Features of arranging a flat roof. Typical series of residential buildings in the city

Roof leaks are experienced by residents on the top floor and residents on the lower floors below them. In a 5-story panel building covered with rolled materials, water can penetrate to the 4th and even 3rd floor. In 9-story brick buildings, the 9th and 8th floors are subject to leakage. And how unsightly does a room into which water flows from the ceiling of the top floor look!

In addition, leaks are often observed in apartments and staircases. In this case, the water can reach the 1st floor, running down the stairs without obstacles. Such a disaster is fraught with the penetration of water into electrical panels located on the site, which will lead to short circuits and “burnout” of the panels. This is serious damage, fraught not only with water invasion and dampness, but can also lead to accidents. Therefore, repairs should be carried out immediately.

What and who can help with a roof leak?

Photo 1 - Covering a leaking roof with new roofing material
Photo 2 - Roof covering with bitumen-polymer roll

Photo 3 -Modern roll materials
Photo 4 — Repair of the roof of an apartment building

About, what to do if the roof of an apartment building is leaking, there are many different tips:

turn to utility companies for help, housing cooperative, society of co-owners;
write an application to the city executive committee, the State Housing Inspectorate;
file a lawsuit;
gather the neighbors of the entrance to solve the problem;
try to prevent the leak on your own.

As experience shows, in our time nothing helps except the initiative and funds of the owners who suffer from the development of roof leaks. However, you need to try other methods, and what if someone helps at least partially, or your house is put on scheduled repairs!

Repairs at residents' expense

To the question: “What to do if the roof of an apartment building is leaking?”, today there is one correct answer. “Needs repairs!” The residents themselves raise money for materials and work, and thus solve the problem. What else should I do? Refusals, deferments, unsubscribes come from managers. The court's decision can be expected for years. If careless people live in the entrance and are not bothered by leaks, then the residents of those apartments in which leaks are observed have to take the rap. In this case, you can try to resolve the issue of partial compensation from the company to which rent is paid monthly.

How and what to do if the roof of an apartment building leaks?

Preventing leakage depends on the shape of the covering and the roofing materials used. Let's consider the most common case of leakage on a flat roof covered with rolled bitumen materials. In past times, most houses were covered with roofing felt. Of course, for long time After use, the roofing material had become worn out and areas peeled off from the sun and precipitation appeared.

Photo 5 - Peeling of roofing material
Photo 6 - Crack

1. First you need to inspect the coating and determine the level of damage visually.

2. Most The best way to eliminate troubles - completely cover the entire surface area with new roofing material (forms 1-2). Those owners of high-rise buildings who decide to cover the entire house act wisely. For this there are many quality materials(f.3). If there is no money to cover the entire house, at least one entrance is completely repaired. This solution may eliminate lesions, but does not guarantee complete protection. The whole trick of leaks flat roof is that water can move across the floors in any direction. If the roof is “leaky” at the junction or near the drainage pipe, then there is a possibility that the leakage will stop if these places are sealed (f.4).

3. When problems financial plan do not allow you to block the entire entrance, you can try to fix the leak with selective repairs. The success of such repairs will be temporary (if any). But if major renovation If your home is scheduled to have its roof replaced in a couple of years, you should try to correct the situation for at least a few seasons. At the same time, cracks, swelling, and peeling at the joints are sealed (f. 5.6)

4. Often the owner who experiences the “waterfall” the most tries to correct the situation on his own or with the help of specialists. If he has a 2-room apartment with total area 56 sq.m., he buys one or two 10-meter rolls of rubemast or other similar material. This coating can cover 20 sq.m. planes at the affected sites. New roofing material is laid on the most emergency areas. In places near drainpipes and in other areas you can treat the plane with a special polymer mastic.

How to repair?

