Essay topics on social studies for the past years. Preaching morality is easy, justifying it is difficult.

Topics Essays on social studies for the past years

Compiled by: Terentyeva G.G.

ESSAY TOPICS.

PHILOSOPHY.

1. "Nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society."
(V.G. Belinsky).
2. “Man is the only creature to be educated. A person can become a person only through education. (I. Kant).
3. "One generation brings up another." (I. Kant).
4. “Good upbringing is just that from which all goodness in the world arises.” (I. Kant). 5. "Education is an art, the application of which must be improved by many generations." (I. Kant).
6. "Innate gifts are like wild plants and need to be cultivated through training sessions." (F. Bacon).
7. “A child at the time of birth is not a person, but a candidate for a person” (A. Pierron).
8. “Man is meant to live in society; he is not fully human and contradicts his essence if he lives as a hermit. (I. Fichte).
9. "A person matters to society only in so far as he serves him."
(A. France).
10. "An animal cannot do anything senseless, only a person is capable of this." (A. Gelg).
11. "Man is a fundamental novelty in nature." (N. Berdyaev).
12. "Nature submits only to those who themselves submit to it." (F. Bacon).
13. "Nature is the only book, all pages of which are full of deep content." (I. Goethe).
14. "Each person is different from the other and every day different from himself."
(A. Pop).
15. "If a person depends on nature, then she depends on him: she created him - he remakes it." (A. France).
16. “The higher a person ascends in his knowledge, the more extensive the views open to him.” (A.N. Radishchev).
17. "Man is an unexpected, beautiful, painful attempt of nature to realize itself." (V.M. Shukshin).
18. “Awareness of oneself is a tension that gathers and connects all the forces and functions of the soul.” (B. Vysheslavtsev).
19. "He who has not studied man in himself will never reach a deep knowledge of people." (N.G. Chernyshevsky).
20. "If there is no goal, you do nothing, and you do nothing great if the goal is insignificant." (D. Diderot).

21. “The goal can only be achieved when the means itself is already thoroughly imbued with the own nature of the goal” (F. Lassalle).
22. “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life.” (V.G. Belinsky).
23. “No person lives without any goal and striving for it. Having lost the goal, a person often turns into a monster ”(F.M. Dostoevsky).

24. "No noble end justifies measures contrary to the principles of human happiness." (N.S. Leskov).
25. "A person grows as his goals grow." (F. Schiller).
26. "The nature of the means must be the same as the nature of the end, only then can the means lead to the end." (N.G. Chernyshevsky).
27. "In man, the duties of the king are carried out by the mind." (Erasmus of Rotterdam).
28. "Civilization is the experience of harnessing power." (J.Ortega-i-Gasset).
29. "Freedom comes with responsibility, which is why many are afraid of it." (B. Show).
30. “The pains of creativity and the joys of creativity are a single whole” (I. Shevelev).
31. “Contemplation without thinking is tiring. When I don't have new ideas to process, I'm definitely sick." (I.V. Goethe).
32. "Where the scientific method exhausts itself, the artistic method comes to the rescue." (J. Ortega y Gasset).
33. "Historical knowledge, even at the empirical level, is burdened with interpretation." (A. Gulyga).
34. "Science is not limited to the accumulation of knowledge, but always strives for their ordering and generalization in scientific hypotheses." (S. Bulgakov).
35. "Science and art are as closely interconnected as the lungs and the heart, so that if one organ is perverted, then the other cannot function correctly." (L.N. Tolstoy).
36. "Science is, among other things, a school of honesty and courage."
(O. Pisarzhevsky)
37. "It takes a lot to learn to know a little." (Ch. Montesquieu).
38. "Discipline is a means to destroy a man's savagery."
(I. Kant).
40. "The peak of ourselves, the crown of our originality is not our individuality, but our personality." (I. Kant)

41. "Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image."
(G. Hegel).
42. "The world is big enough to satisfy the needs of any person, but too small to satisfy human greed." (M. Gandhi).
43. "Every person is born for some business." (E. Hemingway).
44. “The world needs to be changed, otherwise it will begin to change us in an uncontrolled way.” (S. Lem).
45. "It is difficult to understand in what other way one can come to the truth and master it, if one does not dig and search for it like gold and a hidden treasure." (D. Locke).
46. ​​“Knowledge of facts is precious only because ideas are hidden in facts, facts without ideas are rubbish for the head and memory.” (V. Belinsky).
47. "Cognitive activity always leads to truth or falsehood."
(N.O. Lossky).
48. "Civilization is not the satisfaction of needs, but their multiplication"
(V. Grzeszczyk).
49. “A reasonable person always adapts to the world; the unreasonable one tries to adapt the world to himself” (B. Shaw).
50. “The less we know ourselves, the more we aim at.”
(E. Servus).
Topics 2005-2006
1. "Progress is the replacement of some troubles by others."
(H. Ellis).
2. "No one can know everything." (Horace).
3. "The only problem of modernity is whether man will be able to outlive his own inventions."
4. (L. De Broglie). “The animal thinks that its whole business is to live, but the man takes life as an opportunity to do something.” (A.I. Herzen).
5. "To know is to fully understand the whole of nature." (F. Nietzsche).
6. "There are two kinds of knowledge - one through the senses, the other through thought." (Democritus).
7. "Acquiring knowledge is not enough for a person, one must be able to give them in growth." (I. Goethe).
8. "In every error there is a core of truth, just as in every truth there is a core of error." (F. Ruckert).
9. "We were civilized enough to build a car, but too primitive to use it." (K. Kraus).
10. “The world is big enough to satisfy the needs of any person, but too small to satisfy human greed.” (M. Gandhi).
11. "Knowledge is the understanding of how the most insignificant phenomenon is connected with the whole, nothing exists by itself." (Alain).
12. "The fullness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of the depth of our ignorance." (R. Milliken).
13. “The world is closed. The globe has become one ... All the essential problems have become world problems. (K. Jaspers).
14. “Each century has its own Middle Ages” (S.E. Lets).
15. “The progress of sciences and machines is a useful tool, but the only goal of civilization is the development of man” (E. Flaiano).
16. “Man is endowed with reason and creative power to multiply what is given to him, but so far he has not created, but destroyed”
(A.P. Chekhov)
17. “The fuller and deeper the explanation of the theory, the more reliable and accurate the prediction will be” (G. Ruzavin).
18. “Only a being with reason can be unreasonable. Animals do not commit unreasonable actions” (T.I. Oizerman).
19. "The historical path is not the sidewalk of Nevsky Prospekt"
(N.G. Chernyshevsky).
20. “In sensory cognition, only superficial connections and dependencies between objects are fixed. Hence the need for rational knowledge” (S.A. Khmelevskaya).
21. "Man resists the biosphere, but at the same time is part of the biosphere" (S.A. Khmelevskaya).
22. “Human development can be represented as a process of displacement of the biological principle by another, non-biological one” (E.V. Ilyenkov).
23. “To live is, first of all, creativity, but this does not mean that every person, in order to live, must be born an artist, ballerina or scientist” (D.S. Likhachev).
24. “A person outside of society is either a god or a beast” (Aristotle).
25. “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in the long process of its development. At any moment of his life, he is not yet what he can become, and what he may become.
(Aristotle).
26. “If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any “how”
(F. Nietzsche).
27. “We should strive to learn facts, not opinions, and, on the contrary, find a place for these facts in the system of our opinions”
(G. Lichtenberg).
28. “Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other” (Seneca).
29. “There is no life without struggle” (F. Douglas).
30. “In an immoral society, all inventions that increase the power of man over nature are not only not good, but an undeniable and obvious evil” (L.N. Tolstoy).
31. “it used to be assumed that physics describes the universe. Now we know that physics only describes what we can know about the Universe” (N. Bohr).
32. “All progress is based on the innate need of every organism to live beyond its means” (S. Butler).
33. "Knowledge and life are inseparable" (L. Feuchtwanger).

Topics 2007.
1. "In culture, the base is the top." (G. Landau)
2. "The art is to find the extraordinary in the ordinary and the ordinary in the extraordinary." (D. Diderot).
3. "The highest task of talent is to make people understand the meaning and value of life through their works." (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
4. "All the joys of life in creativity." (R. Rolland).
5. “Humanity stands at a crossroads between deadly despair and complete extinction. Lord, give us the wisdom to make the right choice.”
(W. Allen).
6. "The main obstacle to the knowledge of truth is not a lie, but a semblance of truth"
(L.N. Tolstoy).
7. "Culture begins with prohibitions" (Yu. Lotman).
8. “To educate is to develop immunity to television”
(M. McLuhan).
9. "Art and life are not one, but must become one in me, in the unity of my responsibility." (M. M. Bakhtin).
10. "Art should teach you to love virtue and hate vice." (D. Diderot).
11. "Nature is the only book whose pages are full of deep content." (I. Goethe).

CULTUROLOGY.

1. "Culture is the inevitable path of man and mankind."
(N.A. Berdyaev).
2. "There is in the world, moving parallel to the force of death and coercion, another huge force that carries confidence in itself, and its name is culture."
(A. Camus).
3. "All great national cultures are universal in their purpose."
(N.A. Berdyaev).
4. "Every culture is a kind of two-faced Janus." (V. Bibler).
5. "In culture, the top is the base." (G. Landau).
6. “Man becomes fully human only in the process of culture, and only in it, at its heights, do his highest aspirations and possibilities find their expression. (G.P. Fedotov).
7. "We are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, and therefore we can see further and more than they." (I. Newton).
8. "It seems that the point is that science will discover God." (S.E. Lets).
9. "Science is the systematic expansion of the realm of human ignorance."
(R. Gutovsky).
10. "All science is foresight." (G. Spencer).
11. "Science calms, art exists in order not to calm down." (J. Brak).
12. "Art is always a limitation." (G. Chesterton).
13. "Art and life are not one, but must become one in me, in the unity of my responsibility." (M.M. Bakhtin).
14. "Art should teach you to love virtue and hate vice."
(D. Diderot).
15. "Art is a microscope that brings the artist to the secrets of his soul and shows these secrets common to all people." (L.N. Tolstoy).
16. “While science can never reach the final goal, just as it is impossible to reach the point where the clouds touch the horizon while running, art, on the contrary, is always at the goal.” (A. Schopenhauer).
17. “The genius of art is higher in the ranking table than the genius of science: today we would know the laws of falling bodies without Galileo ... but there would be no Beethoven symphonies without Beethoven.” (W. Nernst).
18. "The elements of art tirelessly work in favor of scientific theories."
(O. Mandelstam).
19 "Art consists in finding the extraordinary in the ordinary, and the ordinary in the extraordinary."
(D. Diderot).
20 "Science and art belong to the whole world; interethnic barriers disappear before them." (I.V. Goethe).
21. “Science is ruthless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual delusions. (N.V. Karlov).
22. "Comprehensive education of the population is the main pillar of science."
(N.N. Moiseev).
23. "Science is the basis of all progress that makes life easier for mankind and reduces its suffering."
(M. Sklodowska-Curie).
24. "To find one scientific proof is better for me than to master the entire Persian kingdom." (Democritus).
25. "Science made us gods before we learned to be human."
(J. Rostand).
26. "A scientist is not the one who gives the right answers, but the one who asks the right questions." (K. Levi-Strauss).
28. "People are born only with a pure nature, and only then do their fathers make them Jews, Christians or fire worshipers." (Saadi).
29. "Religion is nothing but love for God and man."
(W. Penn).
30. “It is not guided tours that come to God, but lonely travelers.”
(V. Nabokov).
31. "He who does not know grief does not know religion." (V.V. Rozanov).
32. "The essence of prayer lies in the recognition of one's deep impotence, deep limitations." (N.V. Rozanov).
33. "Conscience is the memory of society, assimilated by one person."
(L.N. Tolstoy).
34. "Conscience reigns, but does not rule." (P. Valerie).
35. "Religion is one, but in a hundred guises." (D.B. Shaw).
36. "Religions differ from each other only in decoration."
(S. Marechal).
37. "Television is democracy at its worst."
(P. Chaevski).
38. "Television is the wealth of the poor, the privilege of the unprivileged, an elite club for people from the crowd."
(L.Lovinger).
39. "Radio and television fabricate big people for little people." (J. Sebron).
40. "The great goal of education is not knowledge, but action."
(G. Spencer).
41. "The beautiful is comprehended through study and great effort, the bad is assimilated by itself, without difficulty." (Democritus).
42. "Education for the happy is an ornament, for the unfortunate - a refuge."
(Democritus).
43. "Any real education is obtained only through self-education."
(N. Rubakin).
44. “By teaching others, we learn ourselves” (Socrates).
45. "Man does not live by bread alone." (Bible).
46. ​​"Architecture is also a source of peace: it speaks when songs and legends are already silent, and when nothing speaks of the lost people."
(N.V. Gogol).

