Water treatment for private houses. Features of choosing equipment for water purification in a country house

Content:
Three important advice: about the features of wells, about chemicals. analysis, about equipment
Main components of the water treatment system
Well filter. How to make it yourself.
Mechanical cleaning filters. Prices.
Water treatment stations
Water deferrization: reagent (how it works, prices), reagent-free (how it works, prices)
Softening: how it works, cost
Complex cleaning: principle of operation, prices

Living in an urban environment, we don’t have to worry about water purification - city services do it all for us. Their water treatment plants replace iron removal, softening and disinfection stations for us. The maximum we do when we are dissatisfied with the quality of the incoming liquid is to install a small main filter in front of the water flow meter to remove mechanical impurities, and also install some kind of household filter solely for purifying liquid for tea and cooking. Things get much more interesting when we decide to start extracting water from a well on our property.

Even if you belong to the category of people who trust specialists to create comfortable conditions around them, in the case of water treatment you will still have to understand a little about purification technology. After all, your health directly depends on the quality of water! To get started, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the following three tips.

Well station or vice versa?

The quality of water largely depends on the characteristics of the drilled well and the area in which the work is carried out. The smaller the well, the higher the risk of encountering excess content of nitrates, hydrogen sulfide, colloidal iron, organic matter. But great depth does not make the water ideal: soluble iron, hardness salts, again, hydrogen sulfide - do not be surprised that you will have to deal with one of these scourges. The only thing is that some are easier to deal with than others.

Most often it happens like this: a person wants to save money, and they drill him a so-called sand well, which is quite shallow. If your site is located relatively close to farmland, there is a high risk that pesticides, nitrates and much more will get into the water. All this can be dealt with, but, for example, removing nitrates is very difficult and expensive. The most affordable way to do this is to install a reverse osmosis system. And then in this case it will be possible to count only on obtaining water for food purposes. Because only low-capacity household systems are available. But look in the direction of some station, and you will immediately regret that you did not drill a deeper well.

What to do then? If there are no swamps nearby, your site is located in a secluded forest corner, and your neighbors do not sin by installing outdoor toilets and septic tanks, then you can consider the option of installing a shallow well. In all other cases and for permanent residence It is more convenient to operate, and subsequently cheaper to maintain, the installation of an artesian well.

Selecting a water treatment system based on the results of a chemical analysis of water!

Over several years in the field of water treatment, the author of this article has more than once met with people who were sincerely perplexed as to why they were being tricked into some kind of analysis. But believe me, 3-5 thousand rubles. for analysis is a guarantee that your own water treatment plant will effectively return every ruble invested in it. Throughout the article, we will talk more than once about the content of certain substances in water in relation to the maximum acceptable standards, but now you should remember that an important document is SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 - it states what water should be like. By comparing the results of chemical analysis with SanPiN data, you can easily find the culprit of bad water. And this will greatly simplify the task of choosing a filter for purifying water from a well than statements about a tasteless and unpleasant-smelling liquid.

Before contacting the laboratory, be sure to pump the well. This means that you will need to extract at least 10 cubic meters of water from it. Otherwise, the analysis results will not be able to reflect the real state of affairs.

We calculate the capabilities of the equipment before purchasing it!

Once you know what type of water treatment plant you need, think about what characteristics it should have. The following parameters need to be assessed:

performance. When it comes to performance, great importance has a number of water points that can be turned on simultaneously in your home. A simple example: someone is washing the dishes, another family member is taking a shower at the same time, and one of the guests decides to flush the toilet. In order for there to be enough water for everyone, the water treatment system must be designed for at least three water points. But most often they deviate from all sorts of assumptions and start from the number of bathrooms in the house. Cases when the house has a jacuzzi or there is a swimming pool on the property require special consideration. Essential Note: For two to four people, two-point equipment is usually sufficient;
sewer type. The fact is that the substances that we get rid of using water treatment also need to be disposed of. A rough example: we have a container with sand through which we pass a liquid with insoluble impurities. They are held in place by sand, but at a certain stage the filtration efficiency is significantly reduced because our makeshift filter becomes clogged. We need to wash the sand. Where then will the impurities retained by it end up? That's right, down the drain. This is especially true regarding reagent softening and iron removal stations, which use special substances to regenerate their filtering abilities. Where should I put it all? It’s great if the sewage system is centralized. It is good if it is possible to install large drainage fields to drain wastewater. It’s bad if you use a septic tank or a structure made of rings with a permeable bottom. Simply because the rinsing water (and its volume is quite large) needs to go somewhere. And under no circumstances should wastewater be sent to so-called local treatment facilities - all the beneficial microbes inside them will simply die out;
degree of automation. Most water treatment systems used in private homes operate in several modes. On at this stage The main and regeneration modes of the filter media deserve attention. Those. At a certain stage of water treatment it is necessary to switch the station. This can be done manually or by trusting automation. Naturally, the first option is cheaper, but you should seriously think about whether you are willing to periodically devote up to an hour of your time to the equipment... once a week, a couple of days, or even every day;
sizes. The size of the equipment is directly related to its performance. And it is advisable to take this into account already at the stage of designing a house - somewhere you need to place everything you need. There are mini-stations for cabinet-type water purification and compact block systems (for one house and seasonal residence), classic stations (for one building and permanent residence), modular and block-modular (for several houses and permanent residence).

