Water conservation is a global problem for humanity. Water, its use and quantity on the planet

Water is the most valuable natural resource. Its role is to participate in the metabolic process of all substances that are the basis of any life form. It is impossible to imagine the activities of industrial and agricultural enterprises without the use of water; it is indispensable in human everyday life. Water is necessary for everyone: people, animals, plants. For some it is a habitat.

The rapid development of human life and inefficient use of resources has led to the fact that Environmental problems (including water pollution) have become too acute. Their solution comes first for humanity. Scientists and environmentalists around the world are sounding the alarm and trying to find a solution to the global problem.

Sources of water pollution

There are many reasons for pollution, and the human factor is not always to blame. Natural disasters They also harm clean water bodies and disrupt the ecological balance.

The most common sources of water pollution are:

Industrial, domestic wastewater. Have not undergone chemical cleaning system harmful substances, when they get into a reservoir, they provoke an environmental disaster.

Tertiary treatment. The water is treated with powders, special compounds, and filtered in multiple stages, killing harmful organisms and destroying other substances. It is used for household needs of citizens, as well as in Food Industry, V agriculture.

- radioactive contamination of water

The main sources that pollute the World Ocean include the following radioactive factors:

nuclear weapons testing;
radioactive waste discharges;
major accidents (ships with nuclear reactors, Chernobyl nuclear power plant);
disposal of radioactive waste at the bottom of oceans and seas.

Environmental problems and water pollution are directly related to contamination by radioactive waste. For example, French and English nuclear plants contaminated almost the entire North Atlantic. Our country has become the culprit of pollution of the Northern Arctic Ocean. Three underground nuclear reactors, as well as the production of Krasnoyarsk-26, were clogged largest river Yenisei. It is obvious that radioactive products entered the ocean.

Pollution of world waters with radionuclides

The problem of pollution of the waters of the World Ocean is acute. Let us briefly list the most dangerous radionuclides that enter it: cesium-137; cerium-144; strontium-90; niobium-95; yttrium-91. All of them have a high bioaccumulating capacity, pass through food chains and concentrate in marine organisms. This creates a danger for both humans and aquatic organisms.

The waters of the Arctic seas are subject to severe pollution various sources influx of radionuclides. People carelessly dump hazardous waste into the ocean, thereby turning it dead. Man has probably forgotten that the ocean is the main wealth of the earth. It has powerful biological and mineral resources. And if we want to survive, we urgently need to take measures to save it.

Solutions

Rational consumption of water and protection from pollution are the main tasks of humanity. Solutions environmental problems on water pollution lead to the fact that, first of all, great attention should be paid to discharges hazardous substances into the rivers. On an industrial scale, it is necessary to improve cleaning technologies Wastewater. In Russia, it is necessary to introduce a law that would increase the collection of fees for discharges. The proceeds should be used for the development and construction of new environmental technologies. For the smallest emissions, the fee should be reduced, this will serve as motivation to maintain a healthy environmental situation.

The education of the younger generation plays a major role in solving environmental problems. WITH early years It is necessary to teach children to respect and love nature. Instill in them that the Earth is ours big house, for which every person is responsible. Water must be conserved, not poured out thoughtlessly, and efforts should be made to prevent it from getting into the sewer system. foreign objects and harmful substances.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to say that environmental problems of Russia and water pollution probably worries everyone. The thoughtless waste of water resources and the littering of rivers with various garbage has led to the fact that there are very few clean, safe corners left in nature.Environmentalists have become much more vigilant, multiple measures are being taken to restore order in environment. If each of us thinks about the consequences of our barbaric, consumerist attitude, the situation can be corrected. Only together will humanity be able to save water bodies, the World Ocean and, possibly, the lives of future generations.

Sherstyuk Valeria

Abstract to the project

Introduction: Hello dear audience! I am Valeria Sherstyuk, student of group 311, and I am pleased to present to your attention my environmental project on the topic: Problems of water resources and ways to solve them.

3 slide

My goal project work: identify the most effective ways solutions to water problems.