47. “To see and yet not to believe is the first virtue of the knower; appearance is its greatest tempter.” (F. Nietzsche).
48. "Technology, attached to the soul, gave her omnipotence."
(V.V. Rozanov).
49. "Morality is the mind of the heart." (G. Heine).

At the exam in 2005, the section "Cultural Studies" was replaced by the section "Social Psychology", but we believe that in preparation for applicants it will be very useful to use sayings in cultural studies as arguments in defending their opinions.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.

1. “All marriages are successful. Difficulties begin when life begins together. (F. Sagan).
2. “Where, if not in marriage, can one observe examples of pure affection, true love, deep trust, constant support, mutual satisfaction, shared sadness, understood sighs, shed tears together?”
(D. Diderot).
3. "The family is the primary womb of human culture." (I. Ilyin).
4. "In married life, a united couple should form, as it were, a single moral person." (I. Kant).
5. "To marry means to halve your rights and double your duties." (A. Schopenhauer).
6. “Neither the most beautiful nor the most disgusting aspirations of man are biologically, by nature; they are the result of a social process.” (E. Fromm).
7. “It is the strategic organization of behavior that includes the intellect and will in the structure of the personality, connecting them with the needs, interests, and all the motivation for the behavior of the personality.” (B.G. Ananiev).

8. “Being able to listen to oneself is a prerequisite to being able to hear others; being at peace with oneself is a necessary condition for relationships with other people.”
(E. Fromm).
9. "The character of the child is a cast from the character of the parents, it develops in response to their character." (E. Fromm).
10. “Look at my children,
My former freshness is alive in them.
In them is the justification of my old age.” (W. Shakespeare).
11. “The main life task of a person is to give life to himself, to become what he is potentially. The most important fruit of his efforts is his own personality. (E. Fromm).

12. "Mutual concessions - a stable foundation of the family hearth."
(I.N. Shevelev).
13. “Truth is forgotten in disputes. The smartest one stops the argument "
(L.N. Tolstoy).
14. “The personality of a person is in no sense pre-existent in relation to his activity, like his consciousness, it is generated by it”
(A.N. Leontiev).
15. “One and the same person, entering different teams, changing target settings, can change - sometimes within very significant limits”
(Yu. Lotman).
16. "Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness." (K.K. Platonov).
17. “If there were no sciences and art, there would be no man and human life” (L.N. Tolstoy).
18. "The results of human activity, being generalized and consolidated, are included as a" building material "in the construction of his abilities"
(S.L. Rubinstein).
19. “The more you live a spiritual life, the more independent of fate, and vice versa” (L.N. Tolstoy).
20. “The point is not that abilities are manifested in activity, but that they are created in this activity” (B. Teplov).
21. “Ability cannot arise outside the corresponding specific activity” (B.M. Teplov).
22. “Without consciousness, without the ability to consciously take a certain position, there is no personality” (S.L. Rubinshtein).
23. “Personality is the more significant, the more the universal is represented in the individual refraction” (S.L. Rubinshtein).
23 "There is one true value - this is the connection of man with man"
(A. de Saint-Exupery).
24. "People exist for each other" (Marcus Aurelius).
25. "Man is responsible for what he is" (J.-P. Sartre).

Topics 2007.
1. “It is the strategic organization of behavior that includes intellect and will in the structure of the personality, connecting them with needs, interests. The whole motivation of the behavior of the individual. (B.G. Ananiev).
2. "A person can do without a lot, but not without a person." (L. Berne).
3. "You are not born a person, you become a person." (A.N. Leontiev).
4. “The main life task of a person is to give life to himself, to become what he is potentially. The most important fruit of his efforts is his own personality.”
(E. Fromm).
5. “Everything that draws support from the “I” is nutritious.” (F. Perls).
6. "Man is knowledge that nourishes itself." (E. Evtushenko).
7. "What a person will become depends on what he is in communication with other people, what thoughts this communication causes in him and what it directs his will to."
(V.A. Sukhomlinsky).
8. "At the heart of all human relationships are his labor relations."
(V.N. Myasishchev).
9. “The problem of man is a complex problem, and its study involves the integration of sciences, their interaction, synthesis, i.e. is interdisciplinary in nature. (V.T. Pulyaev).
10. “The whole life of a person is the history of his relationship with others, the continuous process of mutual influence of “everyone for everyone” and “everyone for everyone”.
(A.M. Yakovlev).
11. “You can’t choose life wisely if you don’t dare to listen to yourself, to your own self, at every moment of life.” (A. Maslow).

ECONOMY.

1. "Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with the help of restrictions." (L. Peters).
2. “Marketing is a key factor in entrepreneurship. This is not only fuel, but also the compass of the ship.” (D. Jones).
3. "Business is the art of predicting the future and benefiting from it."
(M. Amsterdam).
4. "All commerce is an attempt to foresee the future." (S. Butler).

5. "Not lay a hand on amateur performance, but develop it, creating favorable conditions - this is the true task of the state in the national economy." (S.Yu. Witte).
6. "A free market economy is a great thing, but it takes a lot of police to make it work."
(N. Askeron).
7. "Private initiative, like the wind in sails, gives the economy its impetus, while planning, like a steering wheel, directs the economy in the right direction."
(V. Leontiev).
8. "Do not get tired of receiving benefits by bringing them." (Marcus Aurelius).
9. “There is much more risk in doing nothing than in failure.” (F. Bacon).
10. "Three things make a nation great and prosperous: fertile soil, active industry, and ease of movement of people and goods."
(F. Bacon).
11. "The state - the night watchman of the market." (A. Smith).
12. "Markets are institutions that exist to facilitate exchange." (R. Coase).
13. “Markets, like parachutes, only work when they are open.” (G. Schmidt)
14. "Entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also society as a whole."
(S. Kanareikin).
15. "A business aimed at satisfying someone's needs is usually successful: a business aimed at making a profit is rarely successful."
(N. Butler)
16. “Business is the art of extracting money from the pocket of another person without resorting to violence” (M. Amsterdam).
17. “In business, no chance is lost: if you ruined it, your competitor will find it.” (A. Marshall).
18. “Least of all, the economy can create a new person, the economy refers to the means, not the goals of life. And when it is made the goal of life, human degradation occurs.” (N.A. Berdyaev).
19. "True poor is only one who wants more than he can have." (A. Jussier).
20. "He who has the least desires has the least need." (Publius Sir).
21. "Wealth is not in money, but in the ability to use it." (Napoleon Bonaparte).
22. “The whole advantage of having money lies in the ability to use it.” (B. Franklin).
23. "The surest profit is that which is the result of thrift."
(Publius Sir).
24. "Losses count before profits." (Arabic saying).
25. "Savings make up the richest income."
(I. Stobey).
26. "The basis of a good financial system should be the rejection of useless spending." (J. Droz).
27. "The economy is not about saving, but about selection." (E. Burke).

28. "Budgeting is the art of distributing disappointment evenly." (M. Stins).
29. "Rich are those who know how to limit desires with their capabilities."
(Guiber).
30. “It is not the art of acquiring that should be learned, but the art of spending.”
(J. Droz).
31. "Not possession, but use makes a person happy."
(M. Montaigne).
32. "Who buys too much, in the end sells the necessary."
(B. Franklin).
33. "Money either dominates its owner or serves him." (Horace).
34. "Labor was the first price, the original money that paid for all things." (A. Smith).
35. "A product can be an engineering dream and a marketing nightmare at the same time." (D. Hugers).
36. "Demand and supply are a process of mutual adjustment and coordination."
(P. Heine).
37. "Competition is tantamount to a reward for those who produce better goods at a lower price." (I. Bentham).
38. "The price resulting from free competition is the lowest that can be accepted, while the monopoly price is the highest that can be obtained." (A. Smith).
39. "Competition is the only method of mutual coordination of our individual actions without coercion or arbitrary interference by the authorities." (Hayek).
40. "Cures for monopoly: open borders and good conditions for competition." (P. Samuelson).
41. "Taxes are the price we pay for a civilized society."
(O. Holmes).

42. "Trade was created only to take where there is too much of something and transport it to where there is too little of it."
(E. Jackson).
43. "Trade has not yet ruined a single people."
(B. Franklin).
44. "Trouble for a country that did not instill in the population a sense of legality and property, but, on the contrary, planted all sorts of collective ownership."
(S.Yu. Witte).
45. “Private property is just another guise of democracy. It means that everyone should have something that he could create in his own image and likeness. (G. Chesterton).
46. ​​"Inflation is ruin with a lot of money in your pocket."
(M. Friedman).
47. “A recession is when your neighbor loses his job, a crisis is when you lose your job.” (G. Truman).
48. "The corporation is a contraption for personal gain without personal responsibility." (A. Beers).
49. "There are no free breakfasts." (Barton Crane).
50. "An equal division of fortunes and lands would lead to poverty." (P. Buast).

Topics 2005 - 2006.
1. "Economic freedom, social responsibility and environmental responsibility are absolutely essential to prosperity." (Charter of Paris for a New Europe 1990).
2. "The only good budget is a balanced budget."
(A. Smith).
3. "Whatever the private sector can do, the government can do worse." (D. Ray).
4. "Economics is not just the science of the use of limited resources, but the science of the rational use of limited resources."
(G. Simon).
5. "Benefits for the Hour - Principles for the Ages." (G. Beecher).
6. "Almost all taxes on production end up on the consumer." (D. Riccardo).
7. "People should make a profit in proportion to their costs and risks."
(D. Hume).
8. “What must not be forgotten is the simple truth: everything that the government gives, it first took away.” (D. Coleman).

7. "The market price of each commodity is governed by the ratio between its quantity, which is now offered on the market, and the demand of those who are ready to pay its natural price for this commodity."
(A. Smith).
8. "In the ordinary and daily state of affairs, the demand for any goods precedes their supply." (D. Ricardo).
9. “Wealth is a thing without which one can live happily, but wealth is a thing necessary for happiness.”
(N.G. Chernyshevsky).
12. “A free market economy is an excellent thing, but it needs a lot of police to make it work” (N. Akseron).
13. "Buried treasure rusts and rots, gold grows only in circulation"
(W. Shakespeare).
14. “If all prices and incomes grew equally, then no one would suffer. But this growth is not the same. Many lose, and only a few win ”(I. Fischer).
15. “A smart state does not prevent its citizens from earning money, it only watches it, making a profit in the form of taxes”
(J. Feilan).
16 “Wherever there is trade, there are meek customs” (Sh.L. Montesquieu).
17. “Not for gold and silver, but only for labor, all the riches of the world were originally acquired” (A. Smith).
18. "Raising the technical level of industry increases its capabilities, its competitiveness"

19. “If there are too many poor people, then state spending will increase greatly, which will immediately affect the well-being of other segments of the population” (A.I. Kravchenko).
20. "Experience shows that the successful development of industry is ensured by the relative prosperity of agriculture"
(M.V. Konotopov, S.I. Smetanin).
21. “Private initiative is like the wind in sails, it gives the economy its impulse, while planning, like a steering wheel, directs the economy in the right direction” (V. Leontiev).
22. "The enrichment of individuals is the best way to enrich the whole people"
(A. Smith).
23. "The humiliation of the nation is not the result of luxury, but too uneven distribution of power and wealth, one of the results of which is luxury" (K. Helvetius).
24. “In which kingdom people are rich, then the kingdom is rich, and in which they are poor, then that kingdom cannot be considered rich” (I.T. Pososhkov).
25. “Bargaining is a great thing! Every kingdom is enriched by merchants, and without merchants no small state can exist.
(I.T. Pososhkov).
25. "Money is the measure of all things traded"
(A.N. Radishchev).
26. “Each person should be given an equal right to pursue his own benefit, and the whole society benefits from this”
(A. Smith).
27. “In a normal society, the rich get richer along with society. In a sick society, the rich get richer instead of society” (A. Lebed).
28. “The interest of entrepreneurs is always to expand the market and limit competition. Market expansion can often be in the public interest; but the restriction of competition must always run counter to them” (A. Smith).
29. “Wealth is a thing without which one can live happily, but well-being is a thing necessary for happiness” (N.G. Chernyshevsky).