Main components of a water purification system for the home

Let's trace the path of water from the well to the tap. The first and roughest cleaning of the liquid is carried out inside the well using a well filter (1). All other elements are located in the house: self-washing mud filter (2), water treatment station (3), main fine filter (4), household filter for drinking water (5).

The obvious pattern is that each subsequent water treatment unit is responsible for increasingly fine cleaning. Only this approach can ensure high cleaning efficiency with minimal costs for materials and maintenance.

Well filter

Such a filter is needed simply to protect pump equipment from large mechanical impurities. Depending on the material used for the manufacture of such structures, as well as the design of the filter surface, slotted, perforated, wire, mesh and gravel filters are distinguished. Most often, corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steel and plastic are used for these purposes. The average cost of a five-meter slot-type uPVC filter varies between 2200-3500 rubles, with a synthetic or stainless mesh - from 3900 rubles. and so on in increasing order. Why not think about making this simple device yourself? See how this happens in a small enterprise.

Here we need to make a small lyrical digression. The fact is that when constructing a new well, of course, if it is not done with your own hands, the owner rarely bothers with making homemade filters. Having spent a lot on drilling and all other work, I don’t mind just 4 thousand. It's another matter when we're talking about already about an existing well, which needs to be helped by an additional barrier to mechanical impurities. It is easy to make a well filter from a pipe with a smaller diameter than the casing and lower it into the water intake area.

How to make a filter for a well

In most cases, it is sufficient to use a pipe of the same diameter as the casing made of steel or plastic. Three meters will be enough to provide the necessary water intake. These three meters must be divided into three zones, as shown in the figure below. The lower part (settlement) is necessary to retain heavy impurities that will pass through the well filter. The main filtering part will be higher, and 2 meters of pipe will be allocated to it. The remaining 0.5 m is necessary to give rigidity to the upper part of the filter so that problems do not arise during the installation stage of the structure - hence the name “installation zone”.

Briefly about what lies ahead. In the filter zone, pipes need to be made round holes or cracks, wrap this area with a cord and cover it with a net on top. For these purposes you will need the following:

filter material: steel or plastic pipe (3 meters), thick polyamide cord (from 3 mm), special polyamide mesh, for example P64, pipe cover;
tools: tape measure, screwdriver with 10 mm drill, construction stapler, hacksaw

To give the pipe rigidity, this is especially true plastic product, a plug cap is hammered into its lower part. It will also play the role of a mechanical filter, because then you need to drill several holes in it for water access. Use a 10 mm drill, no more - three to five holes will be enough.

All other work concerns the middle zone of our well filter:

On a two-meter section of our homemade product, it is necessary to drill holes in a checkerboard pattern. Use a tape measure and maintain 100mm between the holes vertically and horizontally. Instead of holes, you can make slits. Use a hacksaw for these purposes and make 100 mm long slots in 20 mm increments on two opposite sides of the pipe. In order not to significantly reduce the rigidity of the future filter, leave a 100 mm section after every 10 holes.
At the edges of the filter area, drill paired holes for attaching the cord. Wrap the synthetic cord around the pipe in a spiral - you should get about 10-15 turns. The pitch in this case is approximately 150-250 mm. The cord is required so that the filter surface is not limited by the previously made holes. With its help, the mesh will not fit closely to the pipe.
Create an additional filter layer using P64 synthetic braided mesh. The price of such material is 1000-1300 rubles. per sq. m. It is better to attach it using a stapler directly to the pipe.

Equipment for coarse and fine cleaning

For rough purification of water extracted from a well, it is most advisable to use mud collectors. They are mesh main filters that purify water using a stainless steel mesh with a square cell from 500 to 50 microns. As a rule, filter elements with a mesh size of 100 microns are used, because this is quite enough to solve the problem: retain sand, silt, clay - and at the same time reduce the pressure in the pipe less. To understand what 100 microns is, imagine the thickness of a human hair.

There are self-flushing designs of mud collectors and collapsible models. Under the conditions of water supply installation in own home It is preferable to use a self-cleaning product. Structurally, it is a prefabricated body made of a metal lid and a flask, in the lower part of which there is a ball valve, and inside there is a mesh. There are models with a pressure gauge, a pressure reducer (more relevant for apartments) and other options. To indicate the state of the grid, the flask is often made of transparent material. This is very convenient, because you can clean it of accumulated mechanical impurities without shutting off the water and without disassembling the filter. It is enough to place a bucket under it and open the valve: a powerful stream of water will wash away all excess from the mesh.

For finer mechanical cleaning, cartridge main filters are installed. The most popular sizes are BB10? and BB20?. Foamed polypropylene or an activated carbon cartridge (less commonly) are most often used as filter elements.

How much will it cost?

We will not be tied to specific manufacturers - we will simply point out the forks between expensive (within reasonable limits) and cheap models that are appropriate when installing a water treatment system in a private home.

(*) – Honeywell’s most popular models, but be careful, there are a lot of fakes among them. To learn how to protect yourself from purchasing them, watch the video below.

Types of stations

Almost all stations consist of the same parts, and their operation is carried out using the same technology. The only difference is the availability of additional options and technical characteristics of the equipment. For private homes, depending on the nature of their residence, they most often buy either a cabinet-type mini-station or classical system water treatment Let's briefly describe each of them.

