Roofs of panel houses. Panel residential buildings with load-bearing walls and their structures

In frame-panel buildings with an incomplete transverse frame, the beams of the outer spans rest at one end on the columns of the internal rows, and at the other end - on external longitudinal load-bearing reinforced in the support areas of the beams panel walls(see Fig. 3.3 d) and load-bearing elements of floor slabs or slab panels are laid on these beams.

In the case of an incomplete longitudinal frame, the beams are supported on the columns of the internal rows, and the floor elements in the form of flooring slabs or slab panels are supported on the internal side by the longitudinal beams, and on the other side by the external longitudinal load-bearing panel walls. In case of incomplete frames, columnar foundations are installed under the columns, and prefabricated strip foundations or pile foundations or solid foundations are installed under the external load-bearing walls: common or separate for columns and walls.

With a complete beamless frame (see Fig. 3.3 d), the floor elements in the form of slabs-panels are supported: with reinforced corners on the ends of the columns (resulting in the formation of a platform joint between column elements adjacent in height (Fig. 4.3 A) or on the console of the columns ( Fig. 4.14), arranged along the perimeter of the columns in the form of consoles-collars (option hidden joint between slab panels and columns and a possible contact joint between adjacent column elements). In addition, floor elements in the form of slab panels can be supported by cutouts in the upper supporting ends of the column elements, forming a combined joint between the column elements (Fig. 4.15).

Rice. 4.14. A variant of the unit for supporting floor slabs on the collar consoles of columns of an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.15. A variant of a unit for supporting floor slabs on cutouts in the upper supporting ends of the column elements.

With an incomplete beamless frame (see Fig. 3.3 e), the floor elements in the form of slab panels are supported inside the building on columns in the same way as with a complete beamless frame, and in the extreme spans - on external longitudinal load-bearing panel walls. Inside buildings with beamless frames, floor slabs, in addition to columns, are also supported by diaphragm walls at their locations.

In Fig. 4.16 A, 4.16 B, 4.16 C and 4.16 D show options for plans for the first and standard floors, foundations, floors and roofs of a 9-story frame-panel residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 A. Plan of the first floor of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 B. Typical floor plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 B. Foundation plan for a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 D. Floor plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 D. Roof plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

4.5. Coatings in large-panel and frame-panel housing construction

Coatings in large panels residential buildings they are constructed with low-slope attics (slope up to 5%) from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. In this case, the coverings can be with a cold or warm attic (Fig. 4.17) or with a combined (“open”) warm-cold attic (Fig. 4.18), and the roofing of the coverings is made of rolls, rollless or mastic. In coatings with a combined warm-cold attic, the insulation laid on the attic floor must be protected from below and above with a vapor barrier.

The load-bearing elements of attic coverings are solid smooth, ribbed or corrugated slabs and drainage tray panels, which are laid on external and internal walls located above the attic floor. Depending on the design solution and additional functions performed, coating slabs can be single-layer or multi-layer. Instead of internal walls in the attic volume there are large panel houses Supporting elements can be installed on load-bearing walls, for example, in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete frames or other similar structures.

In Fig. 4.19 A and 4.19 B show options for diagrams, sections and joints of rolled roofing and other covering elements with a cold attic, and in Fig. 4.20 A and 4.20 B - the same elements, but without roll roofing. Accordingly, in Fig. 4.21 A and 4.21 B and 4.22 A and 4.22 B options are shown constructive solutions coverings with a warm attic.