30. "Labor is the father and the active principle of wealth, and the earth is his mother"
(W. Petty).

Topics 2007.

1. "Business is a combination of war and sport." (A. Morua).
2. "The best economic system is the one that does not kill the optimism inherent in entrepreneurship and does not impose on it purely prudence."
(G. Gins).
3. "In business, no chance is lost: if you ruin it, your competitor will find it." (A. Marshall).
4. "The economic problem: how to take away from everyone in order to add to everyone."
(H. Yagodzinsky).
5. "The rarity of things increases their value" (Seneca).
6. "The essence of wealth lies more in the use than in the possession."
(Aristotle).
7. "National income is not multiplied by division." (J. Weyroch).
8. "The main result of unsuccessful reforms is the transformation of the shortage of goods into a budget deficit." (E. Sevrus).
9. "Who buys too much, in the end sells the necessary." (B. Franklin).
10. "The economy is only a condition and a means of human life, but not its goal, not the highest value and not the determining reason." (N. Berdyaev).
11. “Economic freedom cannot be freedom from economic concerns; it is the freedom of economic activity, inevitably entailing the risk and responsibility associated with the right to choose. (F. Hayek).

SOCIOLOGY.

1. "In the way a person is in family life, his true moral face is manifested." (V.A. Sukhomlinsky).
2. "No other model is needed when the father's example is in the eyes."
(A.S. Griboedov).
3. "People are more like their time than their fathers." (Arabic proverb).
4. "Family - the unity of interacting personalities." (E. Burgess).
5. "The family is the crystal of society." (V. Hugo).
6. "We should always try to look not for what separates us from other people, but for what we have in common with them." (D. Reskin).
7. “Understanding is the beginning of agreement” (B. Spinoza).
8. "High places make great people more great, and low - more low." (J. La Bruyère).
9. "There is no more humiliating and bitter dependence than dependence on the will of man, on the arbitrariness of equals." (N.A. Berdyaev).
10. "Status groups act as specific carriers of various kinds of conventions." (M. Weber).
11. "Social status means real claims to positive or negative privileges in relation to social prestige." (M. Weber).
12. "No nation can achieve prosperity until it realizes that plowing a field is as worthy an occupation as writing a poem."
(B. Washington).
13. "Not all differences between people create stratification."
(E. Bergel).
14. "Reward and its distribution become part of the social order, and this, in turn, is the cause of the emergence of stratification." (K. Davis, W. Moore).
15. “Great authority must be used carefully, like all heavy ones: otherwise you can accidentally crush someone.”
(E. Sevrus).
16. “Traditions are progress in the past; in the future, progress will become a tradition.” (E. Herriot).
17. "Humanity is suffering, half crushed by the burden of the progress it has made." (A. Bergson).
18. "Progress indicates only the direction of movement, and it does not care what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil." (J. Huizinga).
19. "Civilization is first of all the will to coexist."
(J. Ortega y Gasset).
20. "The world has closed, the globe has become one ... All significant problems have become world problems."
(A. Bergson).
21. "It is much more important to instill in people mores and customs than to give them laws and courts." (O. Mirabeau).
22. "One should not achieve by laws what can be achieved by improving morals." (Ch. Montesquieu).
23. "The whole world is a theater, in it women, men, all are actors."
(W. Shakespeare).
24. "People are the masters of their own destiny." (W. Shakespeare).
25. "In each of us are two people, of which one denies what the other is doing." (G. Senkevich).
26. "A nation is a collection of people, different in character, tastes and views, but interconnected by strong, deep and comprehensive spiritual ties." (D. Gibran).
27. “Neither vocation, nor religion, nor the very blood of ancestors makes a person belong to one or another nationality. The spirit, the soul of a person - this is where you need to look for his belonging to one or another people ”(V. Dahl).
28. "The path to true internationalism lies through the recognition of learning and the independence of all national cultures."
(D.S. Likhachev).
29. "Love all other nations as your own." (V. Solovyov).
30. "The strongest connection between people, in addition to family relations, should be a connection that unites the working people of all nations, languages, tribes."
(A. Lincoln).
31. "Nationalism is much more connected with hatred of someone else's than with love of one's own." (N. Berdyaev).
32. "I'm too proud of my country to be a nationalist."
(J. Wolfrom).
33. "A nation does not need cruelty to be steadfast."
(F. Roosevelt).
34. "The greatness of a people is not at all calculated by its number, just as the greatness of a person is not measured by his height." (V. Hugo).
35. "Each smallest nation is a unique facet of God's plan." (A. Solzhenitsyn).
36. “Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities; the smallest of them carries its own special colors. (A. Solzhenitsyn).
37. "Only young people get more than they spend."
(V. Grzegorczyk).
38. "Youth is the time for learning wisdom." (J.-J. Rousseau).
39. "Enterprise of young people is worth the experience of old people."
(J. Knorr).
40. "Alcohol is a supplier of people for prisons." (A. Baudrillard).
41. "Alcohol is quite a reliable remedy when you need to slow down the mind."
(V.Ya. Danilevsky).
42. "Alcoholism and crime are two phenomena of social life that are in close connection with each other." (I. Merzhevsky).
43. “Alcoholism gives more devastation than three
historical scourge combined - famine, plague and war.
(W. Gladstone).
44. Alcoholism does not fade away with a person; it is transmitted to offspring in extremely numerous and varied forms. (A. Fournier).
45. "Money is one measure of social recognition."
(H. McKay).
46. ​​"Who knows how to deal with conflicts by recognizing them, takes control of the rhythm of history." (R. Dahrendorf).
47. “When there is agreement, even small things grow into big things; when there is disagreement, even big things fall apart.” (Sallust).
48. “Custom condemns us to many stupidities; the biggest of them is to become his slave.” (Napoleon Bonaparte).
49. "The best laws are born from customs." (J. Joubert).
50. "Respectable is every honest profession." (A. de Tocqueville).

Topics 2005 - 2006.
1. "The family is one of the masterpieces of nature." (D. Santayana).
2. "People are not born, but become who they are."
(K. Helvetius).
3. “The equality of man in society means only rights, but it concerns states no more than growth, strength, intelligence, labor activity.”
(P. Vergno).
4. "The family is a society in miniature, on the integrity of which the security of the entire large human community depends." (F. Adler).
5. "Every nationality is the wealth of a single and fraternally united humanity, and not an obstacle in its path."
(N. Berdyaev).
6. “The same social role is experienced, evaluated and implemented differently by different people” (I. Kon).
7. “Etiquette is more aesthetics than ethics, more entertainment than morality” (IN Shevelev).
8. “Work, no matter how difficult, bless, it is your treasury” (Kaani).

9. “Due to the difference in climates, minds, energies, tastes, ages, and visions, equality among people is never possible. Inequality must therefore be regarded as an immutable law of nature. But we can make inequality invisible” (A.P. Chekhov).

10. “Even in a prosperous society, the unequal position of people remains an enduring phenomenon” (R. Dahrendorf).
11. “Human essence is evident only in communication, in the unity of man with man” (L. Feuerbach).
12. “Society appreciates only those who contribute to its stability and prosperity” (A.I. Kravchenko).
13. “The well-being of the whole people depends on the correct upbringing of children” (J. Locke).

14. “Although the reforms involve partial improvements, they may well be compared with revolutionary ones in their consequences.”
(A. Kravchenko).
15. “Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful” (D.S. Likhachev).

16. "Honor entails duties" (Ancient aphorism).

17. “Inequality lies in nature itself; it is an inevitable consequence of freedom” (J. Renan).
18. “Each nation, whether it is great or small, has its own unique crystal, which must be able to highlight” (IN Shevelev).
19. "The lack of national dignity is as disgusting as the other extreme - nationalism" (IN Shevelev).
20. “The roots of nationalism are in the division of the population into indigenous and non-indigenous” (IN Shevelev).
21. “To be proud of one's nation is patriotism, to brag about one's nation is nationalism” (I.N. Shevelev).
22. "Nationalism is not love for one's own nation, but hatred for another"
(I.N. Shevelev).
22. "Real patriotism, as a private manifestation of love for humanity, does not get along with hostility towards individual peoples"
(N.A. Dobrolyubov).
23. “The same social role is experienced, evaluated and implemented differently by different people” (I. Kon).

Topics 2007.

1. "Each person is the creator of his own well-being." (R. Steel).
2. "The formation of the achieved status is carried out through the own talent, choice or activity of each individual." (M. Young).
3. "If you can be an eagle, do not strive to become the first among jackdaws" (Pythagoras).
4. "A person is determined not only by natural qualities, but also by acquired ones."
(I. Goethe).
5. "Every morality prophesies, because it "fixes" the degree of morality that must be achieved." (P. Valerie).
6. "A non-social person cannot have morality." (Voltaire).
7. "All the rules of decent behavior have been known for a long time, stop for a little - the ability to use them." (B. Pascal).
8. "The rules of conduct are the translation of virtue into a common language."
(F. Bacon).
9. "A role is not a person, but ... an image behind which it is hidden." (A. Leontiev).
10. "Society is divided into two large classes: those who work to live, and those who live to make others work." (K. Raiberti).
11. "Moral force cannot be created by paragraphs of law." (K. Marx).

POLITICAL SCIENCE.

1. "Only a few can make politics, but everyone can judge it." (Pericles).
2. “The true king and autocrat is the one who, with truth and goodness, tries to defeat the wordless passions and lusts of his soul, that is, rage, anger in vain.” (Maxim Grek).
3. "The goal of politics is the common good, the people and government must obey the law." (Aristotle).
4. "A person who rules over others loses his own freedom." (B. Shaw).
5. "Legislation seeks to place the freedom of the individual within those limits in which, subject to general laws, it is compatible with the freedom of every other individual." (I. Kant).
6. “The state is called legal, which in its activities, in the implementation of governmental and judicial functions is bound and limited by law, stands under the law, and not outside and not above it.”
(V.N. Gessen).
7. "The true equality of citizens lies in the fact that they are equally subject to the laws." (J. D'Alembert).
8. “Politics is the art of creating facts, jokingly subjugating events and people. Profit is its goal, intrigue is a means ... Only decency can harm it. (P. Beaumarchais).
9. "The establishment of power over people should not be considered a difficult or impossible undertaking, if taken on with knowledge of the matter." (Xenophon).
10. "As in nature, so in the state, it is easier to change many things at once than one thing." (F. Bacon).
11. "The most fatal mistake that has ever been made in the world is the separation of political science from moral science." (P. Shelley).
12. "Political language is needed in order for lies to sound true."
(J. Orwell).
13. "Good politics is no different from good morality."
(G. Mably).
14. "A representative form of government is organized justice, living reason, armed morality."
(P. P. Roye-Kollar).
15. "Where laws can be violated under the pretext of common salvation, there is no constitution." (N. Malebranche).
16. "The law cannot make people free, the people themselves must make the law free." (G. Toro).
17. "Politics should be governed by calculations, and calculations by morality."
(P. Steel).
18. "Power is always immoral." (M. Bakunin).
19. "Morality without politics is useless, politics without morality is inglorious."
(A. Sumarokov).
20. "States are acquired either by their own or by someone else's weapons, or by the grace of fate, or by valor." (N. Machiavelli).