But first, let’s conduct a small educational program so that our dialogue is more meaningful. There are several concepts that we will use later.
The control unit, valve, head is a device with which the station’s operating modes are switched. As a rule, it is mounted in the neck of the cylinder. It can be automatic or manually controlled.
A cylinder, a filter column, a filling container, a station body - a sealed fiberglass container of an elongated shape, in which water treatment processes take place thanks to the filter media located inside.
Filter media, medium, backfill, mixture is a single- or multi-component bulk material that retains impurities contained in water due to ion exchange, oxidation or catalytic processes. However, as the water is filtered, the load's ability to cope with its functions deteriorates. It’s good that the process is reversible and when the backfill is treated with special reagents, their regeneration is possible.
Load regeneration is the process of restoring the properties of the filter material by backwashing or washing with regenerating solutions: table salt, potassium permanganate, etc. The latter are stored in a special tank.

For seasonal living and economical water consumption, cabinet-type stations are used. We will show what this is using the example of the Geyser Aquachief 0717 model. A block measuring 230x380x600 mm is convenient for transportation, so it can be easily brought to the dacha during the season and taken away with the onset of the first cold weather. This way you will protect it from sub-zero temperatures and the hands of thieves. This particular example is equipped with an automatic control unit and is capable of dispensing up to 0.5 cubic meters of purified water per hour. Inside the case there is a small cylinder that holds 8 liters of Ecotar B loading, the regeneration of which will take up to 1 kg of table salt each time.

A classic water purification station in a private home for permanent residence is a full-size cylinder with a valve, as well as a separate tank for regenerant. In fact, the name of the system is determined by the chemical composition of the load and the reagent.

In the text, we will periodically talk about the fact that a mechanical control unit is cheaper, and it is quite possible to get by with it. But in practice, it’s better to fork out the cash and install automatic valve– there will be less headaches. It can be set to regenerate at night, when no one needs water. You will only need to occasionally monitor the presence of reagents in a special tank if it is included in the water treatment scheme.

Iron removal stations

As is known, according to standards, the concentration of iron in water should not exceed 0.3 mg/l. But already around these values, the liquid acquires a characteristic metallic taste. And already at 1 mg/l it can be felt “on the teeth”. Excess iron levels affect the condition of pipes, plumbing, and water heating appliances. But here we need to make a small lyrical digression and talk about what iron is like in water.

We are interested in two forms: oxidized (in most cases insoluble, Fe3+) and reduced (soluble, Fe2+). One of the insoluble forms is known to many - this is rust. Most often, it makes itself felt when water is not supplied through old steel pipes for some time, and when it is supplied, streams of red liquid burst out of the tap. Such iron belongs to the category of ordinary mechanical impurities, and is easy to remove with a special filter. The cheapest way is to use main filters with a cartridge made of foamed polypropylene. It's a completely different story with the soluble form of Fe2+.

Exceeding the maximum concentrations for the soluble form can be determined organoleptically and by taste. Extracted from the depths, it is initially as clear as clean water should be. But after some time, if you collect it in some container and leave it in the air, the water may acquire a yellowish tint, the intensity of which directly depends on the concentration of Fe2+. It's simple: the liquid is saturated with oxygen from the air, Fe2+ is oxidized to the insoluble form of Fe3+. If you continue to defend it, the suspension will precipitate.

Most complex shape is the so-called colloidal or organic iron. This complex compounds, the presence of which is due to the deplorable condition of pipelines, water extraction from an unsuccessful surface source or a shallow well. We hope that the analysis of your water does not show the presence of organic iron, because the solution to this problem is too expensive and requires a comprehensive approach and individual consideration.

If you are looking for an iron removal station for water, then with a high degree of probability one of two system options will suit you:

Reagent type water treatment;

Reagent-free water treatment

All that is needed is to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. The question is how exactly to do this.

Reagent-type deferrization station

Most reagent-type filter media for iron removal use the potential of a powerful oxidizing agent - manganese oxide. The most popular filter media is Manganese Greensand or green quartz sand. It is a bulk material glauconite impregnated with manganese oxides, and is very effective means not only for working on iron, but also on hydrogen sulfide (the one with the smell rotten eggs). Having oxidized, insoluble iron is retained in the bulk mass of the backfill. This works under the following conditions:

iron and manganese content up to 15 mg/l;
hydrogen sulfide concentrations up to 5 mg/l;
Water pH 6.2-8.5

those. In most cases!

Design and principle of operation

Here and further we will consider models with a cylinder with a diameter of 10x44?, the power of which is sufficient to simultaneously provide clean water two water points. This is the most popular solution. The cylinder will contain 7 liters of quartz substrate with a grain size of 3-5 mm, 28 liters of Manganese Greensand, and a drainage and distribution system (DDS) for distributing water flows. You need to screw the control unit (CU) on top, and install a tank with regenerant next to the cylinder, which will contain potassium permanganate.

Briefly about how it will work. Water will be supplied to the drilling unit, then to the loading from top to bottom to the substrate, then through the DRS up to the drilling unit and to the exit from the deferrization station. As the oxidative capacity of Manganese Greensand is exhausted, the unit will switch to the regeneration mode: first, mechanical impurities are washed out of the filter material by backwashing, then part of the water is supplied to the tank with the regenerant, where a solution of potassium permanganate is prepared (approximately 4 g of dry permanganate is needed per 1 liter of loading) , which is pumped into a cylinder and restores the oxidizing properties of Manganese Greensand. Before switching on to the main mode, the contents of the cylinder are washed with direct washing so that no potassium permanganate remains there. When flushing, water goes down the drain.

