Ancient types of transport. Buses of the USSR (review and photos)

The VAZ-2103 and 2106 cars, popularly called “troika” and “six”, have many similarities, which is why many people cannot find the difference between the two models. Indeed, both cars are similar in appearance, and the differences in terms of body features are minimal. But real car enthusiasts can easily cite many differences between the “three” and the “six”, and in this article you, dear readers, will also see the differences.

VAZ-2103

This car was produced at the Volzhsky Automobile Plant for twelve years, from 1972 to 1984. VAZ was developing it together with the Italian company Fiat, and the “troika” was developed precisely on the basis of one of the models Italian manufacturer. In the seventies, the VAZ-2103 created a real sensation among Soviet motorists - the car could accelerate to 100 km/h in seventeen seconds. It was boldly compared with European cars, and among the Soviet models, the Troika was the most dynamic car. Over 12 years, about 1,300,000 models were produced, the main difference of which is high comfort and reliability. Then the VAZ-2103 was replaced by more modern model– VAZ-2106.

VAZ-2106

This model was intended to replace the VAZ-2103, although it cannot be said that the changes in the body and technical characteristics of the cars were very serious. The “Six” also enjoyed great success among Russian motorists, and only in 2006 did it become necessary to discontinue the model. Depending on the series, the cars were equipped with a four- and five-speed manual transmission. The rear-wheel drive VAZ-2106 car could reach speeds of up to 150 km/h, while maintaining increased comfort for the driver and passengers. The model was mostly bought by poor people (middle class) due to its low cost.

Comparison of VAZ-2103 and VAZ-2106

It cannot be said that the VAZ-2106 model that replaced the VAZ-2103 was completely different. Not at all. The changes turned out to be minimal, although there are quite a lot of signs of difference. So, what is the difference between the VAZ-2103 and VAZ-2106:

The standard model VAZ-2103 had an engine capacity of 1.5 liters, while the VAZ-2106 had an engine capacity of 1.6. Therefore, the maximum speed of the “six” was slightly higher, but the acceleration of the “three” was slightly better.

As for the differences in the body, the headlights and radiator grille will catch your eye. The design of the headlights of the VAZ-2106 has undergone minor changes: it has become more strict, plus the distance between the two headlights of one pair has become slightly larger. But the radiator grille of the “six” (later models) was made of plastic, while the VAZ-2103 had a metal grille.

The taillights of the VAZ-2103 had a very simple and uncomplicated design, and in the middle you could see a small dividing strip. But the design of the rear lights of the VAZ-2106 has become improved, and the dividing strip was no longer visible.

The VAZ-2103 did not have a button alarm. It could be installed separately. But it was already present on the VAZ-2106.

Different engine sizes. Consequently, different speed(it is higher in the sixth model) and acceleration (the “troika” has better acceleration).

The VAZ-2106 has undergone changes in the design of its headlights. Plus, a different material was used for the radiator grille - plastic.

External differences can be seen in the design of the rear lights.

The Troika does not have an alarm system, which was installed separately. In the “six” this deficiency was eliminated.

The most important event in the domestic automobile industry was the launch in 1972 of production of Zhiguli cars - VAZ-2103, which had much more power compared to their predecessors. Many citizens considered this car as a completely new, convenient and fast model.

For sales abroad, the VAZ-21035 and VAZ-21033 were designed with 1.3-liter units installed in them. The VAZ-21011 came with a power of 69 horsepower, or as a variation, with a more economical engine of 64 horsepower. The difference in the interior design of the VAZ-2103 from the VAZ-2101 was simply enormous. Firstly, free place above the driver's head was raised by 15 millimeters, secondly, the space from the ceiling of the cabin to the seat was expanded, and thirdly, the entire instrument panel was significantly transformed, in which a tachometer and a clock now appeared.

VAZ-2106 "Zhiguli"

As for the appearance of the VAZ-2106, back in 1976, when the first “sixes” rolled off the assembly line, none of its designers imagined that after a certain period of time this model will be the most common among all car enthusiasts Soviet Union. “Six”, as the VAZ-2106 was popularly called, was developed as a 5-seater passenger car with a sedan body shape, filled with a traditional layout.

Just a couple of years after the release of the first cars, this model became one of the most popular among the series of cars of the Volga Automobile Plant. In fact, the VAZ-2106 is an improved copy of its predecessor, the VAZ-2103.

To sell this car abroad, it was given a more respectable name / Lada 1300SL / Lada 1600 / Lada Junior / Lada 1500L/.

For the interior of the car, the version with the steering wheel on the right was traditionally considered, which was reflected in the appearance of the VAZ-21066.

Unlike similar “brothers”, the VAZ-2106 was produced from the very beginning with a powerful engine, a comfortable interior, which housed more or less comfortable seats with headrests. A tachometer was placed on the instrument panel.