21. "Political freedom is the highest development of personal freedom."
(B. Chicherin).
22. "Citizen's freedom is the basis of the rule of law." (Robert von Jolls).
23. "Only a strong state provides freedom to its citizens."
(J.-J. Rousseau).
24. “The majority has power behind them, but not the right; the minority always has a right." (G. Ibsen).
25. "The dignity of the state depends ultimately on the dignity of the individuals who form it." (J. Mill).
26. "You can not entrust the reins of government to someone who wants power only for the sake of power, since power attracts the worst of people most of all."
(A. Apsheroni).
27. “Lack of money, but of people, makes the state weak.”
(Voltaire).
28. “Conferring with a good adviser, the prince will get a high table, and with a bad adviser he will lose even less.” (Daniel Zatochnik).
29. "Democracy and freedom exist where the people are the legislator." (J.-J. Rousseau).
30. "Democracy is always a crossroads ... a system of open doors diverging into unknown countries." (P.N. Novgorodtsev).
31. "Democracy is intoxicated with freedom." (Plato).
32. “In a democratic society, private life takes on such active forms, becomes so restless, filled with desires and work, that there is neither strength nor leisure left for political life.”
(A. de Tocqueville).
33. "For citizens, political freedom is a peace of mind based on the assertion of their own security."
(Ch. Montesquieu).
34. “There are two truths in the world that should be remembered inseparably. First: the source of supreme power is the people; second: he must carry it out. (Rivarol).
35. “The ruler can be compared with a boat, and the people with water: water can carry a boat, or it can overturn it.” (Xun Tzu).
36. "Representative government is an instrument that only excellent musicians can play, it is so difficult and capricious."
(K. Metternich).
37. “The difference between a statesman and a politician is that a politician is oriented towards the next election, and a statesman is oriented towards the next generation.” (W. Churchill).
38. "A ballot is stronger than a bullet." (A. Lincoln).
39. "The rulers become clever pickers of votes."
(K.P. Pobedonostsev).
40. “The extreme poverty of a people is almost always the crime of its leaders” (P. Buast).
41. "Privileges of every kind are the grave of liberty and justice."
(I. Zeime).
42. "Totalitarianism is a political system that has infinitely expanded its intervention in the lives of citizens." (I. Ilyin).
43. "The people suffer if the strong are at enmity." (Phaedrus).
44. “Mistakes, as well as crimes of rulers, always come down to three things: causing economic damage to the state, violating human rights and freedoms, inciting ethnic conflicts.” (Z. Fatkudinov).
45. “The well-being of the state is ensured not by the money that it annually releases to officials, but by the money that it annually leaves in the pockets of citizens»
(I. Eötvös).
46. ​​"Who wants to rule calmly, let him protect himself not with spears, but with common love." (Periander).
47. “Courage is tested when we are in the minority; tolerance - when we are in the majority. (R. Sokman).
48. "The Party is organized public opinion." (B. Disraeli).
49. “If there is no common sense,
Powers will not last,
Where change is a mess.” (N. Machiavelli).
50. “In the state, one should clearly distinguish between the arithmetic majority and the political majority” (A. Rivarol)

Topics 2005 - 2006.
1. "The most fatal mistake that has ever been made in the world is the separation of political science from moral science."
(P. Shelley).
2. "You cannot entrust the reins of government to someone who wants power only for the sake of power, since power attracts the worst of people most of all." (A. Apsheroni).

3. "The whole art of management consists in the art of being honest."
(T. Jefferson).
4. “The great art of every political figure is not to swim against the current, but to turn every circumstance in his favor” (Frederick the Great).

5. “The difference between a statesman and a politician is that a politician is oriented towards the next election, and a statesman is oriented towards the next generation.” (W. Churchill).

6. “If people hoped to find better conditions for you in a tyrannical state of a firm hand, they would rush there headlong”
(F. Guicciardini).
7. “Politics is business decisions, not verbose speeches about decisions” (F. Burlatsky).
8. "In politics, as in grammar, the mistake everyone makes is proclaimed the rule." (A. Malraux).
9. "Dictators don't have power - they have violence." (S.E. Lets).
10. "The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order or external security." (M.Debre).
11. “The establishment of power over people should not be considered an impossible undertaking, if taken on with knowledge of the matter. (Xenophon).
12. "The path from wealth to power is less reprehensible than from power to wealth." (T. Kotarbinsky).
13 . "Inalienable supreme power, equality before the law and in rights, civil and political, public freedom - these are the three basic provisions of any true democracy." (E. Litre).
14. "The state is the territory of power" (A. Kruglov).
15. “In a democracy, a person not only enjoys the maximum possible power, but also bears a huge responsibility” (N. Cousins).

16. "The principle of democracy is decomposed not only when the spirit of equality is lost, but also when the spirit of equality is carried to the extreme and everyone wants to be equal to those whom he has elected as his rulers."
(Sh.L. Montesquieu).
17. “The greatness and holiness of the state consists, first of all, in the steady implementation of justice” (A. Stal).
18. “All kinds of privileges are a grave for freedom and justice” (I. Zeime).
19. “The goal of politics is the common good; the people and the government must obey the law” (Aristotle).
20. “Politics requires great flexibility of mind from people involved in it; she does not know the immutable, once and for all given rules.
(G.V. Plekhanov).
21. “Desirable, of course, is the good of one person, but more beautiful and divine is the good of the people and the state” (Aristotle).
22. “Every policy comes down to making life tolerable for as many people as possible” (F. Nietzsche).
23. “Liberalism proclaims its decision to live as one family with enemies, moreover, with a weak enemy” (I. Ortega y Gasset).

24. "Small errors seem big if they are found in the behavior of those who are entrusted with power" (Plutarch).

25. “Where the great sages have power, the subjects do not notice their existence” (Lao Tzu).

26. "Effective management is possible only under the condition of reasonable control over both the decision itself and its execution, not only from above, but also from below" (B. Spinoza).

27. "Full obedience to the law of kindness will eliminate the need for government and the state" (O. Frontingham).

28. “Democracy is when people govern people for the good of people”
(A. Lincoln).
29. "Liberal - a representative of humanity and law in politics"
(A. Kruglov).

Topics 2007.

1. “Since wealth is power, every power, in one way or another, takes wealth into its hands.” (E. Burke).
2. "Equality of rights is not that everyone uses them, but that they are granted to everyone." (Seneca).
3. "Democracy cannot rise above the level of the human material of which its voters are composed." (J. B. Shaw).
4. "Democracy is a mechanism to ensure that we are not better governed than we deserve." (J. B. Shaw).

5. "Politics is public morality, morality is private politics."
(G. Mably)
6. "Divide and conquer is a wise rule, but "unite and direct" is even better." (I. Goethe).
7. “The majority has power behind them, but not the right; the minority always has a right." (G. Ibsen).
8. "Dictators have no power - they have violence." (S.E. Lets).
9. "Equality is the essence of democracy and the greatest threat to democracy."
(M. Komar).
10. "Everything that depends on the legislature is often better assimilated by many than by one." (C. Montesquieu).

11. "The best cure for the ills of democracy is more democracy."
(A. Smith).
JURISPRUDENCE.

1. "Law is the art of goodness and justice." (Ancient aphorism).
2. "I consider it obligatory for everyone to unquestioningly and unswervingly obey the laws." (Socrates).
3. "Woe to the land in which subordinates, bosses and judges, and not laws, govern citizens and affairs." (M.I. Kutuzov).
4. “It doesn't matter which side the power is on; what matters is which side is right. (V. Hugo)
5. “The right belongs to the one on whose side the power is; the limits of our rights are our laws” (F. Schiller).
6. “Not to be subject to any law means to be deprived of the most saving protection, for the laws must protect us not only from others, but also from ourselves.” (G. Heine).
7. “The task of law is not to turn the world lying in evil into the Kingdom of God, but only to prevent it from turning into hell before its time.” (V. Solovyov).
8. “There is no right without power. (J. Ortega y Gasset).
9. "The noise of weapons drowns out the voice of laws." (M. Montaigne).
10. "Justice is the basis of the state." (The saying of Roman law).
11. "Let the world perish, but let justice be done."
(The saying of Roman law).
12. "I see the near death of that state, where the law has no force and is under someone's power." (Plato).
13. “Laws are given for this, in order to curtail the power of the strongest.
(The saying of Roman law).
14. "Laws are needed not only to frighten citizens, but also to help them." (Voltaire).
15. "Freedom consists in being dependent only on the laws." (Voltaire).
16. "The law is not a web through which large flies make their way, and small ones get stuck." (O. Balzac).
17. "It's easier to make laws than to follow them." (Napoleon Bonaparte).
18. "Make few laws, but make sure they are respected."
(D. Locke).
19. "Laws are good, but they still need to be well executed in order for people to be happy." (N.M. Karamzin).
20. "Bad laws are the worst kind of tyranny." (E. Burke).
21. "Unjust laws do not create law." (Cicero).
22. "The best laws are created from customs." (J. Joubert).
23. "We must be slaves to the laws in order to be free." (Cicero).
24. "Where cruel laws prevail, people yearn for lawlessness."
(N. Lets).
25. "Where laws can be violated under the pretext of common salvation, there is no constitution." (N. Malebranche).
26. "Everything that a person does to protect himself is considered to be done legally"
(The saying of Roman law).

27. "Law and justice are two things that God has connected, but man has separated."
(K.Colton).
28. "Better laws won't help if people are no good."
(W. Schwebel).
29. “There is no such law that would satisfy everyone” (Titus Livius).
30. “To leave a crime unpunished means to become its accomplice”
(P. Crebillon).
31. "Who, having the opportunity to prevent a crime, does not do this, he contributes to it." (Seneca).
32. "Any atrocity has its own morality that justifies it."
(J. Moliere).
33. "People can make the most innocent occupation a crime." (J. Moliere).
34. "Never consider what party a person who seeks justice from you belongs to." (Napoleon).
35. "Do not pass judgment without hearing both sides." (Solon).
36. "He who spares the guilty punishes the innocent."
(The saying of Roman law).
37. "Sparing criminals harm honest people." (Seneca).
38. "Excessive indulgence towards the criminal indicates a predisposition to be him." (P. Buast).
39. "Where there is law, there is punishment." (Cicero).
40. "Judgment must be accepted as truth." (The saying of Roman law).
41. "Equality of rights is not that everyone uses them, but that they are granted to everyone." (Seneca).
42. "Laws exist in vain for those who do not have the courage and means to defend them." (T. Macaulay).
43. "Justice is the unchanging and permanent will to grant to each his right." (Ulpian).
44. "Obedience is the essence of law." (The saying of Roman law).

45. "The law reveals its beneficial effect only to those who obey it"
(Democritus).
46. ​​"What is not in the documents, that is not in the world." (The saying of Roman law).
47. "Nobody's thing becomes the property of the one who first takes possession of it"
(The saying of Roman law).
48. "A crime conceived, even if not carried out, is still a crime." (Seneca).
49. "Moral force cannot be created by paragraphs of law." (K. Marx).

50. “Right needs virtues, talents, virtues. Strength needs prisons, glands, axes. (D.I. Fonvizin).

Topics 2005 - 2006.
1. "Along with state laws, there are also laws of conscience that make up for the omissions of the state." (G. Fielding).

2. “The severity of the law speaks of his philanthropy, and the severity of a person speaks of his narrowness and hardness of heart” (L. Vovenarg).

3. “The strong in spirit fall like babies on the path of lawlessness” (N.M. Karamzin)

4. "Laws should have the same meaning for everyone" (C. Montesquieu).

5. “The task of law is not at all that the world lying in evil should turn into the kingdom of God, but only that it should not turn into hell before the time.” (V.S. Solovyov).

6. "Freedom consists in being dependent only on laws." (Voltaire).

7. “In the old days they said that the law lives with freedom, like a cat with a dog. Every law is bondage." (N.M. Karamzin).

