Uprising led by Stepan Razin. Lesson-laboratory lesson lesson "Uprising led by S.

The uprising of 1662 became one of the harbingers of the impending peasant war, led by Ataman S.T. Razin. The norms of the Council Code of 1649 sharply aggravated class antagonism in the village. The development of commodity-money relations led to increased feudal exploitation, which was expressed in the growth in the black soil regions of corvée and monetary dues in places where the land was infertile. The deterioration of the situation of peasants in the fertile lands of the Volga region, where land ownership of the Morozov, Mstislavsky, and Cherkasy boyars was growing rapidly, was felt with particular acuteness. The specificity of the Volga region was that there were lands nearby where the population had not yet experienced the full weight of feudal oppression. This is what attracted the Trans-Volga steppes and the Don to runaway slaves, peasants, and townspeople. The non-Russian population - Mordovians, Chuvash, Tatars, Bashkirs were under double oppression - feudal and national. All this created the preconditions for the development of a new peasant war in this area.

The driving forces of the peasant war were peasants, Cossacks, serfs, townspeople, archers, and non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. Razin’s “charming (from the word “to seduce”) letters” contained a call for a campaign against the boyars, nobles, and merchants. They were characterized by faith in a good king. Objectively, the demands of the rebel peasants boiled down to the creation of conditions in which peasant farming could develop as the main unit of agricultural production.

The harbinger of the peasant war was the campaign of Vasily Usa from the Don to Tula (May 1666). During its advance, the Cossack detachment was replenished with peasants who destroyed estates. The uprising covered the territories of Tula, Dedilovsky and other districts. The government urgently sent the noble militia against the rebels. The rebels retreated to the Don.

In 1667-1668. Cossack bastards, alien slaves and peasants made a campaign in Persia. It was called the “zipun trek.” The Don Golytba had made such attacks before, but this campaign amazes with its scope, thoroughness of preparation, duration and enormous success.

During the “zipun march” the differences devastated not only the Western and South coast Caspian Sea, defeated the Persian army and navy, but also opposed government troops. They defeated a detachment of Astrakhan archers, destroyed a caravan of ships belonging to the Tsar, the Patriarch, and the merchant Shorin. Thus, already in this campaign, features of social antagonism appeared, which led to the formation of the core of the future rebel army.

In the winter of 1669-1670. upon returning from the Caspian Sea to the Don, Razin is preparing for a second campaign, this time against the boyars, nobles, merchants, on a campaign for all the “rabble,” “for all the enslaved and disgraced.”

The campaign began in the spring of 1670. Vasily Us joined Razin with his detachment. Razin's army consisted of golutvenny Cossacks, runaway slaves and peasants, archers. The main goal of the campaign was to capture Moscow. The main route is the Volga. To carry out the campaign against Moscow, it was necessary to provide the rear - to take the government fortresses of Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. During April-July the differences took hold of these cities. The courtyards of the boyars, nobles, and clerks were destroyed, and the archives of the voivod's court were burned. Cossack administration was introduced in cities.

Leaving a detachment led by Usa and Sheludyak in Astrakhan, Razin’s rebel detachments took Saransk and Penza. A trip to Nizhny Novgorod. The actions of peasant detachments turned the Volga region and surrounding areas into a hotbed of the anti-feudal movement. The movement spread to the Russian North (there were differences in Solovki), to Ukraine, where a detachment of Frol Razin was sent.

Only by exerting all its forces, by sending numerous regiments of government troops, did tsarism by the spring of 1671. was able to drown the peasant movement in the Volga region in blood. In April of the same year, Razin was defeated and was handed over to the government by the homely Cossacks. On June 6, 1671, Razin was executed in Moscow. But Razin's execution did not mean the end of the movement. Only in November 1671 did government troops capture Astrakhan. In 1673-1675. Rebel detachments were still active on the Don, near Kozlov and Tambov.

The defeat of the peasant war led by Stepan Razin was predetermined by a number of reasons. The main one was that the peasant war was of a tsarist nature. The peasants believed in the “good king”, because due to their position they could not see the true cause of their oppression and develop an ideology that would unite all the oppressed sections of the population and raise them to fight the existing feudal system. Other reasons for the defeat were spontaneity and locality, weak weapons and poor organization of the rebels.

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Stepan Timofeevich Razin

Main stages of the uprising:

The revolt lasted from 1667 to 1671. Peasant War - from 1670 to 1671.

The first stage of the uprising - the campaign for zipuns

At the beginning of March 1667, Stepan Razin began to gather a Cossack army around him in order to go on a campaign to the Volga and Yaik.

The Cossacks needed this to survive, since there was extreme poverty and hunger in their areas. By the end of March, the number of Razin’s troops was 1000 people. This man was a competent leader and managed to organize the service in such a way that the tsarist scouts could not get into his camp and find out the plans of the Cossacks.

In May 1667, Razin's army moved across the Don to the Volga. Thus began the uprising led by Razin, or rather its preparatory part. We can safely say that at this stage a mass uprising was not planned. His goals were much more mundane - he needed to survive. However, even Razin’s first campaigns were directed against the boyars and large landowners. It was their ships and estates that the Cossacks robbed.

Uprising map

Razin's hike to Yaik

The uprising led by Razin began when it moved to the Volga in May 1667.

There, the rebels and their army met rich ships that belonged to the king and large landowners. The rebels robbed the ships and took possession of rich booty. Among other things, they received a huge amount of weapons and ammunition.

On May 28, Razin and his army, which by this time numbered 1.5 thousand people, sailed past Tsaritsyn.
The uprising led by Razin could well have continued with the capture of this city, but Stepan decided not to take the city and limited himself to demanding that all the blacksmith's tools be handed over to him.

The townspeople hand over everything that is demanded of them. Such haste and swiftness in action was due to the fact that he needed to get to the city of Yaik as soon as possible in order to capture it while the city’s garrison was small. The importance of the city lay in the fact that it had direct access to the sea.
On May 31, not far from Cherny Yar, Razin tried to stop the tsarist troops, whose number was 1,100 people, of which 600 were cavalry, but Stepan avoided the battle by cunning and continued on his way.
In the Krasny Yar area they met a new detachment, which they routed on June 2. Many of the archers went over to the Cossacks. After this, the rebels went out to the open sea. The tsarist troops could not hold him.

The campaign to Yaik has reached its final stage. It was decided to take the city by cunning. Razin and 40 other people with him passed themselves off as rich merchants. The gates of the city were opened for them, which was taken advantage of by the rebels who were hiding nearby.

Uprising led by Razin

The city fell.

