Types of verbs: perfect and imperfect forms are the rule. How to determine the imperfective aspect of a verb

The type of verb is one of the topics in the school curriculum that students forget or even “fly by.” Without a doubt, if you do not understand the easy rules of this section, you will not be able to understand the other, more complex ones. Students often confuse the verb not perfect form with a perfect look, but they don’t even imagine how easy and simple everything is, you just need to clearly sort out what is what.

A form is a unit without which not a single verb in the Russian language can exist. It is worth remembering that it can always be determined! In some cases, the answer is on the surface, and in others you have to dig deeper. In our language there are two types of verbs: perfect (SV) and imperfect (NSV).

Perfect view

This is a type that denotes an already completed action; most often we use it in the past tense. If we draw a parallel with the English language, there a completed action can be indicated by such tenses as Past Simple and Present Perfect. We must take into account that SV verbs direct us to the result, the end of the action or its beginning. For example: “He read the book.” How can you tell that it is not an imperfective verb? You just need to ask the question: “What did you do?” Teachers give this hint to children in almost all schools, explaining that if the predicate in a question has the prefix “s”, then it is a perfective verb.

This type can also be used in the future tense, questions to check: “what will (will) do?” etc.

You should take into account the fact that SV completely lacks the present tense, so if you see a verb of this tense, know that it is NSV.

Imperfect species

An imperfect verb denotes the duration of an action without emphasizing the result. The process can be regular, that is, someone does something every day. Or simply repetitive, in other words, someone does something infrequently. IN English language There are also tenses denoting process, for example, Present Continuous. Adverbs in a sentence can also “give away” imperfect species verb. Examples: constantly, often, always, regularly, usually, long - they all indicate the absence of an end to the action.

To easily identify an imperfective verb, you just have to ask it the question: “What to do?” (the question lacks the letter “c” indicating SV, therefore it is NSV). For example: Marina loves to sing (what should she do?).

Verbs of this group can be either present tense (what is (am I doing) doing?, etc.), or future tense (what will be doing (will I be doing)?, etc.) and past tense (what did (do)?, etc.). d.).

Single-form verbs and verbs with two forms

Many verbs in the Russian language have a pair of the opposite form (davit (SV) - davit (NSV)). They are formed by alternating vowels and consonants of letters and syllables:

• o/a - late/late (SV/NSV);
• o/s - sigh/sigh (SV/NSV);
• I / them - raised / will raise (SV / NSV);
• u/im - took out/took out (SV/NSV);
• d/f - accompanied/sees off (SV/NSV);
• t/h - answered/will answer (SV/NSV);
• p/pl - strengthened/strengthened (SV/NSV);
• st/sh - treated / will treat (SV/NSV).

In addition to such verbs, there are also single-type verbs, which in no case can have a pair; they have only one of two forms: imperfect or perfect. Among them: to be, to be present, to be absent, to be inactive (NSV only), and also: to scream, to be needed, to gush, to find yourself (SV only).

Examples of imperfect and perfect verbs

As it turned out, NSV and SV are quite easy to find on the question, but most often students begin to understand the topic only after the teacher explains it with examples.

Imperfect view: boils, takes, cares, will play, cut, looked for, sawed, interfered, will sleep, etc.

Perfect form: water, kill, put away, bought, disappeared, moved, opened, sat down, etc.

These are just some examples of perfective and imperfective verbs.

And imperfect.

Imperfective verbs denote an action that is not limited by an internal limit.

Imperfective verbs can have the following private meanings:

1. Specific process meaning. Indicates a single action in its process implementation by the subject.

• Sleeping or reading.

The specific process meaning has the following shades:

A). underlined duration (lexical indicators like for a long time, all night long, whole month):

• - Here we are from this hill, so we’ll swim, we'll sail all day...
• (V. Ya. Shishkov)
• You're too you talk for a long time about it.

b). attempt to perform an action:

• And he runs...

V). unsuccessful attempts to achieve the desired result:

• He convinced and convinced, but he never convinced.

G). incompleteness of action:

• They were building something here.

2. Unlimited-long-lasting value.

• The Earth revolves around the Sun, the Moon revolves around the Earth.

3. Potentially constant value.

• He speaks German.