Important! If you have a septic tank in your sewer system, the operation of which important role is allocated to beneficial bacteria, it is not recommended to drain rinsing water there - potassium permanganate will kill all microflora. It is better to allocate a separate storage capacity for this matter. Or consider other water treatment options.

All that is required of you if you are using an automatic control unit is to monitor the amount of potassium permanganate in the tank. Well, about once every 10 years you will have to change Manganese Greensand, because... nothing lasts forever in this world.

Let's calculate how often the station will switch to regeneration mode and how much potassium permanganate will be required per month of operation of the deferrization reagent station. It is known that 1 liter of Manganese Greensand is capable of oxidizing approximately 1.34 g of iron, 0.67 g of manganese, 0.27 g of hydrogen sulfide. Let’s assume that a family of 3 people will need up to 2 cubic meters per day clean water, per month - up to 62 cubic meters, and the results of chemical analysis showed an iron content of 3 mg/l. This means that for the entire month you need to remove: 0.003*62000=186 g of iron. We have at our disposal a 10x44 station with 28 liters of loading, the potential of which for iron is: 1.34 * 28 = 37.52 g. We divide 186 by 37.52 and get the average number of regenerations per month equal to 5. This means that every six days The unit will switch to boot recovery mode. You need to stock up on potassium permanganate for a month: 28*5*4=560 g.

Price issue

A high-quality cylinder size 10×44 will cost approximately 5-7 thousand rubles, control unit: mechanical 1.5-2 thousand rubles. or automatic 10-35 thousand rubles. – DRS for 0.5-1 thousand rubles, a tank for potassium permanganate at a price of 7 to 10 thousand rubles.

As for downloads, granular quartz for the substrate, relative to everything else, costs pennies: from 0.5 to 1 thousand rubles. for the entire volume. Another thing, Manganese Greensand: from 15 to 20 thousand rubles. for the required volume. Potassium permanganate will cost 0.8-1.5 rubles. per kg. We think it will not be difficult for you to estimate the approximate cost of a water treatment station for iron removal using a reagent method.

Total: ? 40...80 thousand rubles.

Reagent-free deferrization station

If you are lucky and your water with a pH of 6.8-9.0 does not contain hydrogen sulfide or excess organic matter, and the content of dissolved iron and manganese is no more than 1 mg/l, then you can get by with a simpler and cheaper water treatment scheme. They use catalytic mixtures as loading, for example, Birm (Birm) and Pyrolox (Pyrolox), or a combination thereof.

How it works

The special loading has catalytic abilities and is capable of converting soluble forms of iron and manganese into insoluble forms, deposited in the backfill layer. All that is needed for its regeneration is backwashing with ordinary water, during which insoluble forms of iron and manganese are washed out of the filter media.

Schemes with aeration columns are often used, in which water is saturated with oxygen from the air driven there by a compressor. Those. There will already be two cylinders + the need for a compressor + additional costs for electricity. Therefore, when choosing a scheme, you need to individually evaluate the economic component. Homemade option reviewed in the video above.

And a few words about the price

In this case, there is no need to buy reagents and, accordingly, a tank for them. In addition, Burm is half the price of Greensand. For normal operation of the station, only three modes are required: operating, reverse and direct flushing. Those. You can save money by installing a mechanical control unit.

Total: ? 30...60 thousand rubles.

Softening stations

Scale in the kettle, frequent breakdowns coffee machines, water, after boiling which a barely noticeable film floats on the surface - all these are consequences of excess hardness salts in the extracted liquid. According to SanPiN standards, total hardness up to 7** mg*eq/l is normal. Let's get acquainted with the substances with which we will have to fight. These are calcium and magnesium bicarbonates (to a greater extent), as well as their sulfates and chlorides. The main task of any softening station is to reduce the amount of calcium and magnesium ions in the water.

(**) – despite the fact that 7 mg*eq/l complies with SanPiN standards, using such water will not give you much pleasure. For some reason, in Europe this is far from being considered the norm (the norm there is 1.2 mg*eq/l).

How it works

Without exception, all stations operate on ion exchange resins - cation exchangers made of inert materials, the coating of which contains active functional groups capable of exchanging one metal for another. Roughly speaking, sodium ions are initially fixed on the resin; when water from the well is passed through the load, they are replaced by calcium and magnesium ions, and they themselves are sent to the water collection point. With ion exchange, we simply exchange one thing for another.

The classic situation involves reducing rigidity to almost zero. You may not like very soft water because every time you wash your hands with soap you will leave with the feeling that the soap has not been washed off well. But less detergent will be used. If you need some kind of middle option, then you will have to arrange schemes with mixing the original water in order to dilute the resulting soft liquid with a harder one.

At the regeneration stage, the ion exchange resin is washed with a solution of table salt prepared in a salt tank, due to which its useful ability is restored. Tablet salt is used as a regenerant - perhaps one of the cheapest reducing agents for stations. It is the tablet form that is used, and not bulk material that is prone to caking and petrification.