Razin's campaign against Yaik led to the fact that on July 19, 1667, the Boyar Duma issued a decree to begin the fight against the rebels. New troops are sent to Yaik in order to pacify the rebels. The tsar also issues a special manifesto, which he sends personally to Stepan. This manifesto stated that the tsar would guarantee him and his entire army a complete amnesty if Razin returned to the Don and released all prisoners.

The Cossack meeting rejected this proposal.

Razin's Caspian campaign

At this time, Razin’s Caspian campaign was gaining popularity. From there, Razin directs his army along the coast to the South to Derbent and further to Georgia. The army continued its journey to Persia. All this time, the Razins are rampaging in the seas, robbing ships that come their way. The entire year of 1668, as well as the winter and spring of 1669, passed during these activities. At the same time, Razin negotiates with the Persian Shah, persuading him to take the Cossacks into his service.

But the Shah, having received a message from the Russian Tsar, refuses to accept Razin and his army. Razin's army stood near the city of Rasht. The Shah sent his army there, which inflicted a significant defeat on the Russians.

Razin's Caspian campaign turned out to be very successful. On August 22, the detachment appeared near Astrakhan. The local governor took an oath from Stepan Razin that he would lay down his arms and return to the service of the tsar, and let the detachment go up the Volga.

Anti-serfdom speech and Razin’s new campaign on the Volga

Second stage of the uprising (beginning of the peasant war)

At the beginning of October 1669, Razin and his detachment returned to the Don.

They stopped at the town of Kagalnitsky. In their sea campaigns, the Cossacks acquired not only wealth, but also enormous military experience, which they could now use for the uprising.

As a result, dual power arose on the Don. According to the tsar's manifesto, the ataman of the Cossack district was K. Yakovlev.

But Razin blocked the entire south of the Don region and acted in his own interests, violating the plans of Yakovlev and the Moscow boyars. At the same time, Stepan’s authority within the country is growing with terrible force. Thousands of people strive to escape to the south and enter his service. Thanks to this, the number of rebel troops is growing at a tremendous pace. If by October 1669 there were 1.5 thousand people in Razin’s detachment, then by November there were already 2.7 thousand, and by May 16700 there were 4.5 thousand.

We can say that it was in the spring of 1670 that the uprising led by Razin entered the second stage.

If earlier the main events developed outside Russia, now Razin began an active struggle against the boyars.

On May 9, 1670, the detachment is in Panshin. Here a new Cossack circle took place, at which it was decided to go to the Volga again and punish the boyars for their outrages.

Razin tried in every possible way to show that he was not against the tsar, but against the boyars.

The height of the peasant war

As a result, it was decided to go to Astrakhan. This was necessary because a large group of royal troops was gathering in the south. And leaving such an army in your rear was very dangerous. Razin leaves 1 thousand people in Tsaritsyn and heads to Black Yar.

Under the walls of the city, Razin was preparing for battle with the tsarist troops under the command of S.I. Lvov. But the royal troops avoided the battle and went over to the victor in full force. Together with the royal army, the entire garrison of Black Yar went over to the side of the rebels.

Razin divided his detachment into 8 groups, each of which acted in its own direction. During the assault, an uprising broke out in the city. As a result of this uprising and the skillful actions of the “Razins,” Astrakhan fell on June 22, 1670. The governor, boyars, large landowners and nobles were captured. All of them were sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out immediately.

In total, about 500 people were executed in Astrakhan. After the capture of Astrakhan, the number of troops increased to 13 thousand people. Leaving 2 thousand people in the city, Razin headed up the Volga.

The detachment was led by Frol, Stepan’s brother. Another detachment was sent to Cherkassk. It was headed by Y. Gavrilov. Razin himself, with a detachment of 10 thousand people, heads up the Volga, where Samara and Saratov surrender to him without resistance. In response to this, the king orders the collection of a large army in these areas. Stepan is in a hurry to Simbirsk, as to an important regional center. On September 4, the rebels were at the city walls. On September 6 the battle began. The tsarist troops were forced to retreat to the Kremlin, the siege of which continued for a month.

During this period, the peasant war became widespread.

According to contemporaries, only in the second stage, the stage of expansion of the peasant war under the leadership of Razin, about 200 thousand people took part. The government, frightened by the scale of the uprising, is gathering all its forces in order to pacify the rebels. Yu.A. stands at the head of a powerful army. Dolgoruky, a commander who glorified himself during the war with Poland.

He sends his army to Arzamas, where he sets up a camp. In addition, large tsarist troops were concentrated in Kazan and Shatsk. As a result, the government managed to achieve a numerical superiority, and from then on a punitive war began.

In early November 1670, Yu.N.’s detachment approached Simbirsk. Boryatinsky. This commander had been defeated a month ago and now sought revenge. Happened bloody battle. Razin himself was seriously wounded and on the morning of October 4 he was taken from the battlefield and sent down the Volga by boat. The rebel detachment suffered a brutal defeat.

After this, punitive expeditions by government troops continued. They burned entire villages and killed everyone who was in any way connected with the uprising. Historians give simply catastrophic figures. In Arzamas, about 11 thousand people were executed in less than 1 year. The city turned into one big cemetery. In total, according to contemporaries, during the period of the punitive expedition, about 100 thousand people were destroyed (killed, executed or tortured to death).

The end of the uprising led by Razin

(Third stage of Razin's uprising)

After a powerful punitive expedition, the flame of the peasant war began to fade.

However, throughout 1671 its echoes echoed throughout the country. Thus, Astrakhan did not surrender to the tsarist troops for almost the entire year. The garrison of the city even decided to head to Simbirsk. But this campaign ended in failure, and Astrakhan itself fell on November 27, 1671.

This was the last stronghold of the peasant war. After the fall of Astrakhan, the uprising was over.

It happened in the town of Kagalnitsky. After this, Razin was sent to Moscow, where, after short interrogations, he was executed.

Thus ended the uprising led by Stepan Razin.

(16701671) protest movement of peasants, serfs, Cossacks and urban lower classes in the 17th century. In pre-revolutionary Russian historiography it was called a “rebellion”, in Soviet it was called the Second Peasant War (after the Uprising under the leadership of I.I. Bolotnikov).

The prerequisites for the uprising include the registration of serfdom ( Cathedral Code 1649) and the deterioration of the life of the social lower classes in connection with the Russian-Polish war and the monetary reform of 1662. The ideological and spiritual crisis of society was aggravated by the reform of Patriarch Nikon and church schism, the desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freemen and integrate them into state system added tension.