Grammatical features of imperfective verbs

1. B have forms of all three tenses (present, past and future):

• write - I am writing, I wrote, I will write
• read - read, read, will read

2. Imperfect verbs form: work - I will work, you will work, you will work, you will work, you will work, you will work.

3. present tense (can form past participles): read - read yushch (real, present tense), read I eat (passive, present tense), read lice (real, past tense), read nn y (passive, past tense).

4. Form: read - read I, talk - talk I, tell - telling I , work - work I, build - build I worry, worry - wave I s .

Why do we need a verb type?

We all know how abundant verb tenses are in the English language. Or in French. Or in Spanish. This has its own unconditional charm - but there are also certain difficulties. How can you remember all this - the past simple, the past continuous, the past connected with the present, the past perfect and imperfect, the preceding... And if we are talking about Romance languages- then to what has been said we must also add a number of forms Modo Subjuntivo/Subjonctif, expressing the same thing, but with the addition of a shade of subjectivity...

In this regard, the Russian language - a drum roll should sound here - is much, well, simply incomparably simpler! We have only three tenses: past, present, future. However, let’s pause the rejoicing and think: how could we fully express our thoughts if everything was limited to this? But then we wouldn’t be interested in talking at all!

And so that our thoughts are formed accurately, beautifully, interestingly, diversely - the Russian language has an excellent means: it has a type of verb! And in this sense, the type of verb is ours best friend, and not at all a blood enemy. Contrary to popular belief, the form of the verb was not created in order to hopelessly complicate our lives, but in order to make it easier and more beautiful.

What is a verb type and how to learn it?

Forget that verb aspect is a complex grammatical topic. In my life, I taught Russian to several hundred students. Of the most different countries, from all, it seems, continents. And therefore I know that the bulk of the problems with the aspect of the verb can be completely eliminated if the meaning and use of the forms are clearly explained and consolidated from the very beginning. It is important to follow two conditions.

Condition one:

First you need to master and thoroughly consolidate the basics of this grammatical topic, and only then turn to more complex particular cases.

Condition two:

Verb pairs (in the sequence “imperfective aspect - perfective aspect” - this is how they will be written in any textbook, grammar manual, etc.) must be learned by heart. Even if you’re lazy, even if you don’t feel like it, there’s nothing you can do about it. The verb, especially in everyday life, is the organizing center of the sentence. Give him some time already initial stage enough attention - and you will never regret it. Of course, at first we will be talking about a relatively small number of verbs (and you need to be able to actively use all grammatical forms, that is, both the imperfect form and the perfect form in the present, past and future tense), but gradually the list should expand.

In this article we will talk about the basics of the topic. "type of verb".

All verbs in Russian have the form: either imperfect (NSV) or perfect (SV). That is, every time you use a verb when constructing a phrase, you choose not only the tense, but also the type of verb. Without aspect, a verb does not exist in Russian!

NSV verbs express an action in the process of its occurrence. SV verbs denote an action limited by a limit (often we define this as “result”).

Compare:

He is reading book(NSV): we imagine a person sitting at a table in a library or at home in a cozy chair. There is an open book in front of him, he runs his eyes page by page - that is, it unfolds before our eyes. process, course of action .

He read book(SV): reading is finished, the book is closed and put aside, perhaps it has already returned to the shelf or to the library. Before us - limit, result, end of action .

That is, when constructing your own sentence with this or that verb, you will first have to decide which type of verb to choose: imperfect or perfect. So, English verb read corresponds to the species pair “read (NSV)/read (SV)”. If you want to say something about the process of action, you will form the appropriate form from the infinitive “to read” (NSV); if about a completed action that has a result - from “read” (SV). [An infinitive is the base form of a verb, the form you find in the dictionary].

Let's consider another example with a new species pair: write (NSV)/write (SV).

She writes letter(NSV) - process, course of action: lines appear one after another on a sheet of paper.

She wrote and the letter is two hours(NSV) - before us again is the process of action, but this time it is relegated to the past. From this sentence we learn that for a certain time, a girl unknown to us was sitting with a piece of paper and a pen at the table or in front of the computer. We don't know how this process ended. Was the letter finished? Was it sent to the recipient? The proposal does not provide answers to these questions.

The situation is fundamentally different in the following example:

She wrote letter(SV). This sentence tells us that there is a limit to the action, and a specific result has been achieved: the letter is finished, lies on the table in an envelope, or has already been sent.