Let's try to calculate the frequency of switching the softening station into recovery mode and the amount of salt required for this process. Typically, the ion exchange capacity of the resin is 1200 mg*eq/l - an indicator that tells how many mg*eq of calcium and magnesium can be removed with one liter of loading. This means there are 10?44 in our column? with 28 liters of backfill, the ion exchange potential will be: 1200*28=33600 mg*eq/l. Let's assume that about 2 cubic meters of water with a hardness of 7 mg*eq/l will be produced per day. Hence 33600*0.8/(2000*7)=1.92, where 0.8 is the safety factor. Those. in our conditions, roughly speaking, regeneration needs to be carried out every two days. One liter of loading requires an average of 150 g of salt; in our case, each regeneration will involve a cost of 0.15 * 28 = 4 kg of salt.

Cost of equipment

The softening task is perhaps one of the least expensive among reagent methods of water treatment. Judge for yourself: tableted salt costs 500...1000 rubles. per bag 25 kg. Usually one bag lasts for a month. The salt tank, oddly enough, given its dimensions, is cheaper than the tank for potassium permanganate as part of iron removal stations - 3000...5000 rubles. for a 70 liter capacity. Ion exchange resin will require approximately 5000...7000 rubles. You can also save on the valve by using a cheaper mechanical control unit.

Total for a softening station: ? 30...50 thousand rubles.

Complex training stations

Complex water treatment means the removal of hardness salts, iron and manganese - softening and deferrization in one bottle. Ecotar B and Ecotar B30 loadings are often used for these purposes. But at the same time, water must satisfy the following basic requirements:

iron content no more than 15 mg/l (for Ecotar V) or 30 mg/l (Ecotar V30);
manganese content not more than 5 mg/l;
hardness up to 12 mg*eq/l;
without exceeding SanPiN for permanganate oxidation, preferably no more than 3 mg/l

Water from deep wells usually meets these requirements.

A few words about how it works

Equipment for complex water treatment, which uses a multi-component load of the Ecotar B type, is of the reagent type. To restore the filter media, it is washed with a solution of table salt - just like in softening systems. Iron and manganese that have become insoluble are removed during backwashing.

Let's calculate how much water will pass through our cylinder 10?44? with Ecotar B backfill before regeneration is required. Initial conditions: 28 liters - this is how much filter media we have, 1200 mg*eq/l - the exchange capacity of the load, 6 mg*eq/l - the hardness of our water according to the results of chemical analysis, 5 and 3 mg/l - the content of iron and manganese, respectively . The volume of purified water is calculated as follows: 28*1200/(6+1.3(5+3))=2049 l. With water consumption at the level of 2 cubic meters per day, the complex treatment station will switch to regeneration mode every 24 hours, consuming about 150 mg of salt or 28 * 0.15 = 4.2 kg for the entire volume for each liter of loading. In a month it will take 4.2 * 31 = 130 kg... We did not take the best chemical analysis.

The video below demonstrates another classic scheme for deferrization and softening, but in this case it is necessary to use as many as three cylinders.

Price

In fact, the complex system is similar to softening equipment, and therefore its prices are about the same.

Total for a comprehensive cleaning station: ? 30...50 thousand rubles.

Instead of a conclusion

90% of people who need water purification from a well and the installation of a water treatment system will turn to the services of specialists. But we recommend pumping the well, getting the results of a chemical analysis, and only in case of a “clinical case” with water, spending money on some services. If there are no problems with nitrates and organic iron, then you can always pick up necessary equipment on one's own!

Still have questions or need advice? Write in the comments, we will definitely answer!

The first thing a prudent owner will take care of is already at the stage of its construction (or, if the house was purchased with water supply poor quality ). This problem is solved by various ways of purifying incoming water:

From a centralized water supply
From surface sources (lake, pond, river)
From a drilled well
From a dug well

from domestic use in cottages and dachas - to filtration on an industrial scale

The choice here is small: the first two options, in any case, will turn out to be more economically profitable. Judge for yourself: prices only for drilling your own well in the Moscow region (without infrastructure) start, on average, at from 2000 rubles per meter penetrations. And the depth of the formation reaches 150-200 m. This is several times more expensive than even a premium water treatment system for home.

Reverse osmosis method

This solution allows remove up to 99.99% from water all possible impurities, pollutants, as well as harmful microorganisms. Namely:

Salts of inorganic compounds
Calcium and magnesium ions
Organic products
Iron and its oxides
Other metals (including heavy metals)
Nitrates
Pesticides
Hydrocarbons (including aromatics)
Viruses
Bacteria

Evols Company has extensive experience in organizing water treatment systems using various technologies, including reverse osmosis. Our specialists will help you choose The best decision for your home, which will provide you with clean water for many years.

How does reverse osmosis work?

The main “tsimes” of reverse osmosis is semi-permeable membrane, through which water, in literally, is pushed through due to the basic laws of physics. Thus, one of the properties of water is the ability to flow from a saturated solution of substances to a less saturated one under the influence of pressure, exceeding osmotic(about 10 kgf/cm2).

For this mechanism, a “mesh” was developed, the pore size of which is similar to the dimensions of the H2O molecule - about 3 angstroms. Thus, the purification product (or permeate) can be safely consumed internally even without boiling

Reverse osmosis systems operate according to the following scheme:

Initial fluid purification
“Pushing” it through a semi-permeable membrane
Accumulation of purified product
Final filtering
Supply of clean water to the consumer

By the way, water quality can be checked in the laboratory Ecvols.