The situation on the Don also worsened due to the growth of the golutvenny (poor) Cossacks, who, unlike the “domovity” (rich Cossacks), did not receive a salary from the state and a share in the “duvan” (division) of fish production. The harbinger of a social explosion was the uprising of 1666 under the leadership of the Cossack ataman Vasily Us, who managed to reach Tula from the Don, where he was joined by Cossacks and fugitive slaves from the surrounding counties.

Cossacks mainly took part in the unrest of the 1660s, and the peasants who joined them tried to protect the interests not of their class, but of their own.

If they were successful, the peasants wanted to become free Cossacks or servicemen. The Cossacks and peasants were also joined by those from the townspeople who were dissatisfied with the liquidation of “white settlements” free from taxes and duties in the cities in 1649.

In the spring of 1667, a detachment of six hundred “golytba” people appeared near Tsaritsyn, led by the “homely” Cossack of the Zimoveysky town S.T. Razin.

Having brought the Cossacks from the Don to the Volga, he began a “campaign for zipuns” (i.e., for booty), robbing caravans of ships with government goods. After wintering in the Yaitsky town (modern Uralsk), the Cossacks raided the possessions of the Iranian Shah Baku, Derbent.

Reshet, Farabat, Astrabat, having gained experience in the “Cossack war” (ambushes, raids, flanking maneuvers). The return of the Cossacks in August 1669 with rich booty strengthened Razin's fame as a successful chieftain. At the same time, she was born, caught in folk song a legend about the ataman’s reprisal against a Persian princess captured as war booty.

Meanwhile, a new governor, I.S. Prozorovsky, arrived in Astrakhan, carrying out the tsar’s order not to let the Razins into Astrakhan. But the Astrakhan residents let the Cossacks in, greeting the successful chieftain with volleys of cannon from the only ship, the Eagle. According to an eyewitness, the Razins “camped near Astrakhan, from where they went to the city in crowds, dressed luxuriously, and the clothes of the poorest were made of gold brocade or silk. Razin could be recognized by the honor that was shown to him, because they approached him only on their knees and falling on their faces.”

Voivode Prozorovsky himself could not resist the temptation and begged for a sable fur coat from Razin. In the propaganda “lovely sheets” (from seduce attract) Razin promised to “free everyone from the yoke and slavery of the boyars,” calling for them to join his army.

Concerned, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sent G.A. Evdokimov to the Don to find out about the plans of the Cossacks, but he was executed by the Razins on April 11, 1670 as an enemy spy.

The appearance of Evdokimov became the reason for the start of hostilities among the Razinites, which are now recognized as the Peasant War itself.

In May 1670, Razin and the Cossacks rowed up the Volga to Tsaritsyn, took it and, leaving 500 people there, returned to Astrakhan with a 6,000-strong army.

In Astrakhan, Prozorovsky, trying to appease the Streltsy, paid them the salary they were owed and gave the order to strengthen the city, and sent one of the Streltsy detachments to detain the Razinites. But the archers went over to the side of the rebels “with unfurled banners and the beating of drums, began to kiss and hug, and agreed to stand for each other soul and body, so that, having exterminated the traitorous boyars and throwing off the yoke of slavery, they would become free people” (J. Struys) .

In June, about 12 thousand Cossacks approached Astrakhan. Razin sent Vasily Gavrilov and the servant Vavila to Prozorovsky for negotiations on the surrender of the city, but “the governor tore up the letter and ordered the beheading of those who came.”

Astrakhan residents A. Lebedev and S. Kuretnikov led the rebels through the Bolda River and the Cherepakha tributary to the rear of the city at night. Inside the fortress, Razin's supporters prepared ladders to help the attackers. Before the assault, Razin declared: “Let’s get to work, brothers! Now take revenge on the tyrants who have hitherto kept you in captivity worse than the Turks or the pagans.

I came to give you freedom and deliverance, you will be my brothers and children, and it will be as good for you as it is for me, just be courageous and remain faithful.”

On the night of June 22, 1670, an uprising began in Astrakhan, the rebels took possession of Zemlyanoy and Bely cities, entered the Kremlin, where they dealt with the boyars and governor Prozorovsky, throwing them from the multi-tiered Raskat tower. The rebels formed a people's government in the city based on the principle of the Cossack circle (Fedor Sheludyak, Ivan Tersky, Ivan Gladkov and others, headed by Ataman Vasily Us), after which the main part of the army moved up the Volga.

The cavalry (2 thousand people) walked along the shore, the main forces floated by water. On July 29, the Razins arrived in Tsaritsyn. Here the Cossack circle decided to go with the main forces to Moscow, and launch an auxiliary attack from the upper reaches of the Don. Razin himself had little idea of the result of the uprising and apparently only intended to create a large “Cossack republic.”

people were greeted with bread and salt in Saratov, Samara surrendered without a fight. On August 28, when Razin was 70 versts from Simbirsk, Prince Yu.I. Baryatinsky tried to drive the Cossacks out of Saransk, but was defeated and retreated to Kazan. Capturing cities, the Razins divided the property of the nobility and large merchants between the Cossacks and the rebels, calling on them to “stand for each other unanimously and go up and beat and bring out the traitorous boyars.”

The tsar’s attempt to punish the Cossacks by stopping the supply of grain to the Don added Razin’s supporters, and fugitive peasants and slaves came running to him. The rumor about Tsarevich Alexei (actually deceased) and Patriarch Nikon walking with Razin turned the campaign into an event that received the blessing of the church and the authorities. The Moscow authorities had to send a 60,000-strong army to the Don under the command of Yu.A. Dolgorukov.

An auxiliary detachment of Razinites, marching up the Don to the Seversky Donets, led by atamans Ya. Gavrilov and F. Minaev (2000 people) was defeated by the Moscow army under the command of G.G. Romodanovsky, but another detachment took Alatyr on September 16, 1670.

Razin stopped near Simbirsk and tried to take the city four times without success. His supporter, the runaway nun Alena, posing as a Cossack chieftain, was taken by Temnikov, then Arzamas, where, elected head of the Cossack circle, she received the nickname Alena of Arzamas.

A significant part of the rebels reached the Tula, Efremov, Novosilsky districts, executing nobles and governors along the way, creating authorities on the model of Cossack councils, appointing elders, atamans, esauls, and centurions.

Razin failed to take Simbirsk. In mid-October 1670, Dolgorukov’s Moscow army inflicted a significant defeat on a 20,000-strong detachment of rebels.

Razin himself was wounded and went to the Don. There, on April 9, 1671, the “homely Cossacks” led by Kornil Yakovlev handed him over to the authorities along with his brother Frol.

PEASANT WAR UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF STEPAN RAZIN.