In the Russian language there is a small number of two-aspect verbs (that is, verbs that can be used both in the meaning of NSV and in the meaning of SV) and a certain number of one-aspect verbs (that is, verbs that do not have an aspect pair and are used only in one form). We will not dwell on them now; it would be somewhat premature. Now we will talk about verbs that form aspectual pairs- because these are the majority of verbs in the Russian language, and at the initial stage it is very important to understand the difference between the perfect and imperfect forms of the verb and learn to use them in speech.

Formation of perfective and imperfective forms

By method of education verbs forming aspect pairs, can be divided into three groups:

2. suffixal, for example: tell - tell

3. suppletive, for example: talk - say

Let's look at each of the groups in more detail.

1. What happens to the verbs of the first group is called “perfectification”. It means that the perfect form (“perfect”, hence the name) is formed from the imperfect form by adding a prefix or prefix (pro-, s-, po-, you-, etc.). It is impossible to guess with the help of which prefix the perfect form will be formed! Therefore, all that remains is to memorize the verb pairs. So, remember the minimum program:

read - about read write - on write, draw - on draw, draw - on draw, do - With do, photograph - With take pictures, sing - With sing dance - With dance, play - With play, be able to - With be able, be able - With can, is - With eat (something specific; for example, eat an apple), eat - By eat, drink - By drink, drink - You drink (something specific: for example, drink a glass of juice), wash - By wash (or You wash), call - By call, think - By think, knock - By knock, give - By give, kiss - By kiss, have breakfast - By have breakfast, lunch - By have lunch, dinner - By have dinner, get acquainted - By get acquainted, change - By change (or about change), look - By watch, listen - By listen, put - By put, know - at know, see - at see, hear - at hear, cook - at cook, wait - By wait, pay - behind pay (or O to pay) and finally learn - You learn.

Exception: buy (NSV) - buy (SV)!

1. The second group behaves in exactly the opposite way. Here “imperfectification” occurs, and the direction is the opposite: a prefix is ​​added to the perfect form - and thus an imperfect form (“imperfect”) appears. As in the case of the first group, what kind of suffix we will need to form the aspect pair of each specific verb can neither be guessed nor logically deduced. Therefore, we remember the minimum program:

give - give, get tired - get tired, get up - get up, open - open, forget - forget, tell - tell, show - show, consider - consider, ask - ask, decide - decide, study - study, receive - receive, repeat - repeat, throw - quit, finish - finish, answer - answer, send - send, congratulate - congratulate, understand - understand, hug - hug, start - start, remember - remember, choose - choose. Well, if you have already learned this, then you can rest - rest!

1. Verbs of the third group behave in a very special way and do not obey any rules. The only thing that can be said about them is that the imperfect form and the perfect form of these verbs are not at all similar to each other. Therefore, you just need to learn these verbs by heart. Don't be discouraged, there aren't many of them:

speak - say, take - take, put - put, look - find, catch - catch.

Verb type in present, past and future tenses

Already at the initial stage of learning the Russian language, it is very important to understand and remember:

● imperfective verbs have three forms of tense: present, past, future, for example:

I'm reading a magazine;

Yesterday I read a magazine.

● perfect verbs have only two tense forms: past and future, for example:

I read your letter;

Tomorrow I will read your letter.

This is due to the meaning of species: the perfect species denotes an action limited by a limit, and the imperfect species denotes a process. In the present tense we always deal with the process, and never with the result (compare: I read, you look, he eats...). The limit, or result, may either have already been reached (in which case we use the past tense, for example: " He ate an apple"), or will be achieved in the future (then the future tense will be used, for example: " He will eat an apple»).

Basic meanings of verb types

To clearly understand and remember the meanings of verb types in Russian, analyze which of them are in your native language, and which ones you just need to remember.

NSV has three main meanings: the first is “process/duration/duration of action”, the second is “regular/repetitive action” and the third is “fact”, and SV has two - “result” and “one-time use” (we will combine them into one meaning, since the boundary between them is often blurred).

Compare:

The first and second meaning of NSV, as well as single meaning SVs usually do not pose difficulties for foreign students: it is enough to understand the logic once and remember one or two simple examples.

He read and read the novel - and finally read(in the first part of the sentence NSV is used because we're talking about about the process of action; in the second - SV, since the action is over).

He opened and opened the door - and finally opened(same situation: NSV-SV).