Choosing reverse osmosis

This installation is indicated in cases where the cottage is located in a complex hydrogeological zone, or enough located close to transport, industrial and other urban infrastructure. The Ecvols company works in the field of high-quality water treatment since 2005, and during this time has accumulated extensive experience in equipping the most complex objects with filtering units

A person’s health significantly depends on what kind of water he drinks. Particular attention should be paid to its cleaning in a private home, where consumption is often carried out from wells and boreholes. Water consumed from the central water supply also sometimes needs to be filtered. For this purpose, a water purification system is used in a private house.

How to make water cleaner

Before we talk about improving the quality of water, we need to understand its composition, for which laboratory analysis is carried out. Most often it contains an excessive amount of hardness salts. In addition, there may be heavy metals in the water. Softeners help with both.

Natural water is contaminated with sand, silt, bacteria, and toxic substances. Having decided on its composition, in the future you should install several filtration stages with the target direction. Only then will the system for a private home be effective. The same applies to water from wells and central water pipes.

Types of filters for water treatment systems

mechanical cleaning from silt, sand and other particles;
softening;
removal of nitrates, heavy metals and petroleum products;
disinfection.

For each cleaning step, it is important to select the right performance.

Water treatment stages

A well water purification system for a private home contains a maximum of 5 stages:

mechanical;
electrochemical;
clarification through catalysts;
adsorption;
biological.

Mechanical cleaning

The cartridges contain a mesh with small cells. The filter element can be porous polypropylene. Separate major pollution: sand, rust, silt, etc. The throughput of mechanical filters is restored by periodic backwashing. With active use, the cartridge can last about a year, after which it needs to be replaced. A mechanical cleaning stage is used in all systems.

Adsorption

The cartridges contain highly porous fillers: activated carbon, silica gel, aluminosilicate, zeolites. They trap and retain harmful organic compounds in micropores. The water becomes clear and gets rid of unpleasant odors. Adsorption filters clog quickly and require frequent replacement. With prolonged use, contaminants begin to transfer into the water.

Cartridges with granular loading, which can be washed, can be used for a little longer. But here only mechanical particles are removed. Adsorbed impurities are retained in the pores by forces that sometimes exceed gravitational forces.

Iron removal

Iron is oxidized with a special backfill, after which it forms a sediment and is removed by mechanical cleaning.

Softening

The water is softened by filters containing ion exchange resin. It replaces calcium and magnesium with soluble sodium. The cartridge resource is directly dependent on the water hardness. It is usually smaller than other cleaning methods and amounts to 200-800 liters.

Filters are regenerated in a solution of table salt. Over time, the resin loses its beneficial properties and begins to enrich the water with impurities. This can be visually seen by the release of darkened water.

Membrane filters

Methods of forcing water through membranes are classified according to pore sizes:

microfiltration - 0.05-10 microns (fine purification from suspended matter);
ultrafiltration - 0.001-0.05 microns (removal of microscopic particles and microorganisms);
nanofiltration and reverse osmosis - 0.001 microns or less (retention of metal salts, organic and microbiological contaminants).

Aeration

Aeration columns remove hydrogen sulfide, iron, manganese from water and prevent the growth of microbes. This requires a compressor to supply compressed air. The advantage of the system is the absence of replaceable cartridges.

Columns with a compressor will cost more, but in the long term they are more profitable.

Aeration is especially effective as a stage of the cleaning system Wastewater for a private home.

Filters for water purification in a private home: how to choose

Can be produced with or without reagents. The former require substances that oxidize pollutants such as dissolved iron. Their price is low, but operation requires the expense of replacement filters in order to maintain efficiency at a given level. The method is suitable for preparation but not for drinking.

A more modern one is a reagent-free water purification system in a private home. User reviews note that it is more expensive to purchase, but with its help you can purify water to drinking level.

Water filters for a private house. Cleaning system

Filtration is carried out through several stages in stages.

When water enters the house, it is first mechanically purified from large particles. Next stage final purification consists of removing salts and small impurities in order to use the water for drinking. Several methods are used here.

Filter jugs. The main filtering agent is activated carbon. Anyone can purchase the device due to its low cost. The speed and volume of filtration here are small, but for household needs it suits many. Despite their ease of use, jug filters have a fairly high cleaning efficiency. Most often you can find filter jugs from the companies Aquaphor and Barrier, the price of which is in the range of 250-700 rubles.
Dispenser - household water purifier. It is more used for organizations and public places. It is equipped with multi-stage filters, can be connected to a water supply, and contains heating devices. Large storage volumes and additional functions raise the price of the dispenser to 5 thousand rubles.
A multi-stage water purification system in a private house and apartment, installed under the sink, consists of several replaceable cartridges connected in series to the water supply. A separate tap is often installed for clean drinking water. The throughput is about 3 l/min, the resource is in the range of 4000-15000 l. The most effective is a five-stage water purification system in a private home, the price of which varies widely. The most expensive devices that use the reverse osmosis method. The installations are controlled by controllers that monitor system parameters, water quality, and also give a signal about the cartridges’ resource exhaustion.

Choosing a water purification method

In a private home, in most cases it removes iron and hardness salts. Therefore, the filtration system must be mixed.

Sequential installation of filters allows you to remove different impurities. Before choosing a specific system, you should pay attention to the following.