Rice. 4.17. Constructive solutions for reinforced concrete coverings with a cold and warm attic: A – with a cold attic and roll roofing; B – the same with a roll-free roof; B – with a warm attic and roll roofing; G – the same with roll-free roofing; 1 – support element; 2 – panel; 3 – insulation; 4 – roofing ribbed covering panel; 5 – rolled carpet; 6 – drainage tray panel; 7 – support frame; 8 – protective layer; 9 – vapor barrier; 10 – roofing felt; 11 – façade supporting element; 12 – roll-free reinforced concrete covering panel; 13 – waterproofing layer made of mastic or painting materials; 14 – U-shaped cover plate; 15 – drainage funnel; 16 – ventilation unit (shaft); 17 – intra-attic head of the ventilation unit; 18 – lightweight concrete thermal insulation panel; 19 – elevator machine room; 20 – lightweight concrete drainage tray panel; 21 – two-layer roof covering panel; 22 – pan for collecting condensate.

Rice. 4.18. Schematic diagram constructive solution reinforced concrete covering with a combined (open) “warm-cold” attic with a roll roof: 1 – exhaust shaft; 2 – tray for collecting condensate; 3 – intra-attic head of the ventilation unit.

Rice. 4.19 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a cold attic and a roll roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – ventilation blocks; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – attic floor; 4 – fascia panel; 5 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 6 – insulation;

7 – support frame; 8 – tray panel;

Rice. 4.20 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a cold attic and a roll-free roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – covering panel; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – ventilation unit; 4 – attic floor; 5 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 6 – tray panel; 7 – U-shaped cover plate; 8 – insulation; 9 – support frame; 10 – cement mortar; 11 – sealant; 12 – head of the ventilation unit.

Fig. 4.20 B. Options for interfaces between roof structures with a cold attic and roll-free roofing (to Fig. 4.20 A): A and B – options for roof fencing structures; D and D - design options expansion joint; 1 – covering panel; 2 – anchor release; 3 – fence post; 4 – U-shaped cover plate; 5 – mastic or painting waterproofing; 6 – cement mortar; 7 – fascia panel; 8 – sealant; 9 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm; 10 – roofing steel; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – embedded part; 13 – connecting element; 14 – tray panel; 15 – drainage funnel; 16 – sealing gasket made of porous rubber around the perimeter of the drain pipe; 17 – funnel clamp; 18 – insulation made of mineral wool mats; 19 – drain pipe of the drainage funnel; 20 – insulating mastic; 21 – hairpin; 22 – metal washer; 23 – steel strip every 600 mm; 24 – compensator made of roofing steel; 25 – internal

Wall panels

Rice. 4.21 B. Options for connecting the roofing structures with a warm attic and roll roofing (to Fig. 4.21 A): A – solution option for a cornice unit with lattice fencing; B – the same with the parapet; 1 – fascia panel; 2 – insulation; 3 – anchor outlet; 4 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm; 5 – roofing steel; 6 – fence post; 7 – three additional layers of roofing roll material; 8 – roofing carpet; 9 – concrete side stone; 10 – cement mortar; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – lightweight concrete covering panel; 13 – sliding strip made of rolled material; 14 – support frame; 15 – tray panel; 16 – two additional layers of roofing made of mastics reinforced with glass fabric or fiberglass mesh; 17 – filling with bitumen mastic; 18 – drainage funnel; 19 – jet straightener; 20 – sleeve from asbestos cement pipe

Ø 150 mm; 21 –

rubber gasket

; 22 – clamping clamp; 23 – drain pipe of the drainage funnel; 24 – filling with sealing mastic; 25 – ventilation shaft; 26 – tow soaked in hot bitumen;

F – separate structure with roll roofing; I - separate structure with roll-free roofing; K – combined panel single-layer structure; L – combined panel three-layer structure; M - the same construction production; 1 – attic floor panel; 2 – insulation; 3 – fascia panel; 4 – covering panel with roll-free roofing;

5 – supporting element; 6 – single-layer lightweight concrete covering panel; 7 – roofing carpet; 8 – three-layer coating panel; 9 – cement-mortar screed; 10 – layer of expanded clay for slope construction; 11 – vapor barrier made of rolled material on mastic.