8. “Right needs virtues, talents, virtues. Strength needs prisons, glands, axes. (D.I. Fonvizin).

9 “The law exists in vain for those who have neither the courage nor the means to defend it” (T. Macaulay).

10. "Knowledge of the laws is not to remember their words, but to understand their meaning." (Latin legal saying).

11 "Intention must obey laws, not laws to intentions"

12. “The most reliable guarantor of human rights is an extensive system of justice” (A.I. Kravchenko).
13. “The noise of weapons drowns out the voice of laws” (M. Montaigne).

14. “Only the punishment that he himself deserves dishonors a person” (Plavt).

15. “When I am going to go to any country, I do not look at what laws are there; I look at how they are implemented there”
(Ch. Montesquieu).
16. "We can become free only when we become slaves of the law" (Cicero).
17. “Laws are needed not only to frighten citizens, but also to help them” (Voltaire).
18 “Law is everything that is true and just” (V. Hugo).

19. “Laws are essentially useless for both bad people and good people. The former do not get better from them, while the latter do not need them.
(Democritus).
20. "The constitution is what the judges say about it"
(C. Hughes).
21. “The right of the strongest is the strongest lack of rights” (M. Eschenbach).

22. "The presumption is valid until proven otherwise"
(Latin legal saying).
23. "The wise legislator does not begin with the issuance of laws, but with the study of their suitability for a given society" (J.-J. Rousseau).

24. “Custom brings with it the one who wants; the law drags with it the one who does not want ”(Latin legal saying).

25. “The law is the right of property based on power; where there is no power, the law dies there” (N. Chamfort).

Topics 2007.

1. "In order to get rid of the yoke of power, people were forced to obey the law."
(L. Vovenarg).
2. "The right of the strongest is the strongest lack of rights." (M. Eschenbach).
3. "Laws are given for this purpose, in order to curtail the power of the strongest" (Latin legal saying).
4. "The law is valuable not because they are the law, but because justice is contained in it." (G. Beecher).
5. "The law determines the power of each official, and the supreme power is above the law." (V.I. Dal).
6. "Rights come with responsibilities." (Latin legal saying).
7. "Blind obedience to the command out of fear and self-interest puts a person on the level of an animal, incapable of law and deprived of legal consciousness." (I.A. Ilyin).

8. “A slave, accustomed to elementary honesty at home, does not consider it shameful to steal from a neighbor; and, like it, modern legal consciousness willingly divides people who are not “ours” and “them”, punching deep gaps in the “fair” interpretation and “equal” application of law. (I.A. Ilyin).
9. "To choose the ruler either force or law - we are not given another: by our very nature we are not able to live freely." (L. Vovenarg).
10. "Traces of many crimes lead to the future." (S.E. Lets).
11. "Obedience is the essence of law." (Latin legal saying).

by the mysterious spontaneous generation, like what Aristotle attributed to tadpoles. He is a natural product of the said world. It is possible to formulate a law confirmed by paleontology and biogeography: human life flourished only when its growing possibilities were balanced by the difficulties that it experienced. This is true for both spiritual and physical existence. Regarding the latter, let me remind you that man developed in those areas of the earth where the hot season was balanced by unbearably cold. In the tropics, primitive life degenerates, and, conversely, its lower forms, such as the Pygmies, are forced out there by tribes that arose later and at a higher evolutionary level.

In a word, it was in the 19th century that civilization allowed the average person to establish himself in a superfluous world, perceived as an abundance of goods, but not worries. He found himself among fabulous machines, miracle cures, obliging governments, comfortable civil rights. But he did not have time to think about how difficult it is to create these machines and medicines and ensure their appearance in the future, and how shaky the very structure of society and the state, he did not have time and, not caring about the difficulties, almost does not feel responsibilities. Such a shift in balance cripples him and, having cut his vital roots, no longer allows him to feel the very essence of life, eternally dark and dangerous through and through. Nothing contradicts human life so much as its own kind, embodied in the "smug undergrowth." And when this type begins to prevail, one must sound the alarm and shout that humanity is threatened with degeneration, almost tantamount to death. Even if the standard of living in Europe today is higher than ever before, one cannot look to the future without fearing that tomorrow it will not only not rise, but will fall uncontrollably.

All this, I hope, clearly indicates the extreme unnaturalness of the "self-satisfied undergrowth." This is the type of person who lives to do what he wants. A common sissy delusion. And the reason is simple: in the family circle, any, even serious offenses remain, in general, unpunished. The family hearth is artificial warmth, and here it is easy to get away with the fact that in the free air of the street it would have very detrimental consequences, and in the very near future. But the undergrowth himself is sure that he can behave at home everywhere, that in general there is nothing inevitable, irreparable and final. And that's why I'm sure that he can do whatever he wants. Just as the family is related to society, in the same way, only larger and more prominent, the nation is related to humanity. The most self-satisfied today, and even the most monumental "undergrowth" are the peoples who set out in the human community to "do what they want." And naively call it "nationalism". As much as the international spirit and sanctimonious reverence for it do not disgust me, these whims of national immaturity seem caricatured.

Fatal mistake! "Your Grace will go where he should," they say to the parrot in a Portuguese tale. But why not do what you want? It's not about not being able to, it's about something completely different: all we can do is do what we can't help doing, become what we can't help becoming. The only self-will possible for us is to refuse to do this, but refusal does not mean freedom of action - even then we are not free to do what we want. This is not self-will, but free will with a negative sign - captivity. You can change your destiny and desert, but you can desert only by driving yourself into the cellars of your destiny. I cannot convince everyone by referring to his own experience, because I do not know this experience, but I have the right to refer to that general thing that has entered the fate of everyone. For example, the common to all Europeans - and much stronger than their public "ideas" and "views" - the consciousness that a modern European cannot but appreciate freedom. One can argue what exactly this freedom should be, but the essence is different. Today, the most hardened reactionary in the depths of his soul realizes that the European idea, which the last century dubbed liberalism, is, in the final analysis, something immutable and inevitable than it is today. became, willingly or unwillingly, Western man.

And no matter how irrefutably it is proved how false and disastrous any attempt to implement this unforgivable imperative of political freedom, inscribed in European history, remains the ultimate understanding of its underlying rightness. Both the communist and the fascist have this ultimate understanding, judging by their efforts to convince themselves and us of the opposite, as it is - whether he wants it or not, whether he believes in it or not. Anyone who believes, according to Copernicus, that the sun does not set below the horizon, sees the opposite from day to day, and, since evidence interferes with conviction, continues believe into it. In it, scientific faith continuously suppresses the influence of primary or immediate faith. So the said Catholic, by his dogmatic faith, denies his true, personal faith in the urgency of freedom. I mentioned it as an example and only to clarify my thought, and not to subject it to the same strict judgment that I am subjecting to the modern mass man, the "smug undergrowth." They only match in one. The fault of the "undergrowth" is that he is not entirely original. With a Catholic, being is genuine, but not entirely. But even "this partial coincidence is imaginary. The Catholic betrays himself in that sphere of being where he is a son of his time and, whether he wants it or not, a modern European; and he betrays because he seeks to remain true to another powerful sphere of his being - his religious faith "This means that his fate is, in essence, tragic. And he accepts it like that. The "smug brat", on the contrary, deserts, betraying himself out of carelessness, and everything else - only out of cowardice and a desire to shirk at the slightest hint of tragedy - in no matter how devotedly he honors the Syllabus, they all know that however just the criticism of liberalism may be, its underlying rightness is irresistible, because it is not theoretical rightness, not scientific, not speculative, but of a completely different and decisive nature. Theoretical truths are not simply debatable, but all their strength and meaning lies in this controversy; they are born of a dispute, are alive as long as they are disputed, and exist solely for the continuation of the dispute. - that which is or is not to become life - is not disputed. It is accepted or rejected. Having accepted, they become themselves; rejecting, denying and replacing themselves. To become impoverished, to fall, to fall - this means to give up yourself, from the one in whom you were supposed to be realized. At the same time, true existence does not disappear, but becomes a reproachful shadow, a ghost that forever reminds how low this fate is and how different it should have become. Such a life is just an unfortunate suicide.

Fate appears not in what we want - on the contrary, its strict features are more distinct when we realize that must against your will.

So, the "smug brat" knows what must be, but in spite of this, and even precisely for this reason, he pretends in word and deed that he is convinced of the opposite. The fascist attacks political freedom precisely because he knows that it cannot be completely and seriously absent, it is irrevocable as the essence of European life, and at a serious moment, when it is truly needed, it will be there. But the mass person is so set up - in a capricious way. He does nothing once and for all, and whatever he does, everything is "pretend" with him, like antics of a sissy. His hasty readiness to behave tragically, desperately and recklessly in any business is just a decoration. He plays the tragedy precisely because he does not believe that in the civilized world it can be played out in earnest.

Do not take on faith everything that a person pretends to be! If someone insists that two and two, according to his holy conviction, is five, and there is no reason to consider him crazy, it remains to be recognized that he himself, no matter how he breaks his voice and threatens to die for his words, simply does not believe that what he says.

A flurry of rampant and hopeless buffoonery is rolling across European soil. Any position is affirmed from posturing and internally false. All efforts are aimed solely at not meeting one's fate, turning away and not hearing its dark call, avoiding a confrontation with what should become life. They live as a joke, and the more comical the more tragic the mask they put on. Buffoonery is inevitable if any step is optional and does not absorb the personality entirely and irrevocably. The mass man is afraid to stand on the hard, rocky ground of his destiny; where it is more typical for him to vegetate, to exist unrealistically, hanging in the air. And never before had so many lives floated in the wind, weightless and groundless - pulled out of their fate - and so easily carried away by any, the most miserable current. Truly the era of "hobbies" and "currents". Few people resist those superficial whirlwinds that are in a fever in art, thought, politics, society. And so rhetoric blossoms like never before. The surrealist boldly puts (I spare myself the need to quote this word) where "jasmines, swans and fauns" used to stand, and believes that he has surpassed world literature. And all he did was replace one rhetoric with another, which had previously been gathering dust on the fences.

To understand the present, for all its originality, helps that it has in common with the past. As soon as Mediterranean civilization has reached its fullness, the cynic enters the scene. With dirty sandals, Diogenes tramples the carpets of Aristippus. In the III century before the birth of Christ, cynics are swarming - they are at all corners and at any post. And the only thing they do is sabotage civilization. The Cynic was the nihilist of Hellenism. He never created or even tried. His job was to destroy, or rather, to try to destroy, because he did not succeed in this either. The cynic, the parasite of civilization, lives by denying it precisely because

Only that progress, and only such changes, which are in the human interest and within the limits of its ability to adapt, have a right to exist and should be encouraged.
Aurelio Peccei

In the social basis of modern production technology there is a danger that, on the basis of it, all actions are evaluated only from the point of view of the fulfillment of duties and the ability to perform integral actions disappears.
Willy Gelpach

The quantitative difference between the speed of technological progress and the slowness of our moral reflection turns into a quantitative lag that does not allow us to understand the surrounding reality.
A. Pasquali

The accelerated rationalization of life constantly breaks the established patterns of behavior and prevents the creation of new ones that meet the dignity of a person. The place of the canon, in which the path to depth is fenced off, is occupied by a pattern replaced by fashion every few years.
Grigory Pomerants

Such a complex civilization as ours is inevitably built on the ability of man to adapt to changes, the causes and nature of which he does not understand.
Friedrich Hayek

In the twentieth century, a person, on average, lagged behind his civilization - if earlier the mass (and, accordingly, mass consciousness) had time to master the latest achievements of science, today an average literate person, in terms of his level of education, lives, generally speaking, in the last century.
Dmitry Yuriev

Nowadays man is unable to keep pace with his own civilization. Comparatively educated people approach the political and social issues of today with the same reserve and methods that were used two hundred years ago to solve problems two hundred times simpler.
Ortega and Gasset

Progress has gone so far that it has lost sight of the people.
Gennady Malkin

Don't confuse civilization with culture... the development of civilization pushes culture back more and more, ignoring the spiritual side of man and pushing him back to the primitive animal past.
Anatoly Koni

There is nothing more hostile to culture than civilization.
Vladimir Ern

Combined with altruism, individualism has become the foundation of our Western civilization.
Karl Popper

The progress of civilization consists in expanding the scope of actions that we perform without thinking.
Alfred Whitehead

We are richer than our grandchildren by thousands of things not yet invented.
Leszek Kumor

Civilization: Eskimos get warm apartments and have to buy a refrigerator.
Gabriel Laub

A civilized society is like a child who has received too many toys for his day.
Joseph Thomson

A civilization is born a stoic and dies an epicurean.
Will Durant

Modern Civilization: The Exchange of Values ​​for Conveniences.
Stanislav Lem

The main milestones of civilization: the development of fire, the invention of the wheel and the discovery of what can be tamed.
Max Lerner

We have come out of the caves, but the cave has not come out of us yet.
Anthony Regulsky

Civilization is created by idiots, and the rest disentangle the mess.
Stanislav Lem

We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it.
Karl Kraus

People become the tools of their tools.
Henry Thoreau

Progress is not a matter of speed, but a matter of direction.

