wire, laid in a pipe hidden along the ceiling, in wall grooves.

A series of houses is a group of residential properties built at the same time according to the same design. The buildings have virtually no differences in terms of number of floors, building materials used, area of ​​apartments and location of rooms. The layout of the premises in such houses is considered typical: uniting a series of houses according to a common feature. Typical buildings are conditionally divided into several categories, and each has its own distinctive characteristics.

Layout of apartments in standard houses

The era of the construction of communism gave Soviet citizens three series of houses at once, named after the surnames of the general secretaries ruling the country. The buildings differed in the number of floors and the level of comfort of living quarters, but most of the houses built during that period are successfully used today.

"Stalin"

First stage standard construction, which began in the early 50s of the last century. The country was actively recovering after the Great Patriotic War, and citizens were in dire need of improved housing conditions.

The characteristic features of typical apartments during the Stalin period were considered to be:

• strong brick walls;
• high ceilings - at least 3.5 meters;
• separate bathrooms;
• a large number of rooms - 3-4 per apartment on average, one-room and two-room apartments were not included in the project, so they were extremely rare;
• large area of ​​living quarters and common areas;
• large door and window openings: sometimes there were several window openings in one room;
• convenient distinction internal space.

Within the series, “Stalins” were divided into nomenklatura and ordinary ones. The first type of layout was used for the houses of government members, prominent figures in science and art, and middle and senior managers. There were specially allocated rooms for offices and premises for domestic service. Apartments with a row layout were often used for communal living of several families in one area.

Communal apartments from the Stalin era have risen significantly in price since the early 90s, when they began to be resettled and the vacated space converted into luxury housing.

"Khrushchev"

The construction of panel and then brick 5-story buildings covers the period from 1957 to 1962, when there was a peak in the relocation of people from communal apartments and wooden barracks. Nikita Khrushchev believed that everyone soviet man has the right to separate, comfortable housing, but the approved building design did not correspond to these ideals.

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Characteristics of a typical “Khrushchev”:

• thin walls and poor sound insulation;
• low ceilings: no more than 2.5 m;
• adjoining rooms;
• small living space;
• small common areas: bathrooms, kitchens, hallways.

Under Khrushchev, 4 series of houses were built:

• 1-464;
• 1-335;
• 1-434;
• 1-434S.

The number of rooms in the apartments varied from 1 to 5, but all standard houses That era was united by one thing - the irrational layout of the internal space. Despite a lot of shortcomings, such houses continued to be built until the early 80s.

Currently, "Khrushchev" buildings are recognized as unfit for habitation, so houses of these series are demolished in all major cities countries.

"Brezhnevki"

Mass construction of such apartments took place from 1966 to 1977. "Brezhnevki" are considered an improved version of "Khrushchev". The houses were built from panel blocks and bricks, the bulk of the buildings did not exceed 5 floors in height. Despite their external similarity, typical apartments of the Brezhnev era had an improved layout, and the first high-rise buildings began to appear: nine and twelve-story buildings.

Features of the Brezhnevok layout:

• increased ceiling height – 2.7 meters;
• spacious kitchens and hallways;
• built-in furniture: wardrobes, mezzanines;
• balconies or loggias;
• different number of apartments per staircase: 2 or 4;
• combined or separate bathroom.

Houses more than 5 floors high were equipped with elevator shafts and garbage chutes.

Series standard houses Brezhnev era of rule:

• 1-464A;
• 1-335A;
• MK-5;
• 1-OPB.

Under Brezhnev, small-family hostels became widespread - standard house designs designed for single citizens and young families who were not entitled to comfortable housing. According to their characteristics, small families are considered an intermediate link between a hostel and a separate apartment; they are characterized by a small area and a low level of comfort.

Transitional stage: from the USSR to Russia

Since the late 70s of the last century, the construction market has almost completely switched to multi-story construction. 9-storey houses are being built from panel blocks and bricks. The first wave of such buildings is considered standard, and the apartment layout established in 1968 was used until 1999.

• M-464;
• M-335;
• MK-9;
• 3-OPB.

Standard nine-story buildings were connected to a centralized water supply, so hot water the apartments were supplied from the nearest boiler house. The number of rooms in the apartments varied from 1 to 3, each apartment had access to a balcony or loggia. The bathrooms were always separate, the entrances were equipped with a passenger elevator and a garbage chute.

The standard series of 9-story houses are characterized by a small kitchen area, usually not exceeding 6.2 m2.

Since 1976, high-rise buildings with improved layouts began to appear. Such apartments were built before 2006, practically retaining the initially approved layout of the premises. This category includes houses, series:

• M-4644
• M-335-BK;
• M-111-90;
• 3A-OPB.

Unlike standard ones, improved high-rise buildings could have up to 18 floors, freight elevators appeared in the entrances, and the kitchen area increased to 9 m2.

Typical apartment layouts

The concept of standard construction appeared in the mid-60s. The Soviet government came to the disappointing conclusion that the citizens of the USSR were inferior in terms of living standards to capitalist countries, so a real construction boom began. The main idea of ​​introducing standard projects was maximum amount living space at minimal cost. Thanks to this decision, designer houses appeared that were literally assembled from ready-made structural elements.

In panel houses

The founder of the construction of panel houses was the architect Vitaly Lagutenko, who came up with the idea of ​​assembling houses from ready-made reinforced concrete panels. The average construction time for one 5-story building was 12-15 days.

Despite the likely speed of construction, the quality of the housing being built left much to be desired. The layout of panel Khrushchev buildings is characterized by the following features:

• small area of ​​residential and utility premises;
• combined bathroom;
• low ceilings;
• almost complete lack of heat and sound insulation;
• the predominance of load-bearing walls, which implied the impossibility of independent redevelopment.

The layout of the panel "Brezhnevok" buildings has somewhat improved the situation. The ceilings in the apartments grew higher, the square footage increased, and garbage chutes began to appear in the houses.

Determination of the series and type of house

You can find out which series of standard buildings a particular house belongs to from technical passport, which is available to every homeowner. This displays detailed information about the living space, including the series number.

Information of interest is available in the construction department of the local municipality, documents of the management company that maintains the building.

Information is provided free of charge and is often found on the official websites of the listed organizations.

What are the advantages of standard layouts?

Despite a number of significant disadvantages, standard projects also had advantages:

1. low cost - houses are stamped according to one template;
2. speed - the developer does not waste time drawing up and approving the project, immediately starting work;
3. reliability - a series of houses have already been put into operation, therefore, during the construction of subsequent buildings according to a standard design, the shortcomings that appear are immediately eliminated.

It is noteworthy that in the modern construction market the standard layout has been preserved, although it is used mainly for the construction of departmental and municipal housing.

Apartment layout in modern Russia

Today preference is given to high-rise, monolithic construction. The layout of apartments is individual for each developer. Main requirement: strict compliance with the requirements for the allocation of living space necessary for comfortable stay one man.

The modern layout provides spacious living areas and common areas. For apartments on the upper floors, glazed balconies and loggias are provided; the lower floor is usually reserved for shops or offices. Housing with an open plan, where the location, number and area of ​​rooms depend only on the wishes of the residents, is gaining great popularity.

Attention! Due to recent changes in legislation, the information in this article may be out of date. However, each situation is individual.

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