In case of swelling, the affected area is opened crosswise cutting tool and turn back the edges. Then the mastic is applied inside with a spatula, and the edges are returned to their place and nailed. The damaged area is covered with a patch that is several cm larger than the damage. Broken seams are cleaned, lubricated with mastic and nailed. If there is material, apply a patch on top along the entire seam. The cracks are sealed in a similar way with mastic, and a “patch” is applied on top. In places where damage is frequent, lay a strip or two of new material.

Flat roofs are made with load-bearing prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Such roofs are designed flat (with a slope of up to 5%) in three main options - attic, non-attic or exploitable.
Attic roof
The attic roof is the main type of roofing in residential buildings of mass construction.
Roofless roof
Roofless in large public and industrial buildings. A roofless roof can be used in residential buildings with a height of no more than four floors, built in a temperate climate, as well as in limited areas of the roofs of multi-storey buildings - above elevator machine rooms, loggias, bay windows, over lobbies, vestibules protruding from the plane of the facades and low-rise extensions for non-residential purposes (trade, consumer services, etc.). In turn, the attic roof structure is sometimes used in multi-storey public buildings, when their structural and planning parameters coincide with the parameters of residential buildings, which allows the use of prefabricated reinforced concrete roof products corresponding to them.
Operable roof
The serviceable roof is installed over attic or non-attic coverings in buildings erected according to individual projects. It can be installed over the entire building or in individual areas of the roof.
Type of drainage with reinforced concrete roof are chosen during design depending on the purpose of the object, its number of storeys and location in the building.
In residential buildings of medium and high rises, internal drainage is used, in low-rise buildings, it is allowed to use external organized drainage when placing buildings with a horizontal projection of the edge of 1.5 m or more from the red building line, and unorganized - in low-rise buildings located inside the block. In all cases of using unorganized drainage, provision is made for the installation of canopies over entrances to buildings and balconies.
At internal drain in residential buildings, one water intake funnel is provided per planning section, but at least two per building.
For external organized drainage, the placement and cross-section of drainpipes are the same as for pitched roofs.
Waterproofing of reinforced concrete roofs is designed depending on their type. For roofless structures, as a rule, roll sheets are used. waterproofing coatings(except for roofless roofs of separate construction).
Waterproofing of attic and separate non-attic roofs is carried out in the following of three ways: the first (traditional) - by installing a multi-layer carpet from rolled waterproofing materials; the second - painting with waterproofing mastics (organosilicon or others), which, together with the waterproof concrete of the roofing panel, provide the protective functions of the coating; third - the use of pre-tensioned roofing panels of high grade concrete for water resistance, providing roof waterproofing without painting with mastics.
According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the requirements for the characteristics of concrete roofing panels change (Table 20.2).

According to the method of air passage and release exhaust ventilation through the design, attic roofs with a cold, warm and open attic are distinguished. For each of these structures, any of the above described waterproofing methods can be used when designing. Thus, the design of an attic reinforced concrete roof has six main design options (Fig. 20.13):
A - with a cold attic and roll roofing;

B - the same, with rollless;

B - with a warm attic and roll roofing;

G - the same, with rollless;

D - with an open attic and roll roofing;

E - the same, with rollless.

Roofless roofs are designed using the following four design options(Fig. 20.14):
F - separate ventilated (with roofing panel and attic floor) structure with roll roofing

And - the same, with a roll-free roof

K - combined three-layer panel structure

L - combined multilayer construction manufacturing

During the design process, the choice of the type of flat roof structure is carried out taking into account the type of building being designed, its number of floors and climatic conditions construction area according to the recommendations of table. 20.3.