Progress is a movement in a circle, but faster and faster.
Leonard Louis Levinson

The world is moving forward at a rate of several Gordian knots per year.
Wiesław Brudzinski

All progress is based on the innate need of every organism to live beyond its means.
Samuel Butler

Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell.
Edward Abbey

Progress is the replacement of some troubles by others.
Havelock Ellis

Progress was probably a good thing, but it was painfully delayed.
Ogden Nash

If we want to create a new world, the material for it is ready. The first was also created out of chaos.
Robert Quillen

We have changed our environment so radically that we must now change ourselves in order to live in this new environment.
Norbert Wiener

The intelligent man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable tries to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, progress always depends on the unintelligent.
George Bernard Shaw

We adapt the world to ourselves, and then we can’t adapt to the adapted world in any way.
Leszek Kumor

The world needs to be changed, otherwise it will begin to change us in an uncontrolled way.
Stanislav Lem

We don't believe in progress anymore - isn't that progress?
Jorge Luis Borges

Civilization is the process of reducing the infinite to the finite.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Civilization is not a state, but a movement, not a harbor, but.
Arnold Toynbee

Civilization is a movement towards a society in which private life is possible. Civilization is the process of liberation of man from man.
Ein Rand

The highest achievement of civilization is the people who are able to endure it.

A thousand steps forward, nine hundred and ninety-eight steps back - that's what progress is.
Henri Amiel

Each new generation is a new invasion of barbarians.
Hervey Ahlen

Our civilization is reminiscent of a baroque palace that has been invaded by a crowd of ragamuffins.
Nicholas Gomez Davila

Thanks to progress, the world has become so small that all the peoples have been within shooting distance of each other.

Civilized nations are always amazed at the uncivilized behavior of other civilized nations.

Machine Age: Replace purpose with speed.
Karel Capek

I, the Almighty will descend from heaven and fine civilization for speeding.
Stephen Wright

Progress: at first there was a simple chair, then an electric one.
Vladimir Goloborodko

The cause of the death of civilizations is not murder, but suicide,
Arnold Toynbee

We need progress, but for everything to remain as before.
14 Quips & Quotes LLC

Many scientists are inclined to conclude that the future will be exactly the same as, only much more expensive.
John Sladek

The barbarians will save civilization if the vandals don't stop them.
Arkady Davidovich

A predatory civilization is thrice criminal, knowing neither pity nor love for the creature, but seeking only its own self-interest from the creature, driven not by the desire to help nature manifest the culture hidden in it, but by forcibly and conditionally imposing external forms and external goals.
Pavel Florensky

An essay on social studies is an essay-reasoning on a given topic. The topic of the essay is one of the quotations selected by the examiner. Quotes belong to famous people and are arranged according to the science they are associated with: philosophy, social psychology, economics, sociology, political science. What should you know when writing an essay?

1. First of all, you should carefully read the instructions for section C8.

2. Topic selection. When choosing a topic, you should proceed from the material of which topic you are most familiar with, how much you know the terminology of this science, how convincing you can be in arguing your statements.

3. Workload. There are no strict requirements for the volume of an essay in social science. But the common practice is to complete tasks C1-C7 on the same side form No. 2, and C8 - on the other, with full use of its area. Therefore, when preparing for the exam, you should immediately get used to working on a standard A4 sheet.

4. Start by writing a quote, the name of the cited, science and task number (C8.3 - economics. “Money gives birth to money” (T. Fuller). This will allow you to not constantly refer to the task form during work, and the inspector will easier to analyze your work.

5. Quote interpretation. First of all, you should explain how you understand the idea expressed in the quote. The same quote can be understood by different people in different ways, or at least interpreted with different nuances. This will allow you and the verifier to have a clear idea in what vein further reasoning will follow. The interpretation of the quote will take two to three sentences. Mention who the person being quoted was, if you know it.

6. Next, you should express your attitude to the thought expressed and interpreted by you. You can agree or disagree with it, or agree partially. It will depend on your assessment whether to prove, refute or partially prove and partially refute you will be quoted. Of course, you should explain your chosen position. This part of the work will also take several sentences.

7. Main part work - your reasoning using the knowledge in the course. At the same time, it is recommended to use 5-6 terms strictly on the chosen topic, in our example - economic. Terms and concepts should be used to the point, and not randomly, mechanically, a couple of them can be deciphered, demonstrating your vocabulary. Recall once again: reasoning and terminology should correspond to the chosen topic.

8. Argumentation. Reasoning must be supported by arguments. True, logically correct conclusions, examples, references to authoritative opinion can be used as arguments. Most often, examples are used in student essays. It is better if these are facts from scientific practice, journalism, fiction. Household examples are less preferred. It is best to give 2-3 examples from the field of science, news or fiction, one from everyday practice. If your argument examples are described in detail, two is enough. Argumentation can be organically woven into the text of your discussion on the topic, or it can become an independent part of the work, occupying a separate paragraph.

9. Work ends summing up, a conclusion in which the author confirms his understanding of the thought expressed. After that, the work can be considered completed.

10. Check your work for errors, relevance to the topic, the presence of relevant concepts and terms, arguments. Of course, the text must be clear, literate, handwriting legible. It is desirable to make at least preliminary outlines of the essay in a draft.

Topics for reflection until Saturday

1) “Nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society” (V. G. Belinsky).

2) “Progress is a movement in a circle, but faster and faster.” L. Levinson.

3) “Revolution is the transition from untruth to truth, from lies to truth, from oppression to justice, from deceit and suffering to straightforward honesty and happiness” R. Owen

4) "Revolutions are a barbaric way of progress." (J. Jaures)

5) "A people deprived of the art of freedom will be overtaken by two classic dangers: anarchy and despotism" (I. A. Ilyin)

6) “You will never be able to create wise men if you kill naughty children” (J.-J. Rousseau)

7) “Man is the only creature to be educated. A person can become a person only through education. (I. Kant).

8) “One generation brings up another” (I. Kant).

9) “A good upbringing is just that from which all goodness in the world arises.” (I. Kant).

10) “Education is an art, the application of which must be improved by many generations” (I. Kant).

11) “Inborn talents are like wild plants and need to be grown with the help of training sessions” (F. Bacon).

12) “A child at the time of birth is not a person, but a candidate for a person” (A. Pierron).

13) “In a person, the duties of a king are carried out by reason” (E. Rotterdam).

14) “Civilization is the experience of harnessing power” (J. Ortega-i-Gasset).

15) “Freedom comes with responsibility, which is why many are afraid of it.” (B. Shaw).

16) “The peak of ourselves, the crown of our originality is not our individuality, but our personality” (I. Kant)

17) “Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image” (G. Hegel).

18) “Civilization is not the satisfaction of needs, but their multiplication” (V. Grzeszczyk).

19) “The less we know ourselves, the more we aim at” (E. Servus).

20) “The only problem of modernity is whether a person will be able to survive his own inventions” (Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) - French theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize in Physics 1929)

21) “We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it” (K. Kraus).

22) “The world is closed. The globe has become one… All essential problems have become global problems” (K. Jaspers).

23) “A person outside of society is either a god or a beast” (Aristotle).

24) “Philosophy is an activity that brings a happy life through reasoning and dialogue” Epicurus

25) “Man is the only animal for which his own existence is a problem: he must solve it and you can’t get away from it anywhere” E. FROMM (1900-80)

26) “The moral law, which a person must freely discover in himself, automatically gives his prescriptions, the same for all people and for all occasions in life” N. Berdyaev

27) “We don’t have time to become ourselves” A. Camus

28) “People are not born, but become who they are” K. Helvetius

29) “Because of the difference in climates, minds, energies, tastes, age, vision, equality among people is never possible. Inequality must therefore be regarded as an immutable law of nature. But we can make inequality irreplaceable...» A. Chekhov

30) “A society without stratification with real equality of all its members is a myth that has never become a reality in the entire history of mankind” P. Sorokin

31) “If a person depends on nature, then she also depends on him: she created him - he remakes it” (A. France).

32) “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life.” (V.G. Belinsky).

33) Not a single person lives without some goal and striving for it. Having lost the goal, a person often turns into a monster ”(F.M. Dostoevsky).

34) "No noble end justifies measures contrary to the principles of human happiness." (N.S. Leskov).

35) "A person grows as his goals grow." (F. Schiller).

36) “Each century has its own Middle Ages” (S.E. Lets).

37) “The progress of sciences and machines is a useful tool, but the only goal of civilization is the development of man” (E. Flaiano).

38) Humanity is only a habit, the fruit of civilization. She may disappear completely.
F. M. Dostoevsky

39) “There are two peaceful forms of violence: law and decency” I. Goethe.

40) “They are born an individual, they become a person, they uphold individuality” (A. G. Asmolov)

41) “Without struggle there is no progress” (F. Douglas)

42) “When people know a lot, it is difficult to manage them” (Lao Tzu)

See "for VK USE" forms ...

Preaching morality is easy, justifying it is difficult. A. Schopenhauer.

What is morality? And why, according to Schopenhauer, is it difficult to substantiate it? Morality is a part of spirituality, a form of social consciousness, it is a system of norms that regulate people's behavior, based on generally accepted ideas about good and evil. But the categories of good and evil are very vague, and when it comes to moral assessment, difficulties begin. Let's try to figure out why.

To understand the essence of morality, let's compare it with another regulator of human relations - law. Morality, like law, is normative in nature, but differs from law in its meaningful, informal nature. Moral prescriptions, norms and principles are not always clearly fixed. Morality is addressed to a person as a person who can control his actions, and who is not alien to the concepts of conscience, duty, responsibility. However, a person always has the right to choose how to act.

Abortion is now legal in many countries. That is, a woman bears a huge moral responsibility - whether to save the unborn child or interrupt the thread of his life. From the point of view of the law, these actions will not be murder. And from the point of view of morality, abortion is wrong and public opinion has a negative attitude towards such a decision. But if a woman cannot provide for her unborn child, if she is mortally ill, how then to evaluate her actions from the point of view of morality? More questions than answers.

Morality is regulated not only through self-control, but also from the outside. That is, society as a whole monitors, regulates and evaluates the actions of a particular individual.

During the Great Patriotic War, Stalin issued an order: "Not a step back!"

knowingly doomed people to death. In this way, he wanted to save the country and the whole world from fascism. Perhaps, in that difficult, tragic situation for the country, it was impossible to act differently.

However, historians are still arguing about whether the price was not too high for the victory.

This is the exclusivity of morality - the inability to clearly justify it. For each individual and the time when he lives, there is a concept of morality, morality.

Given all of the above, I fully agree with Schopenhauer on this topic. Morality is something voluminous, it is a social regulator of life, very flexible and not subject to pen. As Karl Marx said, "Moral force cannot be created by paragraphs of law." There are too many exceptions to this rule, in my opinion.