Coverings in frame-panel buildings can be installed as attics with a cold, warm or combined attic, but more often they are made without attics of a combined or separate structure (Fig. 4.23). The load-bearing elements of roofless roofs - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs - in large-panel houses are supported on longitudinal or transverse load-bearing walls, and in frame-panel houses - on transverse or longitudinal beams of the frames. In the attic version, the external attic walls in frame-panel houses are made self-supporting or non-load-bearing from frieze panels attached to the frame elements. In some cases (for example, if a metal tile system is being installed on top of an old soft tiles

) this is possible. However, it is necessary to understand that a damaged base can begin to rot and, thereby, provoke failure of the new layer. This is why we would not recommend laying new materials on top of old ones. It is better to remove the damaged building material and completely complete the required work, as required by technology.

As practice shows, the overwhelming majority of roofs in ordinary private houses are built in such a way that there is no need to dismantle the roofing base to install an additional insulating layer. If we talk about multi-apartment buildings, then the situation is different: since fused coatings are used in multi-storey buildings, insulation becomes impossible. If there is damage to individual structural elements, then only these parts can be replaced. In this case, the area of ​​damage should not exceed 35%. For larger problems, it is worth making a complete replacement..

rafter system

We provide the following warranty periods:

• soft roof: 5 years
• metal roofing: 3 years
• roll and bitumen coatings: 3 years
• polymer tiles and seam roofing: 6 years.

Any leak is a problem that requires careful and timely repair. Firstly, it is important to correctly determine the cause of the leak. Secondly, when self-repair there is a risk of damaging serviceable elements located nearby. If you are not an expert in roofing work We recommend calling a specialist who will not only fix the problem, but also provide a guarantee for their services.

In order to accurately determine the cause of the appearance of water, an examination will be carried out by a specialist. You can independently determine what is causing the appearance of moisture using the following signs:

• when a leak occurs in the roof, water begins to drip in the warm season after rain, and in the cold season during sunny weather and sudden warming.
• When condensation accumulates, moisture appears constantly and is practically independent of weather conditions.

First you need to figure out what a one-and-a-half-story house is. This is a house with an attic, that is, the upper floor of such a building has a smaller area, which is reduced due to the roof slopes. Because to the height attic floor walls are not understood, the roof of a one-and-a-half-story house simultaneously functions as walls, that is, it must not only protect from precipitation and effectively drain rain and melt water, but also serve as enclosing structures, reliably protecting the room from cold and noise.

First you need to understand what an attic is. Essentially, this is a living space located in the attic area and formed by the roof slopes. It is advantageous to build houses with an attic for aesthetic and economic reasons. The advantages of such buildings include the following:

1. Without spending money on building a full second floor, the owners receive additional living space.
2. The time to build a house with an attic is less than the time required to build a full-fledged one two-story house with the same living area.
3. The attic floor can be equipped in an already inhabited house. At the same time, you do not need to move out of it during the installation of the attic.
4. With proper arrangement of the attic, you can significantly reduce the heat loss of the building as a whole.
5. Attic buildings make it possible to increase the building density, which is important where the amount of land allocated for housing is limited.

Important! Only a room in which the horizontal line of intersection of the slopes and walls is located from the floor of the upper floor at a height of at least 1.5 meters can be called attic. Otherwise, this space is called an attic.

Types of mansard roofs

A one-and-a-half-story house can overlap different roof. In many ways, the shape of the attic space depends on the type of roof chosen. The attic floor itself can have a triangular, asymmetrical or broken shape. Moreover, it can be located both over the entire area of ​​the house, and over its separate part.

The following types of roofs are suitable for one-and-a-half-story houses:

1. The simplest option is pitched roof. This is normal inclined plane, which rests on two opposite load-bearing walls of the building.
2. Gable or gable design is used most often. It is quite reliable, easy to install and consists of two slopes running in different sides from the ridge.
3. Broken roofing is a type gable system. Typically this option is used in small buildings. It is ideal for arranging an attic, as it allows you to maximize the usable area of ​​the room.
4. Half-hip and hip design are a type hipped roof. If we talk about a half-hip roof, then it is more suitable for arranging an attic, since it allows you to make two vertical windows in end walls under shortened hips. Under hip roof the area of ​​the attic floor will be significantly smaller than the area of ​​the first floor.
5. Pyramid, dome and conical roof are also suitable for these purposes, although it will be more difficult to arrange an attic under them.