Attic roof structures consist of covering panels (roof panels and trays), attic floor, supporting structures for trays and roofing panels, external frieze elements (Fig. 20.15). The height of the through passage in the attic space must be at least 1.6 m. Local reductions of up to 1.2 m outside the through passage are allowed.
Attic roofs with a cold and open attic (structure types A, B, D, E) contain an insulated attic floor, non-insulated thin-walled ribbed reinforced concrete roofing, tray and fascia panels, in which holes are provided for ventilation of the attic space. The area of ventilation openings on each longitudinal side of the facade is assigned in climatic regions I and II at 0.002 of the attic area, in regions III and IV - up to 0.02.
The dimensions of the supply and exhaust openings in the fascia panels of open attics are assumed to be significantly larger based on the results of calculating the ventilation of the attic space.
Ventilation blocks and shafts cross cold attic roofs, exhausting the air mixture into the open space above the roof.
Roof structures with a warm attic (types B and D) consist of insulated roofing, tray and fascia panels, an uninsulated attic floor and supporting structures of roofing and tray panels (Fig. 20.16). Since the warm attic serves as an air collection chamber for the building's exhaust ventilation system, ventilation blocks and shafts end in the attic space with 0.6 m high heads without crossing the roof. Frieze panels are designed to be blank (without ventilation holes). These panels in some areas can be made translucent (for natural lighting of the attic), but not folding. In the central zone of the warm attic, a common exhaust shaft is installed (one per planning section) 4.5 m high from the upper plane of the attic floor.
Roof structures with an open attic (types D and E) are similar in composition to those with a cold attic, but the ventilation structures do not cross it, ending at a height of 0.6 m from the surface of the attic floor, as in roofs with a warm attic.
Roofs with inclined frieze panels and vertical gable-shaped frieze panels, echoing traditional forms, have become a unique architectural option for the design of reinforced concrete attic roofs of multi-storey buildings. mansard roofs. This option can be used for both cold and warm attic roofs (Fig. 20.17).
The roof panels of roll-less roofs with a cold and open attic, as well as separate roofs without attics, are designed in the same way. These are thin-walled (slab thickness 40mm) ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. The butt edges of the panels and their junctions with vertical structures crossing the roof (elevator shafts, ventilation units, etc.) are equipped with ribs 300 mm high. The joints are protected by flashings (or overlapped) and sealed.
Drainage trough-shaped trays are made of waterproof concrete with a bottom thickness of 80 mm, a rib height of 350 mm, and a width of at least 900 mm.
Roof panels and roof trays with a warm attic are designed with two or three layers. The top layer is made of frost-resistant concrete with a thickness of at least 40 mm.
The design of a separate roofless roof (type I) contains the same structural elements, as attic roof with a cold attic, but due to the fact that its air space has a low height (up to 0.6 m), the solution for supporting structures is simplified - they can serve as separate reinforced concrete bars.
Three-layer panels of combined roofs (type K) are manufactured in a single technological cycle or assembled at the factory from two thin-walled ribbed slabs and insulation between them.
Almost tripled in size regulatory requirements to the resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures, the use of the most industrial and economical design of a combined roof (as well as warm attics) from single-layer lightweight concrete panels, since they have lost their economic viability.
Traditional combined building-made roofs (type L) are erected by sequentially laying on the building over the ceiling (made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete) the upper floor of a vapor barrier layer, fill along a slope, a heat-insulating layer, a leveling screed and a multi-layer rolled carpet. Design L is the most labor-intensive and has the worst performance characteristics. Its use should be limited as much as possible.
From Fig. 20.14 it is obvious that any of the attic roofs is a multi-layer structure, including a load-bearing reinforced concrete slab, vapor barrier, thermal insulation and waterproofing (with a special prefabricated or monolithic base for it) layers. In this case, it is traditional to place a waterproofing layer on top, which leads (with a non-ventilated roof structure) to a decrease in the durability of the waterproofing carpet under the influence solar radiation and the pressure of vaporous moisture accumulating under the carpet.
To increase the durability of roof waterproofing, a version of the inversion design has been developed and is being implemented - with the waterproofing layer located directly on the load-bearing slab under the thermal insulation layer (Fig. 20.18).
Changing the location of the thermal and waterproofing layers, in addition to increasing the durability of the roof, creates a number of additional economic and technological advantages. The inversion design is less massive, since there is no need to install a special foundation for the roof in the form cement-sand screed for insulation: the base for the waterproofing carpet is the load-bearing covering slab. Thanks to this arrangement of the carpet, the need to install a para-insulating layer is eliminated - the rolled carpet combines the functions of vapor and waterproofing.
Accordingly, the cost and labor costs are reduced, since the design and implementation of the interfaces of inversion roofs is simpler than that of traditional ones (Fig. 20.19). The fact that inversion roofs have so far received relatively limited use in domestic construction is due to the requirements for the physical and technical properties of insulation in such structures. It should have a low thermal conductivity coefficient of 1 3, a compressive strength of 0.25-0.5 MPa, a daily water absorption in % of volume of 0.1-0.2, be microporous and have a closed pore structure. The insulation must be hydrophobic, not swell or shrink, and have the necessary mechanical strength. In practice, the possibility of expanding the introduction of inversion structures arises with the start of production of domestic extruded polystyrene foam boards "Penolex", and a corresponding reduction in the volume of exports of similar insulation materials.
Operable roof terraces are installed above warm and cold attic roofs, above technical attics, and sometimes above combined roofs (Fig. 20.20). The latter option is especially often used in buildings with terraced ledges in its volumetric form. The floor of terrace roofs is designed to be flat or with a slope of no more than 1.5%, and the roof surface below it is designed with a slope of at least 3%. The most durable materials are used for roofing (for example, waterproofing). The number of layers of rolled carpet is taken to be one more than with an unused roof. A layer of hot mastic antiseptic with herbicides is applied to the surface of the carpet. They protect the carpet from the germination of plant roots from seeds and spores blown onto the roof by the wind. When constructing a roof in use using an inverted combined structure, this role is played by a filter located under the ballast and drainage gravel layer. synthetic canvas. The roof-terrace floor is made of stone or concrete slabs, sometimes lined ceramic tiles. The floor slabs are laid loosely over a drainage layer of gravel.