"Art has an enemy whose name is ignorance." (D. Kennedy)

Essay #1

The author believes that ignorance, not the ability to understand anything, and even more so in art, can bring great harm to art. And we can agree with this. Ignorance comes from the word "know" (to know). Ignorant people who don't know anything.

This phrase has been in the language for many centuries. It is ignorance, i.e. complete

the lack of knowledge in this area hindered the development of art, especially when the ignoramuses were in power. Understanding art is difficult. Thus, art is a specific form of consciousness and activity of people, reflecting the world in artistic images. It is characterized by visualization and figurativeness, specific ways of reproducing reality, fantasy and imagination. And this is not given to everyone. Not everyone can understand the meaning of this or that work of art.

It is no secret that many artists died in poverty because of the ignorant, because because of them, the works often did not reach society. For example, many films

"perestroika" lay on the shelves of the Goskino archives, because. were censored. Or, as a result of the Greco-Roman war, many works of art were taken out of Greece, but they were valued not according to the genius of creation, but according to the value of the material from which they were made. And again, history repeats itself like a farce twice: during the capture of Rome, the vandals melted gold sculptures into ingots. One can endlessly give examples when, due to ignorance, that which has been accumulated over the centuries and which is priceless perishes. Consequently, art will develop only when it has more connoisseurs.

Essay #2

What is art? This word has several meanings. Art is the reproduction of reality in artistic images; skill, craftsmanship, knowledge of the matter - for example, the art of knitting; the business itself - for example, the art of war. Perhaps, most often we mean art by art, aimed at creating something new, original, unlike what is already created by others. Art is very broad: it includes architecture, painting, theatre, and so on. We know many works of art that have come to us from time immemorial: the poems of Homer, the work of Leonardo da Vinci. Each era gave birth to more and more new creations that cannot be compared with anything.

How are masterpieces of art created? A huge role is played by the artist's love for life, for art, inspiration. The author creates his works in the throes of creativity, often in poverty, trying to truthfully convey the moments of life, his dreams of the harmony of the world, of the unity of man and nature. But, unfortunately, at all times there was such a feature as ignorance, i.e. lack of knowledge, lack of culture. First of all, it consisted in the denial of obvious cultural values, in complete contempt for them.

For example, during the October Revolution and the Civil War, many cultural monuments dedicated to kings, statesmen, and the church were destroyed.

The ignorant people did not understand that these were works of art, they thought that they were getting rid of bourgeois attributes. And during the Inquisition in the XII-XVII centuries. in Europe, a huge number of paintings and scientific books were burned (a manifestation of the ignorance of the Catholic Church). Ignorance caused irreparable harm, because the views of an ignorant person were driven into a religious, everyday framework. Summing up, I want to agree with the author's opinion and add that it is possible to solve the problem of ignorance by familiarizing with spiritual values, by developing the personality.

"Civilization is the stage of the dying of culture." (O. Spengler)

The development of culture and civilization are inextricably linked: apart from the spiritual values ​​created in the process of cultural activity of people, a civilizational community cannot take shape.

Some researchers completely identify culture and civilization. Such

the point of view originated in the Enlightenment, when Voltaire, Turgot considered culture primarily as the development of the mind. At the same time, "cultural"

"civilization" of a nation or country was opposed to "savagery" and "barbarism"

primitive peoples.

However, the German philosopher O. Spengler had a different point of view. He believed that culture is the receptacle of all the best in a person, and civilization is associated only with standardized mass production. According to Spengler, civilization is the highest stage of culture, at which its final decline takes place, and culture is a civilization that has not reached its maturity and has not ensured its growth.

Spengler identified eight cultures. Each of them goes through a number of stages during its existence and, dying, turns into a civilization. In his opinion, the transition from culture to civilization means the decline of creativity, heroic deeds; true art turns out to be unnecessary, mechanical work triumphs. Thus, O. Spengler denying the relationship and continuity in the development of culture. However, I do not agree with Spengler's opinion. Spengler called his 1913 work

"The Decline of Europe". Nevertheless, over the past century, European civilization not only did not die, but stepped onto a higher level of development. I believe that from the point of view of science, one should not equate culture and civilization. I prefer N. Roerich's statement that culture is the soul, it is the core of civilization, spiritual values, and civilization is the body, some kind of technological framework in which the soul lives.

Let's give the arguments. No civilization can exist without culture, just as the body cannot exist without a soul. When the soul leaves the body, it dies. Therefore, to be more precise, when culture dies, civilization also dies.

Let's give examples. When Christianity was adopted as the state religion in ancient Roman civilization, which was contrary to Roman culture, Roman civilization perished. When they tried to replace the communist ideology of the USSR with a liberal one, the Soviet Union collapsed.

Thus, culture and civilization, in my opinion, are several concepts.

distinct but closely related. It is impossible to agree with Spengler's paradoxical point of view.

Philosophy.

“There is no progress without struggle” (F. Douglas)

The existence of the universe is based on the principle of conflict, it is he who makes the world around change, makes it exist, burn and go out, therefore the main source of existence was fire. The world is always characterized by critical duality, antagonism of forms. This antagonism - like the drive belts of a motor, make the world exist from non-existence and static. The eternal source of life is God. The necessity that defines life is destiny. In other words, the assertion that the later principles of the laws of dialectics underlie existence. Struggle is a unity of opposites. Without struggle, there is no progress. What is progress? This is the whole point of the question.

Progress is the direction of development from the lowest to the highest, progressive movement forward, towards the better. We associate the word progress in absentia with a qualitative improvement in any area of ​​existence. Based on this formulation, progress, like any movement from point A to point B, must change the position of static or movement and receive an impulse. In this case, according to Douglas, this impulse of development is a struggle.

So, qualitative changes are the result of struggle. It follows that any development depends on internal changes. The law of dialectics is the mutual transition of quantity into quality. We see two laws of dialectics that contain interconnection. Without struggle, there is no progress. Therefore: progress is born from struggle.

"You will never be able to create wise men if you kill naughty children." (J.-J. Rousseau)

I think that the author wanted to indicate the importance of play activity in a person's life, to note that play occupies an important place in a person's life. In the process of gaming activity, a person can acquire new knowledge. And I completely agree with this.

Wise men are not born, they become wise men in the course of vigorous activity.

It is known that activity is a specifically human form of interaction with the outside world. Any of us - both a sage and a naughty one - in the process of activity cognizes the world, creates the conditions necessary for his own existence, spiritual products, and also forms himself (his will, character, abilities). Thus, a naughty person, through his characteristic vigorous activity, learns the world and draws the appropriate conclusions for himself. Shalit means playing.

I liked the words of the German poet and philosopher F. Schiller: "A person plays only when he is a person in the full sense of the word, and he is fully human only when he plays." Indeed, games accompany a person throughout the history of the development of human society. Playing, the little boy broke the glass, now he knows that the glass is fragile. In the course of play activities, the child not only learns the world, but also learns labor skills. So my sister loves to splash in the basin and wash clothes with her mother, and later this will help her in life. During the game, a person learns to communicate. So, playing "daughters - mothers", children learn the social roles of mother and child. And most importantly, creativity is always present in the game as the creation of something.

something new (after all, it is boring to repeat the same game twice), and creative activity is the highest manifestation of human essence.

Thus, I believe that one should not punish a child for playing, but one must support children, work together with them, play together, learn about the environment, and then they will become wise.

"Every great success of science has its origin in a great audacity of the imagination." (D. Dewey)

First, let's define science. Science is a systematized view of the world around us, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract-logical form and based on scientific research. How do discoveries happen in science? Most often, it has the following sequence: a hypothesis (promotion of versions), followed by either an experiment or a theoretical level (mathematical modeling or mathematical calculations), then a theory is formed (a law of science that allows you to explain and predict phenomena). Apparently, D. Dewey had in mind that if a hypothesis is not put forward, then the law of science will not be deduced. And with this I absolutely agree.

Very striking, in my opinion, examples of insolence are the statements of J. Bruno, G. Galileo that the earth is round and it rotates. This was really audacity in their time, at odds with the teaching of the Catholic Church that the earth is flat and the sun revolves around it. Anyone who doubted was waiting for the fire of the Inquisition. If we continue this topic, then Magellan's travels were also audacity, the desire to prove through a round-the-world trip that the earth is round. And he did. Very many discoveries in geographical science were the result of the great audacity of travelers. Therefore, the motto "Dare" will always be relevant, there is still a lot of unknown, undiscovered in the world.

“How significant are emotions and feelings! These are the winds that blow the sails of the ship. They sometimes drown him, but without them he cannot exist.” (Voltaire)

In my opinion, the statement of Voltaire, a famous poet and philosopher, that emotions and feelings play an important role in human life, is true and based on logical conclusions. Voltaire wanted to say that without emotions a person simply cannot exist as a person, an individual. Only with severe mental illness can all feelings disappear, apathy sets in. A healthy person does not have apathy as such.

The word "emotion" is familiar to everyone. And here is its scientific definition: emotion is a mental process that reflects a person’s attitude towards himself and the world around him. I read and I like or dislike the book, I do something, and what I do, I like it or not, I have to communicate with someone, and I like or dislike the one I communicate with . At the same time, in every situation I am pleased with myself or dissatisfied. There are times, however, when I don't care.

When I like something, a positive emotion arises, when I don’t like it, a negative one arises. If everything is indifferent to me, then it becomes boring, and boredom leads to irritation, and this is already an emotion. The complete absence of emotionality is a sign of such a severe mental illness as schizophrenia. Emotions arise for various reasons. This is a completed business, and the loss of a friend, and deprivation

any benefits, and reading a book and many others. etc. When an emotion appears, not only the appearance of a person changes, but also the activity of internal organs, metabolic processes, and the state of the nervous system.

Man is programmed for happiness. He must be happy if he wants to be healthy, active and live long. On this occasion, you can compare a person with a car. A person who does not have the appropriate emotional food, like a car that refuels with the wrong fuel, wears out quickly, moves at a slow speed through life, and often has to be “repaired” during numerous illnesses.

What are negative emotions for? If there are not too many of them, they stimulate us, forcing us to look for new solutions, approaches, methods. After all, negative emotions arise when our activities do not give the desired results.

Thus, we can conclude that any emotion plays a certain role for it and cannot be ignored by a person as meaningless. As for me, I agree with the opinion of Voltaire and believe that a person without emotions can be likened to a scorched desert, because in fact he is such.

“Science is not reduced to the sum of facts, just as a building is not reduced to a pile of stones.” (A. Poincare)

Essay #1

Science is one of the forms of spiritual culture. The increase and further improvement of scientific knowledge largely determines the development of material production, socio-economic relations and spiritual life, that is, all spheres of social life. Moreover, the role of scientific knowledge is constantly growing.

What is science? It is customary to call science theoretically systematized views on the surrounding world, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract-logical form and based on scientific research. Science is a system of knowledge about the patterns of development of nature, society and thinking, as well as a separate branch of such knowledge. The very definition of the term "science" refers to the systematization of knowledge. The sum of facts can be called a chronicle of events, but not science in any way, because. this contradicts the principle of the flow of one from the other, the orderliness of knowledge. If we admit the opposite, it turns out absurdity. An example is the statement that a building is a pile of stones. I believe that the author draws a parallel in order to more easily reveal the meaning of science.

The goals of science are the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality. Scientific knowledge is characterized by the desire for objectivity. But the main thing is the systematic nature of scientific knowledge. Here is an argument: when in grades 5-7 we studied mathematics, botany, physics, it seemed that each science exists on its own. But in the 11th grade, all sciences began to merge, knowledge of mathematics began to help in physics, physical knowledge in chemistry, chemical knowledge in biology, etc. Each brick stands in its place, and a whole building appears - a scientific picture of the world.

I consider Henri Poincaré's statement correct, since the facts cited still need to be generalized, combined into a coherent system, like a pile of stones. Scientists don't just collect facts. They compare them, identify common features and differences, and on the basis of this systematize the knowledge gained. Similarly, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, on the basis of similarities in some of the most prominent features, classified organisms into species, genera, class. The Englishman Thomas Young gave an explanation for the phenomenon of diffraction. Many examples can be cited from other fields of science. But everywhere Poincaré's words will find only confirmation.