Tasks:

1. Get acquainted with the history of water pollution.

2. Get acquainted with ways to solve water resource problems.

3. Create a classifier of water resources problems.

4. Develop a memo on ways to solve water problems.

4 slide

Introduction. Water is one of the most common chemical compounds on Earth and unusual in its properties. Without water, living organisms cannot exist. Great value water is used in industrial and agricultural production; its necessity for the everyday needs of humans, all plants and animals is well known. It serves as a habitat for many living creatures. Solving problems depends primarily on ourselves, because if we do not save water resources and continue to pollute water bodies, we will not have clean water left on Earth.

5-8 slide

In our country, almost all reservoirs are subject to anthropogenic influence. The water quality in most of them does not meet normal requirements.

The main sources of water pollution are enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petroleum industries. chemical industry, pulp and paper, light industry.

Microbial water pollution occurs as a result of the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into water bodies. There is also thermal pollution of water as a result of the influx of heated wastewater.

Pollutants can be divided into several groups. Based on their physical state, they distinguish between insoluble, colloidal and soluble impurities. In addition, contaminants are divided into mineral, organic, bacterial and biological.

Another common pollutant is oil and petroleum products. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment.

Wastewater can also be a source of pollution. Contaminated industrial wastewater is divided into three groups:

1. Contaminated predominantly with mineral impurities (metallurgical, mechanical engineering, coal mining industries; acid production plants, construction products and materials, mineral fertilizers and etc.).

2. Contaminated primarily with organic impurities (enterprises of meat, fish, dairy, food, pulp and paper, microbiological, chemical industries; factories for the production of rubber, plastics, etc.).

3. Contaminated with mineral and organic impurities (enterprises of oil production, oil refining, textile, light, pharmaceutical industries; factories for the production of sugar, canned food, organic synthesis products, etc.)

8-12 slide

Polluted water can be purified. At favorable conditions this happens naturally through the natural water cycle. But polluted basins (rivers, lakes, etc.) take much longer to recover.

Methods of wastewater treatment can be divided into mechanical, chemical, physicochemical and biological; when they are used together, the method of wastewater treatment and neutralization is called combined. The use of one or another method, in each specific case, is determined by the nature of the contamination and the degree of harmfulness of the impurities.

Polluted wastewater is also purified using ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure, cleaning by chlorination has proven itself well.

Slide 13:

Conclusion. I came to the conclusion that currently the problem of water pollution is the most pressing, because... Everyone knows the expression “water is life.” A person cannot live without water for more than three days, but even understanding the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to harshly exploit water bodies.

In this work, I identified water resource problems and ways to solve them.

The goal has been achieved - I have identified ways to solve water resource problems and sources of pollution.

Sources of pollution - pollution from enterprises, entry of pathogenic microorganisms into water bodies, thermal pollution of water as a result of the entry of heated wastewater, Thermal pollution of water as a result of the entry of heated wastewater, Biological contaminants appear as a result of an increase in the number of species unusual for it, industrial, atmospheric.

Methods of solution - natural cleansing, mechanical methods cleaning, chemical methods cleaning, physical and chemical cleaning methods, combined.

The assigned tasks have been achieved. I became acquainted with the main problems of water resources, their history of pollution and ways to solve problems, and also compiled a classifier of water resources problems and developed a memo on problems and ways to solve water resources.

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!!!

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INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Steppe Lake

2017

INTRODUCTION
1 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION


1.3 Freshwater pollution
1.4 Oxygen starvation as a factor in water pollution

1.6 Wastewater



2.2 Wastewater treatment methods
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A (Information Sheet)

INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most common chemical compounds on Earth and unusual in its properties. Without water, living organisms cannot exist. Water, a carrier of mechanical and thermal energy, plays a vital role in the exchange of matter and energy between geospheres and geographic regions of the Earth. This is largely facilitated by her abnormal physical and Chemical properties. One of the founders of geochemistry, V.I. Vernadsky wrote: “Water stands apart in the history of our planet.” Solving problems depends primarily on ourselves, because if we do not save water resources and continue to pollute water bodies, we will not have clean water left on Earth.