In appearance, the VAZ-2106 was distinguished by the presence of chrome moldings, which were located on the sides of the car. A little later, the steering wheel was upgraded to a four-spoke one, and the radiator grille was repainted black.

Since 2001, this model was discontinued by AVTOVAZ, but its production was moved to the RosLada and IzhMash plants.

If you do not have your own car, then you will probably need passenger transportation in Penza.

Technical characteristics of VAZ-2103/VAZ-2106:

Among what the great civilizations of the past left us are the keys to what we have only discovered today. It turns out that the foundation of modern transport was laid thousands of years ago.

Revealing secrets ancient world, we forever changed our understanding of where planes, trains and cars came from. How far can we push the boundaries of mechanical engineering? Or are we simply refining what the ancients came up with? If we are just the tip of the iceberg that created the ancient world, what other inventions do we have to discover to rewrite history?

First railway

The invention of automated transport is not a reality today - people thought about it back in ancient times. Two and a half thousand years ago, the ancient Greeks were at the height of their power, their ideas, things, language and culture dominated everywhere - from ancient in the west to modern Turkey in the east.

But Greek civilization there was an intractable problem: how to avoid the need to sail thousands of kilometers by sea if you can overcome 4 miles by land?

Let's say you are traveling from Athens to Sicily. Board a ship and sail through the Peloponnese. You are disturbed by currents, winds, 200-meter mountains - ideal conditions for the pirates who lived on the peninsula, threw sailors overboard and captured the ship. It was dangerous to sail this way.

A navigational nightmare forced the Greeks to begin epoch-making construction in the 19th century. Today we see the fruits of their labor. This is one of the wonders of modern Greece -. It juts deep into the steep cliffs and is 25 meters wide. This is a triumph of engineering. But it was completed in 1893, 2 thousand years later than the ancient Greeks wanted. How were ancient Greek engineers going to cope with this impossible mission?

The first person who came up with the idea of ​​ferrying ships across was a tyrant who ruled in the 6th century BC. He realized that by building a road, he could improve traffic flow by moving ships from one side to the other.

We now believe that this simple limestone road is the key to brilliant invention Greeks The ancient Greeks used one of the first tractors in history - an ancient crane - to lift super ships out of the water.

By using complex system blocks of ships were dragged onto carts by hordes of slaves and bulls. The carts moved on installed rails - this is the first ancient railway.

We are not talking about a car that had two axles and four wheels - there were many axles and many wheels. When crossing the diolka, it was necessary to strictly fall into the depressions, otherwise the ship could capsize.

For more than 1,300 years, thanks to diolcus, this trading empire flourished in the central Mediterranean. Yet the Greeks missed the greatest opportunity in history.

In the 1st century, a brilliant inventor came up with the world's first steam balloon. If he had gone a little further, perhaps we would have already had an automated railway.

Prototype of a modern car

But none of these inventions would have been possible if there had not been a simple concept - wheels. Over its 5,000-year history, the wheel has completely changed our understanding of travel. How did we go from a simple circle to today's cars?

Let's start with the answer to the greatest road builders and chariot makers - the Romans. They built a network of roads with the precision worthy of a neurosurgeon. But we are just beginning to learn just how advanced their means of transportation were.

The machine is called komuka domitoriya, a word that actually means a modern machine. This shows how important the technology of the ancient Romans was.

The most amazing thing is that the design of ancient cars, built 2 thousand years ago, resembled the design of the first cars. The base of the wheel can be reconstructed from tracks on Roman roads, we know how wide these cars were in Roman times.

Two thousand years ago, Roman cars drove on such roads that wooden means they could not stand the movement. How did the cars endure such shaking?

Amazingly, the ancients came up with the main part of the modern machine - suspension system. The carriage swung on leather straps and was suspended on one side by metal rings, and on the other by decorative and at the same time functional elements depicting the goddess Victoria.

This technology made the car and means of transportation an integral part of Roman life. The ancients used the car, just like we do today. But we are only beginning to comprehend how much the machine entered the life of the ancients.

Evros region in northern Greece. Archaeologists have found a real treasure here with ancient artifacts. Looking at the chariot wheels found at this site, scientists concluded that they were quite advanced inventions. IN rural areas this design was used until the 60s of the 20th century.

Things take a turn when the team finds ancient artifacts that the Romans buried with their dead. Typically, artifacts were made of glass, copper, and sometimes gold. Copper decorations and functional parts made of iron and copper have been preserved from the chariots.

An amazing discovery was made in Evros: transport was not only important part ancient world, but it was also prudently taken into the afterlife. The treasures buried with the carts show how much the ancients valued their means of transportation, just as many people value their cars. Transport was a very important aspect of life in ancient times, and the ancients constantly sought to improve it.

Car for disabled people

21st century cars use high tech, allowing them to reach speeds of up to 250 km/h. Few people now understand that Formula 1 racing cars costing millions of dollars would never have appeared if not for the ingenuity of the original car manufacturers.