Design features

Structurally, all attics can be divided into several types:

• single-level system under a sloping or gable roof;
• single-level attic with remote consoles;
• two-level structure on mixed type supports.

Attention! When choosing a type of roof for arranging the attic floor, focus on the intensity of snow and wind loads on the roof surface.

When arranging an attic roof, the following requirements must be taken into account:

• When choosing building materials And design diagram it is necessary to take into account the parameters and characteristics of the building as a whole.
• It is important not to forget about the illumination of attic spaces. For this you can use attic and dormer windows, as well as ordinary vertical windows in the walls under shortened hips. When choosing the location of windows, it is worth considering the architectural appearance of the building.
• It is worth not forgetting about the stairs, with which you can get to the attic. It must be located inside the house, have a normal slope and be safe.
• You need to be very careful when choosing roofing, thermal insulation material for the roof, waterproofing and sealing of all joints and cracks.

If the roof slopes intersect with the walls of the house very close to the floor level of the attic floor, then the rafter gap is sewn up lightweight structures to the standard height (1.5 m). The space behind the vertical cladding can be used to organize storage areas.

It is worth knowing: the width of the structure in which it is planned to equip the attic must be at least 4.5 m. The minimum area of ​​the attic floor is 7 m². Height to usable area should be 1 to 2.

A broken mansard roof is made if the dimensions of the room do not fit into the triangle, which is formed by a conventional gable structure. With the broken option, you can reduce the useless area that will be hidden behind the side lining to the required height.

The optimal attic height is 2.5 m. When used sloping roof it is easier to achieve the required parameter. In any case, it is important to remember that the greater the angle of inclination of the roof slopes, the higher and more spacious the attic will be. Optimal angle The slope of the rafter system in this case is approximately 45-60°.

Roofing pie for attic roof

To ensure that the living space under the roof is warm and quiet, the design should include the following layers:

1. Must be attached to the bottom of the rafters vapor barrier film. It will not allow condensation to accumulate in the thermal insulation material due to the temperature difference in the house and outside.
2. Thermal insulation material is laid between the rafters. To keep the attic warm, you need to lay insulation 200 mm thick. If the height of the rafters is not enough for this, a beam of the required section is nailed to them from below.
3. Waterproofing must be attached to the upper edge of the rafters using a construction stapler. It will not allow rain and melt water to penetrate to the supporting frame and insulation.
4. After the waterproofing carpet comes the counter batten. It is needed to form a ventilation gap, which is especially important for mansard roofs. A 30-40 mm high rake will provide ventilation of the space between the waterproofing and the roofing. It is nailed directly to the rafters on top of the waterproofing carpet.
5. After the counterbatten, continuous or sparse lathing is performed. Its choice depends on the type of roofing used. So, under soft roofs roll materials(for example, flexible tiles) a continuous sheathing made of boards, OSB or moisture-resistant plywood is installed. The sparse lathing is made from boards 0.25 cm thick and is suitable for corrugated sheets, metal tiles, and ondulin. If the coating is heavy enough (slate, natural tiles), then the continuous sheathing is done according to eaves overhangs, in the area of ​​the ridge, valleys and ribs of the roof.
6. The roofing covering must be selected taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the slope of the roof and the requirements for the room.

Important! In an attic covered with metal tiles or profiled sheets, it can be too noisy during rain and hail. It is worth considering this fact if you plan to place a bedroom there.

It is also worth remembering that the ventilation space created by the counter-batten will only be effectively ventilated if appropriate aeration openings are left under the face ridge element and at the bottom of the eaves overhang.

Flat roofs are made with load-bearing fully prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Such roofs are designed flat (with a slope of up to 5%) in three main options - attic, non-attic or exploitable.