Water is of great importance in industrial and agricultural production; its necessity for the everyday needs of humans, all plants and animals is well known. It serves as a habitat for many living creatures.

The demand for water is enormous and increasing every year. A lot of water is consumed by the chemical and pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Energy development is also leading to a sharp increase in water demand. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as for the household needs of the population. Most of the water, after being used for domestic needs, is returned to rivers in the form of wastewater. The shortage of clean fresh water is already becoming a global problem. The ever-increasing demands of industry and agriculture require water from all countries; scientists around the world are looking for various means to solve this problem.

On modern stage such directions are determined rational use water resources: more complete use and expanded reproduction of fresh water resources; development of new technological processes to prevent pollution of water bodies and minimize the consumption of fresh water.

Target: identify the most effective ways to solve water problems.

Tasks:

Learn about the history of water pollution.
Learn about ways to solve water problems.
Create a classifier of water resources problems.
Develop a memo on ways to solve water problems.

1 HISTORY OF WATER POLLUTION

1.1 general characteristics sources of pollution

Sources of pollution are recognized as objects from which discharge or otherwise enter water bodies of harmful substances that impair the quality of water. surface waters, limiting their use, as well as negatively affecting the condition of the bottom and coastal water bodies.

The protection of water bodies from pollution is carried out by regulating the activities of both stationary and other sources of pollution.

In our country, almost all reservoirs are subject to anthropogenic influence. The water quality in most of them does not meet normal requirements.

The main sources of pollution of water bodies are enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, pulp and paper, and light industry.

Microbial water pollution occurs as a result of the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into water bodies. There is also thermal pollution of water as a result of the influx of heated wastewater.

The degree of danger of pesticide drift during the treatment of agricultural land depends on the method of application and the form of the drug. With ground processing, the danger of polluting water bodies is less. During aerial treatment, the drug can be carried hundreds of meters by air currents and deposited on untreated areas and the surface of water bodies.

1.2 The problem of ocean pollution

Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the World Ocean. By the beginning of the 80s, about 6 million tons of oil entered the ocean annually. Emergency situations, when tankers discharge washing and ballast water overboard - all this causes the presence of permanent fields of pollution along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean. Large masses of oil enter the seas through rivers, domestic wastewater and storm drains.
Once in the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of varying thickness. The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into water. The light transmittance of thin films of crude oil is.
When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions that can remain on the surface, be transported by currents, washed ashore and settle to the bottom. Pesticides constitute a group of artificially created substances used to control plant pests and diseases. It has been established that pesticides, while destroying pests, cause harm to many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Industrial production pesticides is accompanied by the appearance large quantity by-products polluting wastewater.

1.3. Freshwater pollution

The water cycle, this long path of its movement, consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, runoff into streams and rivers, and evaporation again. Throughout its entire path, water itself is capable of purifying itself from contaminants that enter it - products of decay. organic matter, dissolved gases and minerals, suspended solids.

In most cases, freshwater pollution remains invisible because the pollutants are dissolved in the water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as oil products floating on the surface and raw sewage. There are several natural pollutants. Aluminum compounds found in the ground enter the fresh water system as a result of chemical reactions. Floods wash out magnesium compounds from the soil of meadows, which cause enormous damage to fish stocks. However, the amount of natural pollutants is negligible compared to those produced by humans. And. They are able to dissolve minerals in the soil, which leads to an increase in the content of ions in the water heavy metals. WITH nuclear power plants Radioactive waste enters the natural water cycle. Discharge of untreated wastewater into water sources leads to microbiological contamination of water. According to the World Health Organization, 80% of diseases in the world are caused by inappropriate quality and unsanitary water. IN rural areas The problem of water quality is particularly acute - about 90% of all rural residents in the world constantly use contaminated water for drinking and bathing.

1.4 Oxygen starvation as a factor in water pollution

As you know, the water cycle consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, runoff into streams and rivers, and evaporation again. Along its entire path, water itself is capable of purifying itself from contaminants that enter it - rotting products of organic substances, dissolved gases and minerals, and suspended solid material.