The performance of the filters must meet the water needs. At low throughput, the quality of filtration decreases. This is important for mechanical cleaning, where the flow should not be very intense. Only in this case will the contaminants remain in the filter. A filter that is too powerful is also not needed, since it is bulky and expensive.
Cleaning methods are selected according to chemical composition water. If there is excess iron in it, a device is used to remove it, and the water is softened by a system that reduces the concentration of hardness salts.
Filtration is carried out in stages, with the sequential removal of certain types of contaminants.
Filter flasks should be selected so that they fit any cartridges and there are no problems with replacing them.

Practical water purification systems for a country house are easily connected to central or individual water supply lines. The filtration complex provides high-quality processing and preparation of liquids for drinking and other household needs.

Using purification systems, coarse mechanical impurities can be removed from the water flow, chemical substances, fragments of heavy metals, bacteria, microbes and other foreign elements harmful to human health.

Do you want to organize effective water treatment, but don’t know which filters to choose? We will help you understand this issue.

The article describes the standard configuration of a treatment system, provides a classification of equipment, and outlines the operating principle of different filter elements. In addition, we have prepared a review of the best modern methods carrying out water treatment in a private house.

Centralized communications, own well, artesian or Abyssinian wells do not guarantee supplies to a private house absolutely pure water, suitable for household needs and food consumption.

Are common natural characteristics Fluids are worsened by many factors, including:

seasonal increase/decrease in groundwater levels;
the presence of hazardous production nearby, agricultural fields fertilized with pesticides, landfills and other pollutants;
a nearby cesspool.

Water under such conditions acquires a specific odor, loses transparency and loses its basic beneficial qualities. Using it without proper cleaning becomes unpleasant and dangerous to health and well-being.

Water oversaturated with iron and heavy metals has a specific taste and color. Linen washed in such a liquid acquires a yellowish tint, wears out faster and loses its original visual appeal.

With constant contact with cloudy, contaminated liquid, children and adults experience allergic reactions, skin rashes and serious illnesses can develop.

To avoid these unpleasant moments, it is necessary to organize effective system water filtration for a private home, capable of quickly removing all foreign impurities, microbes and other aggressive irritants from the flow.

What does the filtration system consist of?

The household treatment complex consists of the following working components:

– protects the pump from physical damage and penetration of impurities. Provides quality mechanical cleaning. Equipped with an additional filter to protect against small insoluble, fibrous and solid particles.
Aeration column– enriches the supplied water with oxygen, accelerates oxidative processes, while simultaneously freeing the liquid from hydrogen sulfide and active chemical compounds.
Filtration unit– separates and removes sediment left by foreign substances. It is equipped with different types of filters, depending on the quality of the available water and the presence of specific compounds in it.
Biological barrier– quickly destroys microorganisms in water using ultraviolet irradiation or a special carbon composition.
Fine cleaning– the final step of the filtration process. At this moment, residual fragments of impurities remaining from previous stages of purification are finally removed from the water.

Sometimes, to improve basic processing performance, a progressive membrane is included in the system.

It provides maximum level cleaning, but significantly increases the consumption of water resources.

Effective cleaning methods

For high-quality cleaning In a private country cottage, three modern, practical methods are relevant: reagent, reagent-free, ultraviolet.

Each has its own specific features, advantages and disadvantages. Based on them, the area of the most effective application is selected.

Option No. 1 - cleaning with a reagent

The reagent option involves dosed use for cleaning special active components. Getting into the water, they come into physical and chemical contact with foreign impurities and convert the result of mixing into foam and sediment.

The type of reagent is selected individually, depending on the substances polluting the water.

Coagulants, inhibitors and flocculants are among the most common reagents. They are used in both centralized and individual water purification systems. If exact proportions are observed, they provide excellent results

In front of everyone positive aspects the use of reagents also has a negative side. The amount of impurities in water varies depending on the season.

To ensure that cleaning is always at a high level, you need to regularly take samples and adjust the dose of working components. This is not convenient, but also requires additional physical, time and material costs.

Of course, you can refuse measurements and always use the average volume of reagents, but this approach will not allow you to obtain effectively purified, suitable for household use water.

Experts and doctors say that liquid treated with reagents is only suitable for household needs and irrigation. It is highly undesirable to cook with such water or eat it.

Active reagents for water purification require specific storage. If the conditions of conservation are violated, the substances lose their beneficial properties and may even cause harm to users. plumbing system significant harm

Option No. 2 – reagent-free method

A reagent-free method for purifying water mass from foreign impurities is based on the use various types filtration units, aeration column and powerful air compressor.

Considered more practical, modern and effective method. Saturates the liquid with oxygen molecules. Removes heavy elements harmful substances and other components that, when dissolved in water, are harmful to human body. Can purify water of any level of contamination to drinking quality.

The method is equally relevant for both autonomous water supply systems fed from deep-water wells and for reservoirs with shallow and medium depths.

Option No. 3 – ultraviolet cleansing

Ultraviolet treatment disinfects the water flow, affects the metabolism in microorganism cells and neutralizes all harmful substances. During the purification process, the structure of the liquid does not change and its quality does not deteriorate. All useful elements retain their original physical characteristics.

The method is suitable both for solo use and for working as a component of a private multi-level complex for drinking water purification.