Brought to Moscow, the leader of the rebels was interrogated, tortured and quartered in June 1671 in Moscow.

The news of the execution of the ataman, reaching Astrakhan, broke the fighting spirit of the rebels. On November 20, 1671, the new head of the Cossack circle, F. Sheludyak, tore up the sentencing record in which the Astrakhan people swore to go to war against Moscow against the “traitor boyars.” This meant that everyone was released from this oath. On November 27, 1671, Miloslavsky’s troops recaptured Astrakhan from the Cossacks, and a massacre began that lasted until the summer of 1672.

The Kremlin's artillery tower was turned into a place of bloody interrogations (the tower has since been renamed Torture). Dutch eyewitness L. Fabricius recorded that they dealt with not only the leaders, but also ordinary participants through quartering, burying alive in the ground, and hanging (“after such tyranny, no one remained alive except decrepit old women and small children”).

The reasons for the defeat of the uprising, in addition to its weak organization, insufficient and obsolete weapons, and lack of clear goals, lay hidden in the destructive, “rebellious” nature of the movement and the lack of unity of the rebel Cossacks, peasants and townspeople.

The Peasant War did not lead to changes in the situation of the peasantry, did not make their life easier, but changes occurred in the life of the Don Cossacks.

In 1671 they were first sworn to the oath of allegiance to the king. This was the beginning of the transformation of the Cossacks into the support of the royal throne in Russia.

S. Zlobin’s novels are dedicated to the history of the uprising Stepan Razin and V. Shukshina I have come to give you freedom...See. Also WAR.

Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva

Peasant wars in Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. M. L., 1966
Stepanov I.V. Peasant War in Russia in 16701671., vol.

12. L., 19661972
Buganov V.I., Chistyakova E.V. On some issues in the history of the Second Peasant War in Russia. Questions of history. 1968, no. 7
Soloviev V.M. . Contemporaries and descendants about the uprising of S.T. Razin. M., 1991

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Table: “The uprising of Stepan Razin: causes, results, stages, dates”

Causes: the complete enslavement of peasants in Rus' by the Council Code of 1649 and therefore the mass escapes of peasants to the Don, where the runaway was no longer considered a serf slave of the master, but a free Cossack.

PEASANT WAR UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF STEPAN RAZIN

Also a strong increase in taxes in the country, famine and an anthrax epidemic.

Participants: Don Cossacks, runaway serfs, small peoples of Russia - Kumyks, Circassians, Nogais, Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars

Requirements and goals: the overthrow of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the expansion of freedoms of the free Cossacks, the abolition of serfdom and the privileges of the nobles.

Stages of the uprising and its course: uprising on the Don (1667-1670), peasant war in the Volga region (1670), The final stage and the defeat of the uprising (lasted until the autumn of 1671)

Results: the uprising failed and did not achieve its goals.

The tsarist authorities executed its participants en masse (tens of thousands)

Causes of defeat: spontaneity and disorganization, lack of a clear program, lack of support from the top of the Don Cossacks, lack of understanding by the peasants of what exactly they were fighting for, selfishness of the rebels (often they robbed the population or deserted from the army, came and went as they wanted, thereby letting down the commanders)

Chronological table according to Razin

1667- Cossack Stepan Razin becomes the leader of the Cossacks on the Don.

May 1667- the beginning of the “campaign for zipuns” under the leadership of Razin. This is the blocking of the Volga and the capture of merchant ships - both Russian and Persian. Razin gathers the poor into his army. They took the Yaitsky fortified town, and the royal archers were expelled from there.

Summer 1669- a campaign against Moscow against the Tsar was announced.

Razin's army grew in size.

Spring 1670- The beginning of the Peasant War in Rus'.

Razin's siege of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). A riot in the city helped Razin take the city.

Spring 1670- battle with the royal detachment of Ivan Lopatin. Victory for Razin.

Spring 1670- Razin’s capture of Kamyshin. The city was plundered and burned.

Summer 1670- the archers of Astrakhan went over to Razin’s side and surrendered the city to him without a fight.

Summer 1670– Samara and Saratov were taken by Razin. A detachment under the command of Razin’s comrade-in-arms, nun Alena, took Arzamas.

September 1670- the beginning of the siege of Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) by the Razins

October 1670- battle near Simbirsk with the royal troops of Prince Dolgoruky. Defeat and serious injury of Razin. The siege of Simbirsk has been lifted.

December 1670- the rebels, already without their leader, entered into battle with Dolgoruky’s troops in Mordovia, and were defeated.

Dolgoruky burned Alena Arzamasskaya at the stake as a witch. Razin's main forces were defeated, but many detachments are still continuing the war.

April 1671- Some of the Don Cossacks betray Razin and hand him over to the Tsar’s archers. The captive Razin is transported to Moscow.

November 1671– Astrakhan, the last stronghold of the Razin troops, fell during the assault of the tsar’s troops. The uprising was finally suppressed.

Rebellion of S. Razin 1667-1671

Participants: Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars, homeless, runaway peasants, serfs, Cossacks, urban lower classes, barge haulers, workers, archers, soldiers, peasants, lower clergy.

Territory: Volga region, Caspian territories, Don, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov

Causes: a) accumulation on the Don of fugitive peasants, serfs, townspeople, dissatisfied with the strengthening of serfdom; b) activity of the Cossacks, dissatisfaction with government policies

Results: the uprising was brutally suppressed, Razin was executed, the established order was preserved.

Salt riot of 1648

Territory: Moscow, Kursk, Voronezh, South-West and North-West Russia.

Causes: increase in taxes, introduction of a duty on salt, dissatisfaction with local authorities

Participants: petty nobles, townspeople, runaway peasants, serfs, poor people

Results: objectionable boyars were executed, the government made concessions on taxation.

Copper Riot 1662

Territory: Moscow, Kolomenskoye

Participants: townspeople, archers, soldiers, reiters of the Moscow garrison

Causes: increased taxes, famine, depreciation of copper money, violence and bribery of the boyars

Results: The uprising is suppressed, the minting of copper money is stopped.

Peter's reformsI:

Prerequisites r-m: 1. Development productive forces(the emergence of manufactories under A.M.) 2. The growth of absolutism, the decrease in the importance of the boyar duma 3. The abolition of localism 4. The creation of regiments of the new system in the 30s of the 17th century 5. The need for access to the seas for the development of trade

R-we are state. controls: 1. The boyar duma was replaced by a nearby chancellery (1699) 2. Later the Senate appears (1711) 3. The appearance of the post of fiscal 4. 1720-general regulations of the collegiums (orders turn into 11 collegiums => management simplified) 5. 1721-Synod - central body governing church affairs, headed by the chief prosecutor. 6. Chief Magistrate 7. Division of the country into governorates, provinces, districts. 8. 1720 - title of emperor.