In places with large concentrations of people and animals, clean natural water usually not enough, especially if it is used to collect sewage and carry it away from settlements. If not a lot of sewage gets into the soil, soil organisms process it, reusing nutrients, and it seeps into neighboring watercourses. pure water. But if sewage gets directly into the water, it rots, and oxygen is consumed to oxidize it. A so-called biochemical demand for oxygen is created. The higher this need, the less oxygen remains in the water for living microorganisms, especially fish and algae. Sometimes, due to lack of oxygen, all living things die. The water becomes biologically dead - only anaerobic bacteria remain in it; they thrive without oxygen and produce hydrogen sulfide during their life. The already lifeless water acquires a putrid odor and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals. This can also happen if there is an excess of substances such as nitrates and phosphates in the water; they enter the water from agricultural fertilizers in the fields or from polluted wastewater detergents. These nutrients stimulate the growth of algae, which begin to consume a lot of oxygen, and when it becomes insufficient, they die. IN natural conditions The lake, before it silted up and disappeared, existed for about 20 thousand. years. Excess nutrients accelerate the aging process, or introphication, and reduce the lifespan of the lake, making it less attractive. Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water. Some plants, especially power plants, consume huge amounts of water for cooling. The heated water is released back into the rivers and further disrupts the biological balance. water system. Low oxygen content hinders the development of some living species and gives an advantage to others. But these new, heat-loving species also suffer greatly as soon as the water heating stops.

1.5 Factors hindering the development of aquatic ecosystems

Organic waste, nutrients and heat become an obstacle to the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only when they overload these systems. But in last years Ecological systems have been bombarded with huge amounts of completely alien substances from which they have no protection. Pesticides used in agriculture, metals and chemicals from industrial wastewater have managed to enter the food chain aquatic environment, which can have unpredictable consequences. Species at the beginning of the food chain can accumulate these substances in dangerous concentrations and become even more vulnerable to other harmful effects.

1.6 Wastewater

Drainage systems and structures are one of the types engineering equipment and improvement of populated areas, residential, public and industrial, providing the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for work, life and recreation of the population. Drainage and treatment systems consist of a set of equipment, networks and structures designed for receiving and removing domestic industrial and atmospheric wastewater through pipelines, as well as for their purification and neutralization before discharge into a reservoir or disposal.

Building wastewater facilities for various purposes, as well as newly built, existing and reconstructed cities, towns, industrial enterprises, sanitary resort complexes, etc.

Wastewater is water used for domestic, industrial or other needs and contaminated with various impurities that have changed their original chemical composition And physical properties, as well as water flowing from the territory of populated areas and industrial enterprises as a result of precipitation atmospheric precipitation or watering the streets.

Depending on the origin of the type and composition, wastewater is divided into three main categories:

Household (from toilet rooms, showers, kitchens, baths, laundries, canteens, hospitals; they come from residential and public buildings, as well as from domestic premises and industrial enterprises);
Industrial (water used in technological processes that no longer meets the requirements for their quality - this category of water includes water pumped to the surface of the earth during mining);
Atmospheric (rain and melt - together with atmospheric water, water from street irrigation, fountains and drainages is removed).

Wastewater is a complex heterogeneous mixture containing impurities of organic and mineral origin, which are in undissolved, colloidal and dissolved states. The degree of wastewater pollution is assessed by concentration. The composition of wastewater is regularly analyzed. Sanitary and chemical analyzes are carried out to determine the COD value. The most complex in composition is wastewater from industrial enterprises. To develop a rational water disposal scheme and assess the possibility of reusing wastewater, the composition and mode of water disposal of not only the general runoff of an industrial enterprise, but also wastewater from individual workshops and equipment is studied.

Industrial wastewater is divided into two main categories: polluted and uncontaminated (conditionally clean).