Reconstruction of the roof of multi-apartment residential complexes differs significantly from similar work in a private house. Therefore, residents of high-rise buildings have to carry out a whole algorithm of actions.

To do this, applications are collected from residents and submitted to the management organization, which, as a rule, is not particularly keen to delve into the problems of the citizens under their care. As a result, the repair of the roof of such houses, taking into account the cost and scale, can drag on for several years.

But if you don't intend to wait for a long time and at the same time endure constant drips from the ceiling, you should contact our Moscow roofers. Our specialists are ready to as soon as possible arrive to inspect the roof, identify the cause of leaks and draw up a detailed defect report.

Based on this document, an estimate and technical specifications for employees are formed. Therefore, residents will already know at the initial stage the real fixed cost of roof repairs and will be able to fully assess the competence of the contractor.

It is immediately worth noting that the cost installation work when carrying out major repairs is quite high due to the need for serious investments. If partial repairs are made, costs, of course, are reduced, but no guarantees can be given that repairs will not be required again in the near future.

Typically partial roofing repair performed in the following situations:

damage to roof elements;

reduction in soundproofing and heat-insulating properties;

the appearance of minor leaks;

Partial repairs can improve the appearance of the roof, which is also of interest to many residents. In turn, major roof repairs are necessary in case of more serious damage and deterioration. In this case, the specialists of the Moscow Roofers company perform a complete replacement of everything roofing pie, load-bearing structures, drainage systems, process the wooden frame.

In order to make a final decision on the need for major or partial roof repairs, it is worth obtaining the opinion of our competent specialist. We are ready to go to the site at a time convenient for you, draw up a detailed shift and explain all points of interest regarding repair and maintenance work on the roof of an apartment building.

Where to go and what to do if the roof of a multi-storey residential building is leaking? The easiest way is not to wait for help from local officials, but rather to call our expert roofers for help!

"Moscow Roofers" objectively assess the condition of the object and make an opinion on necessary work for consideration by the customer.

By turning to Moscow specialists, you can count on a competent solution to problematic issues in a short time!