Collegiums (foreign affairs; military; admiralty; chamber collegium (taxes); state collegium (expenses); revision collegium; manufacturing collegium; commerce collegium; berg collegium (metallurgy); justice collegium; patrimonial collegium; chief magistrate)

Conclusion: complete centralization of power in the state. institutions contributed to the final victory of absolutism

Military reforms:

Stage 1: 1. Beginning of the creation of a regular army 1699 (27 regular soldier regiments, voluntary) 2. Elimination of the noble cavalry - 10 dragoon regiments 3. Creation navy 2Stage: Introduction of conscription and creation of a regular army on this basis 3. Stage: the final formation of the army in 1716-1720 with the adoption of military regulations.

The era of palace coups:

1. Catherine I 1725-1727 (A. Menshikov)

2. Peter II. 1727-1730 Boyars influenced him => Menshikov was exiled.

3. Anna Ioanovna 1730-1740 (dies, heir Ivan = son of Anna Leopoldovna)

4. Ivan 1740-1741 He is deposed.

5. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) continues the policies of Peter.

Stepan, like his father Timofey, who probably came from the Voronezh settlement, belonged to the homely Cossacks. Stepan was born around 1630. He visited Moscow three times (in 1652, 1658 and 1661), and on the first of these visits he visited the Solovetsky Monastery. The Don authorities included him in the “stanitsa”, who negotiated with the Moscow boyars and Kalmyks. In 1663, Stepan led a detachment of Donets, who marched with the Cossacks and Kalmyks near Perekop against Crimean Tatars. At Molochnye Vody they defeated a detachment of Crimeans.

Even then, he was distinguished by courage and dexterity, the ability to lead people in military enterprises, to negotiate important matters. In 1665, his older brother Ivan was executed. He led a regiment of Don Cossacks that took part in the war with Poland. In the fall, the Donets asked to go home, but they were not allowed to go. Then they left without permission, and the commander-in-chief, boyar Prince Yu. A. Dolgoruky, ordered the execution of the commander.

The situation on the Don was heating up. In 1667, with the end of the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, new parties of fugitives poured into the Don and other places. Famine reigned on the Don. In search of a way out of a difficult situation in order to get their daily bread, poor Cossacks in the late winter - early spring of 1667 united in small bands, moved to the Volga and Caspian Sea, robbed merchant ships. They are broken up by government troops. But the gangs gather again and again. They are headed by .

To the Volga and Caspian Sea. To Razin and his associates early. In the spring, masses of poor Cossacks, including Usovites, rush to go on a campaign to the Volga and the Caspian Sea. In mid-May 1667, the detachment moved from the Don to the Volga, then to the Yaik.

In February 1668, the Razins, who wintered in the Yaitsky town, defeated a 3,000-strong detachment that came from Astrakhan. In March, throwing heavy cannons into the river and taking light ones with them, they went out into the Caspian Sea. On the western coast, the detachments of Sergei Krivoy, Boba and other atamans united with Razin.

Differences float along west bank seas to the south. They rob merchant ships, the possessions of Shamkhal Tarkovsky and the Shah of Persia, free many Russian captives, in different ways and in different time caught in these regions. Daredevils attack “sharpalniks” to Derbent, the outskirts of Baku, and other villages. Along the Kura they get to “Georgian district”. They return to the sea and sail to the Persian shores; Cities and villages are being destroyed here. Many die in battle, from disease and hunger. In the summer of 1669, a fierce naval battle took place; the thinned Razin detachment completely defeated the fleet of Mamed Khan. After this brilliant victory, Razin and his Cossacks, enriched with fabulous booty, but extremely exhausted and hungry, head north.

In August they appear in Astrakhan, and the local governors, having made them promise to faithfully serve the Tsar, hand over all ships and guns, and release the servicemen, let them go up the Volga to the Don.

New campaign. In early October, Stepan Razin returned to the Don. His daring Cossacks, who acquired not only wealth, but also military experience, settled on an island near the town of Kagalnitsky.

Dual power was established on the Don. Affairs in the Don Army were managed by a Cossack foreman, led by an ataman, who was stationed in Cherkassk. She was supported by homely, wealthy Cossacks. But Razin, who was at Kagalnik, did not take into account the military ataman Yakovlev, his godfather, and all his assistants.

The number of Razin rebel troops forming on the Don is growing rapidly. The leader does everything energetically and secretly. But soon he no longer hides his plans and goals. Razin openly declares that he will soon begin a new big campaign, and not only and not so much for “sharpanya” by trade caravans: “Go to the Volga for the boyars of the witness!”

At the beginning of May 1670, Razin left the camp and arrived in Panshin town. V. Us also appears here with the Don Cossacks and Ukrainians. Razin convenes a circle, discusses the plan for the campaign, asks everyone: “Would you all like to go from the Don to the Volga, and from the Volga to go to Rus' against the sovereign’s enemies and traitors, so that they can bring out the traitorous boyars and Duma people from the Moscow state and the governors and officials in the cities?” He calls on his people: “And we should all stand and take the traitors out of the Moscow state and give the black people freedom.”.

On May 15, Razin’s army reached the Volga above Tsaritsyn and besieged the city. The residents opened the gates. After reprisals against the governor, clerks, military leaders and rich merchants, the rebels staged a duvan - the division of confiscated property. The people of Tsaritsyn elected representatives of the authorities. The Razinites, whose ranks had grown to 10 thousand people, replenished supplies and built new ships.

Leaving a thousand people in Tsaritsyn, Razin went to Black Yar. Beneath its walls “ordinary warriors” from the government army of Prince S.I. Lvov, with drums beating and banners unfurled, they went over to the rebels.

The garrison of Black Yar also rebelled and moved to Razin. This victory opened the way to Astrakhan. As they said then, Volga “became theirs, Cossack”. The rebel army approached the city. Razin divided his forces into eight detachments and placed them in their places. On the night of June 21-22, the assault on the White City and the Kremlin, where the army of Prince Prozorovsky was located, began. An uprising of residents, archers and garrison soldiers broke out in Astrakhan. The city was taken. According to the verdict of the circle, the governor, officers, nobles and others, up to 500 people in total, were executed. Their property was divided.

The highest authority in Astrakhan became circles - general meetings of all residents who rebelled. Atamans were elected, the main one being Usa. By decision of the circle, everyone was released from prison, destroyed “many bondages and fortresses”. They wanted to do the same throughout Russia. In July, Razin left Astrakhan. He goes up the Volga, and soon, in mid-August, Saratov and Samara surrender to Razin without a fight. The Razins enter areas with extensive feudal estates and a large peasant population. Concerned authorities are gathering here many noble, streltsy, and soldier regiments.