Contaminated industrial wastewater is divided into three groups:

Contaminated predominantly with mineral impurities (metallurgical, mechanical engineering, coal mining industries; factories for the production of acids, construction products and materials, mineral fertilizers, etc.).
Contaminated primarily with organic impurities (meat, fish, dairy, food, pulp and paper, microbiological, chemical industries; factories for the production of rubber, plastics, etc.).
Contaminated with mineral and organic impurities (enterprises of oil production, oil refining, textile, light, pharmaceutical industries; factories for the production of sugar, canned food, organic synthesis products, etc.)

In addition to the above 3 groups of contaminated industrial wastewater, there is a discharge of heated water into the reservoir, which is the cause of the so-called thermal pollution.

Industrial wastewater may vary in the concentration of pollutants, degree of aggressiveness, etc. The composition of industrial wastewater varies widely, which necessitates careful justification for the choice of reliable and effective method cleaning in each specific case. Obtaining design parameters and technological regulations for the treatment of wastewater and sludge requires a very long period of time. scientific research, both in laboratory and semi-production conditions.

The amount of industrial wastewater is determined depending on the productivity of the enterprise according to the aggregated standards of water consumption and wastewater disposal for various industries industry. Water consumption rate is the appropriate amount of water required for production process, established on the basis of scientifically based calculations or best practices. The consolidated water consumption rate includes all water consumption at the enterprise. Consumption standards for industrial wastewater are used when designing newly built and reconstructing existing drainage systems of industrial enterprises. Integrated standards make it possible to assess the rationality of water use at any operating enterprise.

Included engineering communications An industrial enterprise usually has several drainage networks. Uncontaminated heated wastewater flows to cooling units and then returns to the circulating water supply system.

Contaminated wastewater enters treatment facilities, and after treatment, part of the treated wastewater is supplied to the recycling water supply system in those workshops where its composition satisfies regulatory requirements.

The efficiency of water use in industrial enterprises is assessed by such indicators as the amount of recycled water used, its utilization rate and the percentage of its losses. For industrial enterprises, a water balance is compiled, including costs for various types of losses, discharges and the addition of compensating water costs to the system.

1.7 Consequences of wastewater entering water bodies

The general conditions for the release of wastewater of any category into surface water bodies are determined by its national economic significance and the nature of water use. After the release of wastewater, some deterioration in the quality of water in reservoirs is allowed, but this should not significantly affect its life and capabilities. further use reservoir as a source of water supply, for cultural and sports events, and fishing purposes.

Monitoring compliance with the conditions for discharging industrial wastewater into water bodies is carried out sanitarily- epidemiological stations and basin departments.

Water quality standards for domestic, drinking and cultural reservoirs- domestic water use establishes the quality of water for reservoirs according to two types of water use: the first type includes areas of reservoirs used as a source for centralized or non-centralized household and drinking water supply, as well as for water supply to food industry enterprises; The second type includes areas of reservoirs used for swimming, sports and recreation of the population, as well as those located within the boundaries of populated areas.

The assignment of reservoirs to one or another type of water use is carried out by the State Sanitary Inspection authorities, taking into account the prospects for the use of reservoirs.

The water quality standards for reservoirs given in the rules apply to sites located on flowing reservoirs 1 km above the nearest water use point downstream, and on stagnant reservoirs and reservoirs 1 km on both sides of the water use point.

Much attention is paid to the prevention and elimination of pollution of coastal areas of the seas. Quality standards sea water, which must be ensured when discharging wastewater, relate to the water use area within the designated boundaries and to sites at a distance of 300 m to the sides from these boundaries. When using coastal areas of the sea as a recipient of industrial wastewater, the content of harmful substances in the sea should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations established by sanitary- toxicological, general sanitary and organoleptic limiting indicators of harmfulness. At the same time, the requirements for wastewater discharge are differentiated in relation to the nature of water use. The sea is considered not as a source of water supply, but as a therapeutic, health-improving, cultural and everyday factor.

Pollutants entering rivers, lakes, reservoirs and seas make significant changes to the established regime and disrupt the equilibrium state of aquatic ecological systems. As a result of the processes of transformation of substances polluting water bodies, occurring under the influence of natural factors, water sources undergo a complete or partial restoration of their original properties. In this case, secondary decay products of contaminants may be formed, which have a negative impact on water quality.