Attic roof

Roofless roof

Operable roof

The type of drainage from a reinforced concrete roof is selected during design depending on the purpose of the object, its number of storeys and location in the building.

In residential buildings of medium and high rises, internal drainage is used, in low-rise buildings, it is allowed to use external organized drainage when placing buildings with a horizontal projection of the edge of 1.5 m or more from the red building line, and unorganized - in low-rise buildings located inside the block. In all cases of using unorganized drainage, provision is made for the installation of canopies over entrances to buildings and balconies.

At internal drain in residential buildings, one water intake funnel is provided per planning section, but at least two per building.

For external organized drainage, the placement and cross-section of drainpipes are the same as for pitched roofs.

Waterproofing of reinforced concrete roofs is designed depending on their type. For roofless structures, as a rule, roll sheets are used. waterproofing coatings(except for roofless roofs of separate construction).

Waterproofing of attic and separate non-attic roofs is carried out in the following of three ways: the first (traditional) - by installing a multi-layer carpet from rolled waterproofing materials; the second - by painting with waterproofing mastics (organosilicon or others), which, together with the waterproof concrete of the roofing panel, provide protective functions coatings; third - the use of pre-tensioned roofing panels of high grade concrete for water resistance, providing roof waterproofing without painting with mastics.

According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the requirements for the characteristics of concrete roofing panels change (Table 20.2).

• A - with a cold attic and roll roofing;
• B - the same, with rollless;
• B - with a warm attic and roll roofing;
• G - the same, with rollless;
• D - with an open attic and roll roofing;
• E - the same, with rollless.

• F - separate ventilated (with roofing panel and attic floor) structure with roll roofing
• And - the same, with a roll-free roof
• K - combined three-layer panel structure
• L - combined multilayer construction manufacturing

Attic roofs with a cold and open attic (structure types A, B, D, E) contain an insulated attic floor, non-insulated thin-walled ribbed reinforced concrete roofing, tray and fascia panels, in which holes are provided for ventilation of the attic space. The area of ​​ventilation openings on each longitudinal side of the facade is assigned in climatic regions I and II at 0.002 of the attic area, in regions III and IV - up to 0.02.

The dimensions of the supply and exhaust openings in the fascia panels of open attics are assumed to be significantly larger based on the results of calculating the ventilation of the attic space.

Ventilation blocks and shafts cross cold attic roofs, exhausting the air mixture into the open space above the roof.

Roof structures with a warm attic (types B and D) consist of insulated roofing, tray and fascia panels, an uninsulated attic floor and supporting structures of roofing and tray panels (Fig. 20.16). Since the warm attic serves as an air collection chamber for the building's exhaust ventilation system, ventilation blocks and shafts end in the attic space with 0.6 m high heads without crossing the roof. Frieze panels are designed to be blank (without ventilation holes). These panels in some areas can be made translucent (for natural light attic), but not with doors. In the central zone of the warm attic, a common exhaust shaft is installed (one per planning section) 4.5 m high from the upper plane of the attic floor.

Roof structures with an open attic (types D and E) are similar in composition to those with a cold attic, but the ventilation structures do not cross it, ending at a height of 0.6 m from the surface of the attic floor, as in roofs with a warm attic.

A unique architectural design option for reinforced concrete attic roofs multi-storey buildings steel roofs with inclined frieze panels and vertical gable-shaped frieze panels, echoing the traditional forms of mansard roofs. This option can be used for both cold and warm attic roofs (Fig. 20.17).

The roof panels of roll-less roofs with a cold and open attic, as well as separate roofs without attics, are designed in the same way. These are thin-walled (slab thickness 40mm) ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. The butt edges of the panels and their junctions with vertical structures crossing the roof (elevator shafts, ventilation unit etc.) are equipped with ribs 300 mm high. The joints are protected by flashings (or overlapped) and sealed.