Essay #2

The statement of Henri Poincaré is very interesting. He compares the building and science. It would seem that they might have something in common. Science is one of the forms of the spiritual culture of society, and its development is the most important factor in the renewal of all the main spheres of human life. The purpose of science is the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality, i.e. its theoretical reflection. The language of science

differs significantly from the language of other forms of culture, art, greater clarity and rigor.

Science is thinking in concepts. Scientific knowledge is essential in our life. Even in ancient times, although scientific achievements were limited, even then many of them were used in agriculture, construction, trade, and art.

Indeed, in order to prepare for the construction of a house, it is necessary to purchase

Construction Materials. But the house will not be built by itself, for this you need to make an effort: lay the foundation, erect walls, etc. In science, it is not enough to know the facts, they must be explained. Let's take this example. In science, discoveries such as the steam engine are known. This discovery did not remain in history just a fact, but was further developed. Physics summarized this rich experience, and a section appeared

"classical thermodynamics".

There are two ways of development in science: gradual and through scientific revolutions. The construction of a house is similar to the first path of the development of science, because a house cannot be built if there is no sequence. So, Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves, and the Russian scientist Popov invented radio based on them. Thus, just as a building is erected, resting on a foundation, and then stone is laid on stone, so in science - having made scientific discoveries, scientists try to prove their scientific value through practical activities. And I fully agree with this statement.

These words would be difficult to understand without knowing their author. But knowing that the author of this statement is Newton, one of the most prominent scientists of mankind, we can understand their meaning. I think the "giants" on whose shoulders Newton stood were the predecessor scientists and the education they received. Education is a purposeful cognitive activity aimed at obtaining knowledge, abilities, skills or their improvement. Newton was an outstanding physicist, mechanic, astronomer and mathematician. It was the knowledge that Newton possessed that allowed him to see further than others and discover his own laws in physics, mathematics and astronomy. He must

was to acquire the knowledge that was known before him. This knowledge served as a ladder to the shoulders of the giants. This ladder for Newton was the University of Cambridge, where he received his basic education. Self-education also played a big role.

The knowledge gained at the university about the discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Huygens was later refined and substantiated by Newton. The law of universal gravitation substantiated the geocentric system of the world of Copernicus, and Newton's three laws completed the works of Galileo, Descartes, Huygens and other physicists. It is unlikely that Newton was able to discover these laws, being unfamiliar with the teachings of his predecessors. This speaks of one of the models for the development of science: the model of gradual development. The essence of the model is expressed in

the assertion that the origins of any new knowledge can be found in the past, and the work of a scientist should be reduced only to a careful study of the work of his predecessors. And each of us is able to climb on the shoulders of giants and see further than others. After all, the world around us is not known to the end. And you can get closer to a complete knowledge of the world only by getting an education and applying the knowledge gained to create your own scientific theories, which can become the property of all mankind.

“We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it.” (Karl Kraus)

Karl Kraus, an Austrian writer, that "we were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to

use”, is true, and retains its relevance at the present time, because now, more than ever, the question of the interaction of man and technology, nature and civilization arises.

The scientific and technological revolution brought to the fore the problem of applying a new type of technology. It should be noted that the development of technology went not only along the path of its complication, but also in the direction of improving its quality and reliability. All those advantages that were achieved due to the technical improvement of machines were almost often nullified by inaccurate, untimely human actions. And all because this technique made it possible to solve fundamentally new problems, but at the same time created completely new working conditions for a person. The complex processes inherent in the new technology required such a speed of perception and processing of information from a person, which in some cases exceeded his capabilities. If, moreover, we take into account that such tasks had to be solved in unusual or extreme conditions (for example, on an airplane under conditions of overload, lack of oxygen, etc.), in conditions of high responsibility for the success of work (for example, in production, where the cost of a mistake is very high ), it will become obvious how significantly the conditions of human life have changed over the past decades.

More and more nature becomes an object of technological exploitation, it loses its sacred character. The idea expressed by Bacon is strengthened: “Knowledge is power”. However, not everything that man has invented has benefited him. For example, the discovery of nuclear energy allowed people to conserve natural resources and at the same time caused massive destruction and death. As a result, this seemingly peaceful discovery gave rise to such a global problem as the danger of a world nuclear missile war.

I fully agree with the statement of Karl Kraus and conclude that the reason for the low efficiency of the new technique was not the person who, with his mistakes, prevented its successful application, but the technique itself, which was created without taking into account the psycho-physiological capabilities of the person controlling it and actually provoked his mistakes. This once again proves that a person is too primitive to fully use the technique he created.

In this work I would like to guess the disease of our time, our

today's life. And the first results can be summarized as follows: modern life

grandiose, redundant and superior to any historically known. But precisely

because its pressure is so great, it overflowed its banks and washed away all bequeathed

us foundations, norms and ideals. There is more life in it than in any other, and for that

the same reason is more unresolved. She can't keep up anymore

[*Let us learn, however, to extract from the past, if not positive, then

even a bad experience. The past will not tell you what to do, but will tell you what to do.

avoid]. She needs to create her own destiny.

But it's time to complete the diagnosis. Life is above all our possible

life, what we are capable of becoming, and as the choice of the possible is our decision,

what we really become. Circumstances and decisions are the main

components of life. Circumstances, that is, opportunities, are given and imposed on us.

We call them the world. Life does not choose the world for itself, to live is to find yourself in

world final and unchangeable, now and here. Our world is a foregone conclusion

side of life. But a foregone conclusion is not mechanical. We are not allowed into the world like a bullet

from a gun, along a rigorous trajectory. The inevitability that confronts

us this world - and the world is always this, now and here - is the opposite.

Instead of a single trajectory, we are given a set, and we accordingly

doomed... to choose themselves. An unthinkable premise! To live is to be forever

sentenced to freedom, forever decide what you will become in this world. And decide

without fatigue and without respite. Even surrendering hopelessly to chance, we

make a decision - do not decide. It is not true that in life "they decide

circumstances". On the contrary, circumstances are an ever-new dilemma, which

must be decided. And our own warehouse solves it.

All this applies to public life. First of all, she also has

the horizon of the possible and, secondly, the decision in choosing a joint life

way. The decision depends on the nature of the society, its make-up, or, what is the same

same, from the predominant type of people. Today the mass prevails and it decides. And

there is something different than in the era of democracy and universal suffrage. At

another minority. The latter offered their "programs" - excellent

term. These programs—essentially cohabitation programs—invited

mass to approve the draft decision.

Now the picture is different. Wherever the triumph of the masses grows, for example, in

Mediterranean - when looking at social life, it is striking that

politically they live there from day to day. This is more than strange. In power

Representatives of the masses They are so omnipotent that they nullified themselves

the possibility of opposition. These are the undisputed masters of the country, and it is not easy to find in

history is an example of such omnipotence. And yet the state

government live for today. They are not open to the future, not

represent it clearly and openly, do not lay the foundation for something new, already

discernible in perspective. In a word, they live without a life program. Not

they know where they are going because they don't go anywhere without choosing and plowing

roads. When such a government seeks self-justification, it does not remember in vain

tomorrow, but, on the contrary, rests on today and speaks with an enviable

bluntness: "We are an extraordinary power, born of extraordinary

circumstances. "That is, the topic of the day, and not a long-term prospect. Not without reason and

government itself boils down to constantly extricating itself without deciding

problems, but by all means dodging them and thereby risking making them

insoluble. This has always been the direct rule of the masses - omnipotent and

ghostly. The masses are those who go with the flow and lack guidance.

Therefore, the mass man does not create, even if his possibilities and strength

And just this human warehouse decides today. Right, it stands in it

figure out.

The key to the puzzle is in the question that was already raised at the beginning of my

works: where did all these crowds that swept the historical

space?

Not so long ago, the famous economist Werner Sombart pointed out one simple

a fact that should impress anyone concerned with modernity.

The fact alone is sufficient to open our eyes to today's Europe,

at least point them in the right direction. The thing is: for everything

twelve centuries of its history, from the sixth to the nineteenth, European

the population never exceeded one hundred and eighty million. And since 1800

to 1914 - over a century - reached four hundred and sixty.

The contrast, I think, leaves no doubt about the fruitfulness of the last century. Three

for generations in a row, the human mass grew by leaps and bounds and, gushing, flooded

tight piece of history. This fact alone is enough, I repeat, to

explain the triumph of the masses and all that it promises. On the other hand, this is another

moreover, the most tangible component of that growth of vitality, about which I

mentioned.

This statistic, by the way, moderates our groundless admiration for growth

young countries, especially the United States. It seems supernatural that

the population of the United States reached one hundred million in a century, and yet where

supernatural European fertility. More proof that

the Americanization of Europe is illusory. Even the most seemingly distinctive

feature of America - the accelerated pace of its settlement - is not original. Europe in

In the last century, it was settled much faster. America was created by European surpluses.

Although the calculations of Werner Sombart are not as well known as they deserve,

the very mysterious fact of the noticeable increase in Europeans is too obvious to

linger on it. The point is not in population figures, but in their

contrast, revealing a sudden and dizzying pace of growth. In that

and salt. The dizzying growth means more and more crowds that

erupt on the surface of history with such acceleration that they do not have time

soak up the traditional culture.

And as a result, the modern average European is mentally healthier and stronger.

their predecessors, but also mentally poorer. That's why he sometimes looks like

a savage who suddenly wandered into the world of an age-old civilization. Schools that

was proud of the last century, introduced modern life skills into the masses, but did not

succeeded in raising her. Provided her with the means to live more fully, but

could not endow with either a historical flair or a sense of historical

responsibility. The strength and arrogance of modern progress were breathed into the mass, but

forgot about the spirit. Naturally, she does not even think about the spirit, and new generations,

wanting to rule the world, they look at it as a pristine paradise, where there is no

long-standing traces, no long-standing problems.

Glory and responsibility for the entry of the broad masses into the historical field

bears the 19th century. Only in this way can it be judged impartially and fairly.

Something unprecedented and unique lay in its climate, since such a

human harvest. Without having learned and digested this, it is ridiculous and frivolous

give preference to the spirit of other eras. The whole story is gigantic

a laboratory where all conceivable and unthinkable experiments are carried out in order to find

a recipe for a social life that is best for the cultivation of "man." And, not

resorting to evasions, one should recognize the data of experience: human sowing in

conditions of liberal democracy and technological progress - the two main

factors - for a century tripled the human resources of Europe.

Such abundance, if you think sensibly, leads to a number of conclusions:

first - liberal democracy based on technical creativity is

the highest of the hitherto known forms of social life; the second is probably

not the best form, but the best ones will arise from it and retain its essence, and

third, a return to forms lower than those of the nineteenth century is suicidal.

And now, having clarified to ourselves all these quite clear things at once, we must

give the nineteenth century an account. Obviously, along with something unprecedented and unique

there were some congenital flaws in him, fundamental defects, since he

created a new breed of people - a rebellious mass - and now it threatens those

the foundations to which life owes. If this human type is

continue to be in charge in Europe and the right to decide will remain with him, then not

thirty years will pass before our continent runs wild. Our legal and

technological advances will disappear with the same ease with which they disappeared more than once

secrets of mastery [* Hermann Weyl, one of the greatest physicists of our time,

colleague and successor of Einstein, repeated more than once in private conversation that if

if certain people, ten or twelve people, suddenly died, a miracle

modern physics would be forever lost to mankind.

For centuries it was necessary to adapt the human brain to abstract

puzzles of theoretical physics. And any chance can dispel these

miraculous abilities on which all the technology of the future depends]. Life

shrink. Today's excess of opportunities will turn into a hopeless need,

stinginess, dreary barrenness. It will be genuine decadence. That's why

that the uprising of the masses is what Rathenau called "vertical

running wild."

That is why it is so important to look into the mass man, into this pure

the potency of both the highest good and the highest evil.