And in Italy in the 15th century, an Italian doctor named Giovanni Fontana came up with a machine for the disabled that changed history. He wrote a manuscript which he entitled "De Rebus Percis" because he was a doctor. In it, he described a strange device in which disabled people could move, like in a modern wheelchair. He used ropes and pulleys, which later became his axles.

Using original design Fontana, we can build a machine that will allow us to move using our own energy. A person pulls a rope passed through a pulley and turns the wheels. A person helps himself move, but using blocks provides many other benefits.

In his design, Giovanni provided a series of gears that rotated when a person pulled the rope. Partly a manual transmission, partly a car, partly a sedan seat. This amazing invention marked the beginning new era when people were able to move around in cars.

Tank and car on springs by Leonardo da Vinci

Scientist, inventor, artist, engineer Leonardo da Vinci would be one of the most brilliant minds in history. His notes contained designs for incredible machines that could cause irreparable destruction on the battlefield.

One of Leonardo's inventions that attracts a lot of attention is the tank. It has a conical roof with a viewing slot at the top. It is made of thick planks, and along the edges there is a row of guns that can fire in all directions.

There are two levers inside that control the wheels. Leonardo intended it to be fired in all directions in order to protect those inside, kill enemies and cause panic.

The exact specifications of the guns are still unknown to historians, but it appears they used cannons that fired 300-pound cannonballs at fleeing enemies.

Although there is no evidence that tanks were made from these drawings, Leonardo created these incredible designs 400 years before the first tanks appeared on the battlefields of World War I.

Particularly striking is another invention of Leonardo - a fully automatic car on springs. He studied how vehicles could ride on a source of propulsion energy. This is his famous project cars with springs.

Leonardo, who invented the first machine, combined early robotics with mechanics. 500 years after its invention, modern engineers have figured out how it could work.

Leonardo wanted to use strong springs that could be adjusted so that they did not waste energy too quickly, i.e. were autonomous. If desired, the car could brake, and if you press the accelerator, it could go.

Leonardo's unique machine moved with the help of springs, which stored energy and transmitted it to the wheels through a complex system of gears that were connected to a regulator. A special gear system allowed the car to move forward with constant speed: first quickly, then, when the spring unwinded, slower.

Just as modern cars run on gasoline, Leonardo's car ran on the energy of a powerful spring. Using clockwork technology, he came up with the first ever self-propelled car.

Its mileage was limited due to the spring, but it could be adjusted and it would work like Gas engine– if there is no gasoline, it still works.

Although Leonardo was a man of his era, he invented complex automatic machines that only appeared during the Industrial Revolution.

Leonardo's machine expanded the boundaries transport technologies and laid the foundation for today's cars and trains.

Gunpowder propellant rocket vehicle

In the 15th century, Venetian engineer Giovanni Fontana introduced the world to a rocket engine with one brilliant invention - gunpowder.

Gunpowder is an explosive powder whose combustion can be controlled, just as the explosion of a bomb can be delayed for certain period time.

Now this is an innocent invention, but 600 years ago it was a formidable weapon. It must be remembered that such devices use an incendiary agent - it could be set on fire and directed at the enemy. From several similar devices the effect would be terrifying.

Ancient flying cars

Humanity is constantly expanding the boundaries of its capabilities: from railways to tanks and missiles. But one area remained unconquered - human flight.

For thousands of years, people have dreamed of the day when they would go on their greatest journey – a flight to the heavens.

Early inventors from China and Europe during the Renaissance came up with incredible flying machines. But as history goes, flight itself remained a distant fantasy until the invention of the Wright brothers in 1903.

Now new evidence may completely rewrite the story of how humanity learned to fly.

Throughout South America From the desert plains of Peru to the jungles of the Amazon, indigenous people have been depicting nature for centuries. We learn the secrets of their culture through amazing frescoes, pottery and artifacts.

In 1965, deep in the Colombian rain forests, a group of researchers made an interesting discovery: almost a thousand years ago, the ancient Quimboyan people made beautiful jewelry from gold and copper alloys.

At first glance, it is a small winged insect. After a second glance, you realize that there is something strange about these objects: they are unlike any flying creature from wildlife. For example, none of the animals have fins; they are found only in fish.

After careful consideration, scientists came across another mystery: all insects have wings located in the upper part of the body, and on ancient flea beetles - at the bottom, which is characteristic only of modern jet aircraft. But that's not all: like jet planes, the brooches have delta-shaped wings. The rudder and absolutely amazing ailerons are clearly visible on them! All these characteristics are found in modern space shuttles!

Such a golden thing is fraught with a strange mystery: maybe it is a model of an existing aircraft?

Did the ancient Quimboyans know how to fly a thousand years before the first flight?

20 similar artifacts were found, all of a similar shape. It's interesting, but we don't know what their real purpose is.

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