Drainage trough-shaped trays are made of waterproof concrete with a bottom thickness of 80 mm, a rib height of 350 mm, and a width of at least 900 mm.

Roof panels and roof trays with a warm attic are designed with two or three layers. The top layer is made of frost-resistant concrete with a thickness of at least 40 mm.

The design of a separate roofless roof (type I) contains the same structural elements, as an attic roof with a cold attic, but due to the fact that its air space has a low height (up to 0.6 m), the solution for supporting structures is simplified - they can serve as separate reinforced concrete bars.

Three-layer panels of combined roofs (type K) are manufactured in a single technological cycle or assembled at the factory from two thin-walled ribbed slabs and insulation between them.

Almost tripled in size regulatory requirements to the resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures, the use of the most industrial and economical design of a combined roof (as well as warm attics) from single-layer lightweight concrete panels, since they have lost their economic viability.

Traditional combined building-made roofs (type L) are erected by sequentially laying on the building over the ceiling (made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete) the upper floor of a vapor barrier layer, fill along a slope, a heat-insulating layer, a leveling screed and a multi-layer rolled carpet. Design L is the most labor-intensive and has the worst performance characteristics. Its use should be limited as much as possible.

From Fig. 20.14 it is obvious that any of the attic roofs is a multi-layer structure, including a load-bearing reinforced concrete slab, vapor barrier, heat insulation and waterproofing (with a special prefabricated or monolithic base for it) layers. In this case, it is traditional to place a waterproofing layer on top, which leads (with a non-ventilated roof structure) to a decrease in the durability of the waterproofing carpet under the influence solar radiation and the pressure of vaporous moisture accumulating under the carpet.

To increase the durability of roof waterproofing, a version of the inversion design has been developed and is being implemented - with the waterproofing layer located directly on the load-bearing slab under the thermal insulation layer (Fig. 20.18).

Changing the location of heat and waterproofing layers in addition to increasing the durability of the roof, it creates a number of additional economic and technological advantages. The inversion design is less massive, since there is no need to install a special foundation for the roof in the form cement-sand screed for insulation: the base for the waterproofing carpet is the load-bearing covering slab. Thanks to this arrangement of the carpet, the need to install a para-insulating layer is eliminated - the rolled carpet combines the functions of vapor and waterproofing.

Accordingly, the cost and labor costs are reduced, since the design and implementation of the interfaces of inversion roofs is simpler than that of traditional ones (Fig. 20.19). The fact that inversion roofs have so far received relatively limited use in domestic construction is due to the requirements for the physical and technical properties of insulation in such structures. It should have a low thermal conductivity coefficient of 1 3, a compressive strength of 0.25-0.5 MPa, a daily water absorption in % of volume of 0.1-0.2, be microporous and have a closed pore structure. The insulation must be hydrophobic, not allow swelling or shrinkage, and have the necessary mechanical strength. In practice, the possibility of expanding the introduction of inversion structures arises with the start of production of domestic extrusion polystyrene foam boards"Penolex", and accordingly a reduction in the volume of exports of similar insulation materials.

Operable roof terraces are installed over warm and cold attic roofs, above technical attics, and sometimes above combined roofs (Fig. 20.20). The latter option is especially often used in buildings with terraced ledges in its volumetric form. The floor of terrace roofs is designed to be flat or with a slope of no more than 1.5%, and the roof surface below it is designed with a slope of at least 3%. The most durable materials are used for roofing (for example, waterproofing). The number of layers of rolled carpet is taken to be one more than with an unused roof. A layer of hot mastic antiseptic with herbicides is applied to the surface of the carpet. They protect the carpet from the germination of plant roots from seeds and spores blown onto the roof by the wind. When constructing a serviceable roof using an inversion combined structure, this role is played by a filtering synthetic canvas located under the ballast and drainage gravel layer. The roof-terrace floor is made of stone or concrete slabs, sometimes covered with ceramic tiles. The floor slabs are laid loosely over a drainage layer of gravel.