Razin hurries to Simbirsk - the center of a heavily fortified line of cities and fortresses. The city has a garrison of 3-4 thousand warriors. It is headed by the Tsar's relative by wife, I. B. Miloslavsky. Prince Yu. N. Boryatinsky arrives to his aid with two Reitar regiments and several hundreds of nobles.

The rebels arrived on September 4th. The next day, a hot battle broke out and continued on September 6. Razin stormed the fort on the slopes "crown"- Simbirsk mountain. An uprising of local residents - archers, townspeople, and serfs - began, as in other cities.

intensified the onslaught and burst into the prison literally on the shoulders of Boryatinsky’s defeated regiments. Miloslavsky withdrew his forces to the Kremlin. Both sides suffered considerable losses. Razin began a month-long siege of the Kremlin.

Illustration. Stepan Razin's troops storm Simbirsk.. Expansion of the movement and its end The flames of the uprising cover a vast territory: the Volga region, Trans-Volga region, many southern, southeastern, and central counties. Slobodskaya Ukraine, Don. The main driving force is the masses of serfs. Actively participating in the movement are the lower classes of the city, working people, barge haulers, small serving men (city archers, soldiers, Cossacks), representatives of the lower clergy, all sorts of“walking”, “homeless”

People. The movement includes Chuvash and Mari, Mordovians and Tatars.

A huge territory, many cities and villages, came under the control of the rebels. Their inhabitants dealt with feudal lords, the rich, and replaced the governor with elected authorities - atamans and their assistants, who were elected at general meetings, similar to Cossack circles. They stopped collecting taxes and payments in favor of the feudal lords and the treasury, and corvee work.

The lovely letters sent out by Razin and other leaders stirred up new layers of the population to revolt. According to a foreign contemporary, up to 200 thousand people took part in the movement at this time. Many nobles fell victim to them, their estates burned down. Razin and all the rebels wanted “ go to Moscow and beat the boyars and all sorts of leading people in Moscow bonded and apostal” join his Cossacks; “ and at the same time you should take out the traitors and take out the worldly crooks" The rebels use the names of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich and former Patriarch Nikon, who are supposedly in their ranks, sailing in plows along the Volga.

The main rebel army besieged the Simbirsk Kremlin in September and early October. In many districts, local rebel groups fought against the troops and nobles. They captured many cities - Alatyr and Kurmysh, Penza and Saransk, Upper and Lower Lomov, villages and hamlets. A number of cities in the upper reaches of the Don and in Sloboda Ukraine also went over to the side of the Razins (Ostrogozhsk, Chuguev, Zmiev, Tsarev-Borisov, Olshansk).

Frightened by the scale of the uprising, which was called war in documents of the time, the authorities mobilized new regiments. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich himself arranges a review of the troops. He appoints the boyar Prince Yu. A. Dolgoruky as commander-in-chief of all forces, an experienced commander who distinguished himself in the war with Poland, a stern and merciless man. He makes Arzamas his bet. The royal regiments are coming here, repelling attacks from rebel troops along the way, giving them battles.

Both sides suffer considerable losses. However, slowly and steadily the resistance of the armed rebels is being overcome. Government troops are also gathering in Kazan and Shatsk.

At the beginning of October, Yu. N. Boryatinsky returned to Simbirsk with an army, eager to get revenge for the defeat he suffered a month ago. A fierce battle, during which the Razins fought like lions, ended in their defeat. Razin was wounded in the thick of the battle, and his comrades carried him, unconscious and bleeding, from the battlefield, loaded him into a boat and sailed down the Volga. At the beginning of 1671, the main centers of the movement were suppressed. But Astrakhan continued to fight almost the entire year. On November 27, this last stronghold of the rebels also fell.

Stepan Razin was captured on April 14, 1671 in Kagalnik by homely Cossacks led by K. Yakovlev. Soon he was brought to Moscow and, after torture, executed on Red Square, the fearless leader in his last, mortal hour.” not a single breath revealed weakness of spirit" The uprising he led became the most powerful movement "rebellious age".

"Stepan Razin" Sergey Kirillov, 1985-1988

The uprising of Stepan Razin or the Peasant War (1667-1669, 1st stage of the uprising “Campaign for Zipuns”, 1670-1671, 2nd stage of the uprising) is the largest popular uprising of the second half of the 17th century. The war of the rebel peasantry and Cossacks with the tsarist troops.
Who is Stepan Razin
The first historical information about Razin dates back to 1652. Stepan Timofeevich Razin (born around 1630 - death June 6 (16), 1671) - Don Cossack, leader peasant uprising 1667-1671. Born into a wealthy Cossack family in the village of Zimoveyskaya on the Don. Father - Cossack Timofey Razin.
Causes of the uprising
. The final enslavement of the peasants, which was caused by the adoption Cathedral Code 1649, the beginning of a massive search for fugitive peasants.
. The deterioration of the situation of peasants and townspeople due to the increase in taxes and duties caused by the wars with Poland (1654-1657) and Sweden (1656-1658), the flight of people to the south.
. An accumulation of poor Cossacks and fugitive peasantry on the Don. Deterioration of the situation of servicemen guarding the southern borders of the state.
. Attempts by the authorities to limit the Cossack freemen.

Rebel demands
The Razintsy put forward the following demands to the Zemsky Sobor:
. Cancel serfdom and the complete liberation of the peasants.
. Formation of Cossack troops as part of the government army.
. Reducing taxes and duties imposed on the peasantry.
. Decentralization of power.
. Permission to sow grain on the Don and Volga lands.

Background
1666 - a detachment of Cossacks under the command of Ataman Vasily Us invaded Russia from the Upper Don and was able to reach almost Tula, ruining noble estates along the way. Only the threat of a meeting with large government troops forced Us to turn back. Many serfs who joined him went to the Don with him. The campaign of Vasily Us showed that the Cossacks were ready at any time to oppose the existing order and power.
First campaign 1667-1669
The situation on the Don became increasingly tense. The number of fugitives increased rapidly. The contradictions between poor and rich Cossacks intensified. In 1667, after the end of the war with Poland, a new stream of fugitives poured into the Don and other places.
1667 - a detachment of a thousand Cossacks, led by Stepen Razin, went to the Caspian Sea on a campaign “for zipuns,” that is, for booty. During 1667-1669, Razin’s detachment robbed Russian and Persian merchant caravans and attacked coastal Persian cities. With rich booty, the Razins returned to Astrakhan, and from there to the Don. The “hike for zipuns” was, in fact, predatory. But its meaning is much broader. It was during this campaign that the core of Razin’s army was formed, and the generous distribution of alms to ordinary people brought the ataman unprecedented popularity.