When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of atmospheric precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with flat design- These are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fencing, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And to call the upper part of St. Basil’s Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.

The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.

A pitched roof can have a very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name suggests, an attic roof has an attic, while a non-attic roof does not. Russian hut, and most types in general traditional home All countries and peoples have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.

Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof can also be combined one-story building.

Combined gable roof in one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. Based on the relative position of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above waterproofing layer. Prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with continuous flooring.

The roof structure of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab covering is multilayer

The area of flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by installing a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a roof conversion program public buildings in gardens and lawns.

In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.

The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. The most simple in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip roof types and structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Single-pitch roofing

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge; for non-ventilated roofing coverings (for example, flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and the ventilation holes can be located in the filing. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. Maximum wear roofing in cold climates it occurs in the valley, since snow and ice lie there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. Snow load is also distributed evenly. Other things being equal pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the rafter system is simpler, the minimum quantity is not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a standard house with a pitched roof. The high slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

Simple materials were used to build this country house: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting

Gable design

The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From a closed triangular contour to the Mauerlat (3) and the walls only vertical load.

For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports

A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure frame house, allows rational use of the space on the upper floor

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer

A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°

Hip view

A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. One of the positive properties of the hip structure is the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple-shaped hipped attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.

Windows in a hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roof covering. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.

Dormer windows of this type are called “ Bulls-eye»

Multi-slope variety

A hip roof is a hip roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct

A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types at once skylights

Attic construction

Roofs are called mansard various forms and types that are united by one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.

Collected truss structure gable mansard roof.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (strings), racks, and rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically

Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are offset by an increase in the area of normal height on the attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape

Roofs of complex shapes

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks,” complex roofs are rarely found in the architecture of individual residential buildings.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” of different types.

This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs

But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.

A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

Simple in form, but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings, sheet materials more suitable for simple single-pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows minimum slopes roofs for different types of roofing coverings

For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials no limits. Roofs with complex curved shapes can only be decorated with small pieces ( natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible ( bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. How more complex form, the more money you have to spend. WITH gable roof Any developer can handle it. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.

First you need to figure out what a one-and-a-half-story house is. This is a house with an attic, that is, the upper floor of such a building has a smaller area, which is reduced due to the roof slopes. Since the height of the attic floor does not include walls, the roof in a one-and-a-half-story house simultaneously serves as walls, that is, it must not only protect from precipitation and effectively drain rain and melt water, but also serve as enclosing structures, reliably protecting the room from cold and noise.
First you need to understand what an attic is. Essentially, this is a living space located in the attic area and formed by the roof slopes. It is advantageous to build houses with an attic for aesthetic and economic reasons. The advantages of such buildings include the following:
Without spending money on building a full second floor, the owners receive additional living space.

The time to build a house with an attic is less than the time required to build a full-fledged one two-story house with the same living area.

The attic floor can be equipped in an already inhabited house. At the same time, you do not need to move out of it during the installation of the attic.

With proper arrangement of the attic, you can significantly reduce the heat loss of the building as a whole.

Attic buildings make it possible to increase the building density, which is important where the amount of land allocated for housing is limited.

Important! Only a room in which the horizontal line of intersection of the slopes and walls is located from the floor of the upper floor at a height of at least 1.5 meters can be called attic. Otherwise, this space is called an attic.

Types of mansard roofs

A one-and-a-half-story house can overlap different roof. In many ways, the shape of the attic space depends on the type of roof chosen. The attic floor itself can have a triangular, asymmetrical or broken shape. Moreover, it can be located both over the entire area of the house, and over its separate part.
The following types of roofs are suitable for one-and-a-half-story houses:

The simplest option is pitched roof. This is normal inclined plane, which rests on two opposite load-bearing walls of the building.

Gable or gable design is used most often. It is quite reliable, easy to install and consists of two slopes running in different directions from the ridge.