In the morning he looks through the newspapers(NSV was used because it describes a regular action).

He will read this book in two days(used SV, future tense: the sentence tells us that in two days the result will be achieved).

He plays tennis every week(regularity = NSV).

In addition, these species meanings may be accompanied by specific words to make it easier to select the desired form. Let's write them in the form of a table:

Difficulties for foreigners are usually caused by the third meaning of the NSV, designated as “fact”. Therefore, I advise you to immediately pay attention to it, listen more and remember how Russians use it, and also reinforce the use of this meaning with a large number of examples. For example:

Last night I washed, soaped dishes, cooked dinner and then watched TV.

During the day I walked to the Hermitage, and then had lunch with a Russian friend in the same cafe.

Thank you, I don't want coffee, I'm already drank coffee this morning.

From these offers you get general information about what your interlocutor was doing. In this case, you are not interested in whether this or that action was completed, whether this or that result was obtained.

It is important to understand that in these sentences it is possible to replace the NSV with the meaning “fact” with the SV with the meaning “result”. In this case, the connotation of the phrase will inevitably change (foreigners often do not take this change in meaning into account). Having said " I did the laundry, washed the dishes, cooked dinner", the Russian means - hurray, I'm done, I'm free! " I went to the Hermitage“- it means I couldn’t get there for a long time, and finally I got there, what a blessing!

Once you have learned the aspect pairs and completed the practice exercises, you will no longer feel unsure when using verb types. And our professional teachers of Russian as a foreign language will be happy to help you make the process of learning Russian fun and effective. On our website you can choose a teacher and order a free trial lesson with him.

In modern Russian it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.

Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.

Perfective verbs can have the following private meanings:

1. Specific actual value.

Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.

• - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in a chair...
• (A. N. Tolstoy)

2. Total value.

Indicates the integrity of an action united by a common result or goal; lexical indicators like twice, three times, several times and etc.

• Bulat-Tuganovsky knocked three times short and decisive.
• (A.I. Kuprin)
• Mother baked a lot pancakes

3. Present-effective value.

The main thing is the final result of the action: the schoolboy came, the father returned.

• - You probably chill in your dancing shoes.
• (V. A. Soloukhin)

Grammatical features of perfective verbs

1. Perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They have no forms! This is explained by the incompatibility of the grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.

2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - I'll look, sew - sew.

• write - write Vsh oh, write nn th
• tell - story Vsh th, story nn th

4. Perfective verbs form: say - skaz V, look - look V, plant - plant V, write - write V .

One of the points in learning the Russian language is learning such a part of speech as a verb. The verb has several forms, types, and conjugations. In this article we will dwell in detail on how you can determine the type of a verb. There are only two of them: perfect and imperfect.

Determine the type of verb using a question

This is the simplest and reliable option, which does not require large quantity time and additional knowledge.

Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”, and for imperfective verbs we ask the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”.

Determine the type of verb by the nature of the action

Perfect verbs denote an action that, at the time of using this verb, has already been completed or will be completed by a certain time (or upon achieving some specific goal). They also indicate actions that do not need to be repeated. They can indicate actions in the future; the main limit is the very implementation of this action. That is, the action is always limited by some framework.

Imperfect verbs are not limited by time frames and can occur at the present moment; they denote long-term actions, actions that require repetition.

Example. The verb "to wash" means that something must be completely washed by a certain point. The action will end when the desired result is achieved, which means the verb is perfective.

The verb "to wash" means that something must be washed in an unspecified period of time. Due to the fact that the duration of action is not limited, we can conclude that the verb is imperfective.

However, you should not determine the type of a verb only by its meaning. It would be safer to ask an additional question, as we did in the first paragraph. This way you can avoid accidental mistakes.

Determine the type of verb by parsing the word

Each type of verb has some specific features in word formation. These signs can also tell you what type of verb you are dealing with.

Perfective verbs have the following characteristics:

• prefixes “with”, “you”, “by”, “on”, “pro”, etc.,
• suffix "well".

The following features are characteristic of imperfective verbs:

• prefixes “with”, “you”, “by”, “on”, “pro”, etc.,
• suffix “iva”, “yva”, “va”, etc.

After reading this article, you may notice that you can determine the form of a verb very quickly and without much difficulty. You just need to know a few important rules and features, for example, what question is answered by this or that type of verb or what suffix is ​​characteristic of it.