Revolt of Stepan Razin 1670-1671
1670, spring - Stepan Razin began a new campaign. This time he decided to go against the “traitor boyars.” Tsaritsyn was taken without a fight, whose residents themselves joyfully opened the gates to the rebels. The archers sent against the Razins from Astrakhan went over to the side of the rebels. The rest of the Astrakhan garrison followed their example. Those who resisted, the governor and the Astrakhan nobles, were killed.
Afterwards the Razins headed up the Volga. Along the way they sent out “lovely letters”, urging ordinary people beat the boyars, governors, nobles and clerks. In order to attract supporters, Razin spread rumors that Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich and Patriarch Nikon were in his army. The main participants in the uprising were Cossacks, peasants, serfs, townspeople and working people. The cities of the Volga region surrendered without resistance. In all the cities taken, Razin introduced administration on the model of the Cossack circle.
It should be noted that the Razins, in the spirit of those times, did not spare their enemies - torture, cruel executions, and violence “accompanied” them during their campaigns.

Suppression of the uprising. Execution
Failure awaited the ataman near Simbirsk, whose siege dragged on. Meanwhile, such a scale of the uprising caused a response from the authorities. 1670, autumn - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich reviewed the noble militia and a 60,000-strong army moved out to suppress the uprising. 1670, October - the siege of Simbirsk was lifted, the 20 thousand army of Stepan Razin was defeated. The ataman himself was seriously wounded. His comrades carried him out of the battlefield, loaded him into a boat and, early on the morning of October 4, sailed down the Volga. Despite the disaster near Simbirsk and the wounding of the ataman, the uprising continued throughout the autumn and winter of 1670/71.
Stepan Razin was captured on April 14 in Kagalnik by homely Cossacks led by Kornila Yakovlev and handed over to government governors. Soon he was delivered to Moscow.
The Execution Place on Red Square, where decrees were usually read, again, as in the times of... Ivan the Terrible..., became the place of execution. The square was cordoned off by a triple row of archers, and the execution site was guarded by foreign soldiers. There were armed warriors all over the capital. 1671, June 6 (16) - after severe torture, Stepen Razin was quartered in Moscow. His brother Frol was presumably executed on the same day. Participants in the uprising were subjected to brutal persecution and execution. More than 10 thousand rebels were executed throughout Russia.

Results. Causes of defeat
Exiles, executions, burning of the guilty and suspects.
The main reasons for the defeat of Stepan Razin's uprising were its spontaneity and low organization, the disunity of the actions of the peasants, who, as a rule, were limited to the destruction of the estate of their own master, and the lack of clearly understood goals among the rebels. Contradictions between different social groups in the rebel camp.
Considering the uprising of Stepan Razin briefly, it can be attributed to the peasant wars that shook Russia in the 16th century. This century is called " rebellious age" The uprising led by Stepan Razin is just one episode of the time that has come in Russian state after the Time of Troubles.
However, due to the fierceness of the clashes and the confrontation between two hostile camps, Razin’s uprising became one of the most powerful popular movements of the “rebellious century.”
The rebels were unable to achieve any of their goals (the destruction of the nobility and serfdom): the tightening of tsarist power continued.

Interesting Facts
. Ataman Kornilo (Korniliy) Yakovlev (who captured Razin) was “on Azov affairs” an ally of Father Stepan and his godfather.
. The brutal executions of representatives of the nobility and members of their families became, as we can now say, the “calling card” of Stepan Razin. He came up with new types of executions, which sometimes made even his loyal supporters uncomfortable. For example, the ataman ordered one of the sons of governor Kamyshin to be executed by dipping him into boiling tar.
. A small part of the rebels, even after Razin was wounded and fled, remained faithful to his ideas and defended Arkhangelsk from the tsarist troops until the end of 1671.

Uprising led by Razin

Stepan Timofeevich Razin

Main stages of the uprising:

The revolt lasted from 1667 to 1671. Peasant War - from 1670 to 1671.

The first stage of the uprising - the campaign for zipuns

At the beginning of March 1667, Stepan Razin began to gather a Cossack army around him in order to go on a campaign to the Volga and Yaik. The Cossacks needed this to survive, since there was extreme poverty and hunger in their areas. By the end of March, the number of Razin’s troops was 1000 people. This man was a competent leader and managed to organize the service in such a way that the tsarist scouts could not get into his camp and find out the plans of the Cossacks. In May 1667, Razin's army moved across the Don to the Volga. Thus began the uprising led by Razin, or rather its preparatory part. We can safely say that at this stage a mass uprising was not planned. His goals were much more mundane - he needed to survive. However, even Razin’s first campaigns were directed against the boyars and large landowners. It was their ships and estates that the Cossacks robbed.

Uprising map

Razin's hike to Yaik

The uprising led by Razin began when it moved to the Volga in May 1667. There, the rebels and their army met rich ships that belonged to the king and large landowners. The rebels robbed the ships and took possession of rich booty. Among other things, they received a huge amount of weapons and ammunition.

On May 28, Razin and his army, which by this time numbered 1.5 thousand people, sailed past Tsaritsyn. The uprising led by Razin could well have continued with the capture of this city, but Stepan decided not to take the city and limited himself to demanding that all the blacksmith's tools be handed over to him. The townspeople hand over everything that is demanded of them. Such haste and swiftness in action was due to the fact that he needed to get to the city of Yaik as soon as possible in order to capture it while the city’s garrison was small. The importance of the city lay in the fact that it had direct access to the sea.
On May 31, not far from Cherny Yar, Razin tried to stop the tsarist troops, whose number was 1,100 people, of which 600 were cavalry, but Stepan avoided the battle by cunning and continued on his way. In the Krasny Yar area they met a new detachment, which they routed on June 2. Many of the archers went over to the Cossacks. After this, the rebels went out to the open sea. The tsarist troops could not hold him.