The main advantages of this option:

complete environmental safety;
prompt disinfection of liquids and complete destruction of microbes, bacteria and other household irritants by destroying the structure of their DNA;
low cost - components do not require replacement;
no restrictions on service life;
preservation of the natural taste of water;
Ease of use.

The main disadvantage is the inability to eliminate chemical compounds. It is also not very convenient that ultraviolet-treated water must be consumed immediately.

Purification with ultraviolet rays is carried out in two ways. The pulse method uses a wide range of available waves, while the constant method only works with those that are in a certain selected range

When choosing cleaning equipment, you should remember that it requires a large free space to function correctly. This area should be prepared in advance and arranged accordingly.

If you plan to buy high-performance semi-professional modules, you need to allocate a separate heated room for them.

The purification system must be installed in convenient location. Access to it should always be open. This will allow you to comfortably and without extra effort replace used filter cartridges with new ones.

It is advisable that furniture or any other objects that could damage the overall integrity of the structure are not adjacent to the treatment complex. There should not be anything that gets very hot nearby.

External filter flasks are made of plastic and may melt when exposed to excessively high temperatures.

It is not at all necessary to subject all the water entering the house to multi-stage purification. The main processing complex should be placed in the kitchen, where the cleanest drinking water is really required.

At the entrance to the main communication system, it is enough to install coarse filters that prevent the penetration of solid, insoluble elements into the system.

It is not necessary to buy the most expensive cleaning system designed for 4-5 working flasks at once. Such units will need to be equipped with several specific filters, and this is a serious material expense, and not always justified.

It is more reasonable to conduct a laboratory analysis of the water in your tank and the surrounding area before purchasing, carefully study this important information and clearly determine what really needs to be purified from the water.

All filters have a certain working resource. Experts recommend not to exceed it. To ensure that high-quality, fresh water always flows from the tap, used cartridges must be immediately replaced with new ones. Otherwise, there is a risk of harmful waste elements penetrating into the drinking liquid.

When the water is determined to be soft, there is no need to install an additional softening filter. Constant consumption of overly processed liquids can cause significant harm to health in the future.

If the testing process reveals an excess of iron and fragments of heavy metal salts in the water, it is worth equipping the treatment system with filtration units aimed at removing precisely these aggressive components.

The presence of 0.1-0.3 mg of iron in one liter of borehole or well water is considered normal. If this indicator is higher, the liquid must be cleaned. Otherwise, users may experience allergic reactions, irritation and skin diseases

The following filtration tools are best suited for removing ferrous compounds:

softeners with special backfills equipped with a salt tank for recovery;
disinfectants operating on the basis of manganese dioxide;
reverse osmosis modules that separate impurities from water at the molecular level;
coal blocks made from coconut shells with pronounced adsorbing characteristics;
magnetic elements that change using magnetic field the structure of heavy salts and stimulating their precipitation into an insoluble precipitate retained by the final post-filter insert.

If there is a shallow well on the site, it is advisable to conduct a water analysis every year. This will help to timely record all changes in the composition of the liquid and more accurately select the correct cleaning filters for the system.

Some cleaning systems have separate filters for cold and hot water. From the cold stream they remove impurities that are harmful to humans and negatively affect various household appliances, and when hot, they reduce the level of scale and eliminate decay products formed as a result of heating the liquid.

When planning the purchase of a treatment system, it is necessary to take into account its throughput. If it is too low, you will not be able to fully use the water. When two or more taps are opened at the same time, the pressure will definitely drop.

To prevent this from happening, you can equip the cleaning system with a capacious storage tank. This will make it possible to take water from the source not on a schedule, but in accordance with personal needs and requirements.

A well-equipped purification system will provide a country house with high-quality water suitable for drinking, food use and various household needs. In order to properly equip the equipment with filters, you will have to take a sample of the liquid present on the site and find out what contaminants it needs to be freed from.

Share with readers your experience in choosing and installing a water treatment system for your home. Please leave comments, ask questions about the topic of the article and participate in discussions - the feedback form is located below.

Prices for the same equipment as part of different complexes differ! The higher the total cost of the complex, the lower the cost of its components.

Complex 1.

Complex 2.

Complex 3.

Complex 4.

Complex 5.

A country house can be no less comfortable than your main home, but this requires a lot of effort and a comprehensive approach to solving the issue of equipping the house. And no one will argue that the presence of high-quality communication systems in the home is a fundamental factor in creating comfort in the home. In solving this problem important place occupied by water treatment for a country house.

What is the difference between water treatment for a country house?

Water supply to a country house also requires a serious approach, as does equipment permanent place residences within the city. In most water treatment country house is very similar to the procedure for preparing water supply systems in urban houses, but there are several differences:

There is not always a centralized water supply; water is often supplied from wells, which requires a different approach to installation.
If the house is not used for permanent residence, water can stagnate in the pipes and, as a result, all kinds of heavy particles and scale will quickly remain on the walls of the pipes, which can cause their rapid decommissioning.

Our company’s employees know how to make a water supply and heating system taking into account all these features. As a result of our work, coziness and comfort will reign in your country house, and you will not worry about the proper functioning of the system. Long years it will work without failures or unexpected breakdowns. We know exactly how water treatment should be carried out in a country house.

Despite the fact that some may think that it is possible to save money on water supply preparation, we recommend that water treatment be carried out for a country house; the price will be justified within several years. At the same time, you will be sure that the pipes will not suddenly burst and there will be no sudden flooding or other problems.