Broken roofing is a type gable system. Typically this option is used in small buildings. It is ideal for arranging an attic, as it allows you to maximize the usable area of the room.

Half-hip and hip design are a type of four pitched roof. If we talk about a half-hip roof, then it is more suitable for arranging an attic, since it allows you to make two vertical windows in the end walls under the shortened hips. Under hip roof the area of the attic floor will be significantly smaller than the area of the first floor.

Pyramid, dome and conical roof are also suitable for these purposes, although it will be more difficult to arrange an attic under them.

Design features

Structurally, all attics can be divided into several types:

single-level system under a sloping or gable roof;

single-level attic with remote consoles;

two-level structure on mixed type supports.

Attention! When choosing a type of roof for arranging the attic floor, focus on the intensity of snow and wind loads on the roof surface.

When arranging an attic roof, the following requirements must be taken into account:
When choosing building materials And design diagram it is necessary to take into account the parameters and characteristics of the building as a whole.

It is important not to forget about the illumination of attic spaces. For this you can use attic and dormer windows, as well as ordinary vertical windows in the walls under shortened hips. When choosing the location of windows, it is worth considering the architectural appearance of the building.

It is worth not forgetting about the stairs, with which you can get to the attic. It must be located inside the house, have a normal slope and be safe.

Particular care must be taken when choosing a roofing covering, thermal insulation material for the roof, waterproofing and sealing of all joints and cracks.

If the roof slopes intersect with the walls of the house very close to the floor level of the attic floor, then the rafter gap is sewn up lightweight structures to the standard height (1.5 m). The space behind the vertical cladding can be used to organize storage areas.

It is worth knowing: the width of the structure in which it is planned to equip the attic must be at least 4.5 m. The minimum area of the attic floor is 7 m². Height to usable area should be 1 to 2.

A broken mansard roof is made if the dimensions of the room do not fit into the triangle, which is formed by a conventional gable structure. With the broken option, you can reduce the useless area that will be hidden behind the side lining to the required height.

The optimal attic height is 2.5 m. When used sloping roof it is easier to achieve the required parameter. In any case, it is important to remember that than larger angle the slope of the roof slopes, the higher and more spacious the attic will be. Optimal angle slope rafter system in this case it is approximately 45-60°.

Roofing pie for attic roof

To ensure that the living space under the roof is warm and quiet, the design should include the following layers:

Must be attached to the bottom of the rafters vapor barrier film. It will not allow condensation to accumulate in the thermal insulation material due to the temperature difference in the house and outside.

Thermal insulation material is laid between the rafters. To keep the attic warm, you need to lay insulation 200 mm thick. If the height of the rafters is not enough for this, a beam of the required section is nailed to them from below.

Waterproofing must be attached to the upper edge of the rafters using a construction stapler. It will not allow rain and melt water to penetrate to the supporting frame and insulation.

After the waterproofing carpet comes the counter batten. It is needed to form a ventilation gap, which is especially important for attic roofs. A 30-40 mm high rake will provide ventilation of the space between the waterproofing and the roofing. It is nailed directly to the rafters on top of the waterproofing carpet.

After the counterbatten, continuous or sparse lathing is performed. Its choice depends on the type of roofing used. So, under soft roofs roll materials(For example, flexible tiles) a continuous sheathing made of boards, OSB or moisture-resistant plywood is installed. The sparse lathing is made from boards 0.25 cm thick and is suitable for corrugated sheets, metal tiles, and ondulin. If the covering is heavy enough (slate, natural tiles), then continuous sheathing is done according to eaves overhangs, in the area of the ridge, valleys and ribs of the roof.

The roofing covering must be selected taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the slope of the roof and the requirements for the room.

Important! In an attic covered with metal tiles or profiled sheets, it can be too noisy during rain and hail. It is worth considering this fact if you plan to place a bedroom there.

It is also worth remembering that the ventilation space created by the counter-batten will only be effectively ventilated if appropriate aeration openings are left under the face ridge element and at the bottom of the eaves overhang.