Razin's Caspian campaign

From the moment of the fall of Yaik, the rebels began to consider Razin’s Caspian campaign. Throughout the winter of 1667-68, a detachment of rebels stood in Yaik. With the beginning of spring, the rebel Cossacks entered the Caspian Sea. This is how Razin’s Caspian campaign began. In the Astrakhan region, this detachment defeated the tsarist army under the command of Avksentiev. Here other atamans with their detachments joined Razin. The largest of them were: Ataman Boba with an army of 400 people and Ataman Krivoy with an army of 700 people. At this time, Razin’s Caspian campaign was gaining popularity. From there, Razin directs his army along the coast to the South to Derbent and further to Georgia. The army continued its journey to Persia. All this time, the Razins are rampaging in the seas, robbing ships that come their way. The entire year of 1668, as well as the winter and spring of 1669, passed during these activities. At the same time, Razin negotiates with the Persian Shah, persuading him to take the Cossacks into his service. But the Shah, having received a message from the Russian Tsar, refuses to accept Razin and his army. Razin's army stood near the city of Rasht. The Shah sent his army there, which inflicted a significant defeat on the Russians.

The detachment retreats to Mial-Kala, where it meets the winter of 1668. Retreating, Razin gives instructions to burn all cities and villages on the way, thereby taking revenge on the Persian Shah for the start of hostilities. With the beginning of spring 1669, Razin sent his army to the so-called Pig Island. There, in the summer of that year, a major battle took place. Razin was attacked by Mamed Khan, who had 3.7 thousand people at his disposal. But in this battle, the Russian army completely defeated the Persians and went home with rich booty. Razin's Caspian campaign turned out to be very successful. On August 22, the detachment appeared near Astrakhan. The local governor took an oath from Stepan Razin that he would lay down his arms and return to the service of the tsar, and let the detachment go up the Volga.

Anti-serfdom speech and Razin’s new campaign on the Volga

Second stage of the uprising (beginning of the peasant war)

At the beginning of October 1669, Razin and his detachment returned to the Don. They stopped at the town of Kagalnitsky. In their sea campaigns, the Cossacks acquired not only wealth, but also enormous military experience, which they could now use for the uprising.

As a result, dual power arose on the Don. According to the tsar's manifesto, the ataman of the Cossack district was K. Yakovlev. But Razin blocked the entire south of the Don region and acted in his own interests, violating the plans of Yakovlev and the Moscow boyars. At the same time, Stepan’s authority within the country is growing with terrible force. Thousands of people strive to escape to the south and enter his service. Thanks to this, the number of rebel troops is growing at a tremendous pace. If by October 1669 there were 1.5 thousand people in Razin’s detachment, then by November there were already 2.7 thousand, and by May 16700 there were 4.5 thousand.

We can say that it was in the spring of 1670 that the uprising led by Razin entered the second stage. If earlier the main events developed outside Russia, now Razin began an active struggle against the boyars.

On May 9, 1670, the detachment is in Panshin. Here a new Cossack circle took place, at which it was decided to go to the Volga again and punish the boyars for their outrages. Razin tried in every possible way to show that he was not against the tsar, but against the boyars.

The height of the peasant war

On May 15, Razin with a detachment that already numbered 7 thousand people besieged Tsaritsyn. The city rebelled, and the inhabitants themselves opened the gates to the rebels. Having captured the city, the detachment grew to 10 thousand people. Here the Cossacks spent a long time determining their further goals, deciding where to go: north or south. As a result, it was decided to go to Astrakhan. This was necessary because a large group of royal troops was gathering in the south. And leaving such an army in your rear was very dangerous. Razin leaves 1 thousand people in Tsaritsyn and heads to Black Yar. Under the walls of the city, Razin was preparing for battle with the tsarist troops under the command of S.I. Lvov. But the royal troops avoided the battle and went over to the victor in full force. Together with the royal army, the entire garrison of Black Yar went over to the side of the rebels.

Further on the way was Astrakhan: a well-fortified fortress with a garrison of 6 thousand people. On June 19, 1670, Razin approached the walls of Astrakhan, and on the night of June 21-22, the assault began. Razin divided his detachment into 8 groups, each of which acted in its own direction. During the assault, an uprising broke out in the city. As a result of this uprising and the skillful actions of the “Razins,” Astrakhan fell on June 22, 1670. The governor, boyars, large landowners and nobles were captured. All of them were sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out immediately. In total, about 500 people were executed in Astrakhan. After the capture of Astrakhan, the number of troops increased to 13 thousand people. Leaving 2 thousand people in the city, Razin headed up the Volga.

On August 4, he was already in Tsaritsyn, where a new Cossack gathering took place. It was decided not to go to Moscow for now, but to head to the southern borders in order to give the uprising greater mass appeal. From here the rebel commander sends 1 detachment up the Don. The detachment was led by Frol, Stepan’s brother. Another detachment was sent to Cherkassk. It was headed by Y. Gavrilov. Razin himself, with a detachment of 10 thousand people, heads up the Volga, where Samara and Saratov surrender to him without resistance. In response to this, the king orders the collection of a large army in these areas. Stepan is in a hurry to Simbirsk, as to an important regional center. On September 4, the rebels were at the city walls. On September 6 the battle began. The tsarist troops were forced to retreat to the Kremlin, the siege of which continued for a month.

During this period, the peasant war became widespread. According to contemporaries, only in the second stage, the stage of expansion of the peasant war under the leadership of Razin, about 200 thousand people took part. The government, frightened by the scale of the uprising, is gathering all its forces in order to pacify the rebels. Yu.A. stands at the head of a powerful army. Dolgoruky, a commander who glorified himself during the war with Poland. He sends his army to Arzamas, where he sets up a camp. In addition, large tsarist troops were concentrated in Kazan and Shatsk. As a result, the government managed to achieve a numerical superiority, and from then on a punitive war began.

In early November 1670, Yu.N.’s detachment approached Simbirsk. Boryatinsky. This commander had been defeated a month ago and now sought revenge. A bloody battle ensued. Razin himself was seriously wounded and on the morning of October 4 he was taken from the battlefield and sent down the Volga by boat. The rebel detachment suffered a brutal defeat.

The end of the uprising led by Razin

(Third stage of Razin's uprising)

After a powerful punitive expedition, the flame of the peasant war began to fade. However, throughout 1671 its echoes echoed throughout the country. Thus, Astrakhan did not surrender to the tsarist troops for almost the entire year. The garrison of the city even decided to head to Simbirsk. But this campaign ended in failure, and Astrakhan itself fell on November 27, 1671. This was the last stronghold of the peasant war. After the fall of Astrakhan, the uprising was over.

Stepan Razin was betrayed by his own Cossacks, who, wanting to soften their feelings, decided to hand over the ataman to the tsarist troops. On April 14, 1671, Cossacks from Razin’s inner circle captured him and arrested their chieftain. It happened in the town of Kagalnitsky. After this, Razin was sent to Moscow, where, after short interrogations, he was executed.

Thus ended the uprising led by Stepan Razin.