2 MEASURES TO COMBAT WATER POLLUTION

2.1 Natural purification of water bodies

Polluted water can be purified. Under favorable conditions, this occurs naturally in the process of the natural water cycle. But polluted basins (rivers, lakes, etc.) take much longer to recover. In order for natural systems to recover, it is necessary, first of all, to stop the further flow of waste into rivers. Industrial emissions not only clog, but also poison wastewater. And the effectiveness of expensive devices for purifying such waters has not yet been sufficiently studied. Despite everything, some urban households and industrial enterprises still prefer to dump waste into neighboring rivers and are very reluctant to abandon this only when the water becomes completely unusable or even dangerous.

In its endless circulation, water either captures and transports many dissolved or suspended substances, or is cleared of them. Many of the impurities in water are natural and get there with rain or groundwater. Some of the pollutants associated with human activities follow the same path. Smoke, ash and industrial gases settle to the ground along with rain; chemical compounds and sewage introduced into the soil with fertilizers enter rivers with groundwater. Some waste follows artificially created paths drainage ditches and sewer pipes.

These substances are usually more toxic, but their release is easier to control than those carried through the natural water cycle. Global water consumption for economic and domestic needs is approximately 9% of total river flow. Therefore, it is not direct water consumption of hydro resources that causes a shortage of fresh water in certain regions globe, but their qualitative depletion.

2 .2 Wastewater treatment methods

In rivers and other bodies of water, a natural process of self-purification of water occurs. However, it proceeds slowly. While industrial and domestic discharges were small, the rivers themselves coped with them. In our industrial age, due to the sharp increase in waste, water bodies can no longer cope with such significant pollution. There is a need to neutralize, purify wastewater and dispose of it.

Wastewater treatment is the treatment of wastewater to destroy or remove harmful substances from it. Removing wastewater from pollution is a complex process. It, like any other production, has raw materials (wastewater) and finished products(purified water).

Mechanical treatment makes it possible to isolate up to 60-75% of insoluble impurities from domestic wastewater, and up to 95% from industrial wastewater, many of which, as valuable impurities, are used in production.

Chemical method:

The chemical method involves adding various chemical reagents to wastewater, which react with pollutants and precipitate them in the form of insoluble sediments. Chemical cleaning A reduction in insoluble impurities up to 95% and soluble impurities up to 25% is achieved.

Physico-chemical method:

With the physico-chemical method of treatment, finely dispersed and dissolved inorganic impurities are removed from wastewater and organic and poorly oxidized substances are destroyed; coagulation, oxidation, sorption, extraction, etc. are most often used among physico-chemical methods. Electrolysis is also widely used. It involves breaking down organic matter in wastewater and extracting metals, acids and other inorganic substances. Electrolytic purification is carried out in special structures - electrolyzers. Wastewater treatment using electrolysis is effective in lead and copper plants, in paint and varnish and some other areas of industry.

Polluted wastewater is also purified using ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure; purification by chlorination has proven itself.

Biological method:

Among wastewater treatment methods, a major role should be played by biological method, based on the use of the laws of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other bodies of water. There are several types of biological wastewater treatment devices: biofilters, biological ponds and aeration tanks.

CONCLUSION

The tissues of living organisms consist of 70% water, and therefore V.I. Vernadsky defined life as living water. There is a lot of water on Earth, but 97% is salt water of the oceans and seas, and only 3% is fresh.

The need for water among organisms is very high. For example, to form 1 kg of tree biomass, up to 500 kg of water is consumed. And therefore it must be spent and not polluted.

In this work, I identified water resource problems and ways to solve them.

The goal has been achieved - I have identified ways to solve water resource problems and sources of pollution.

Sources of pollution - pollution from enterprises, entry of pathogenic microorganisms into water bodies, thermal pollution of water as a result of the entry of heated wastewater, Thermal pollution of water as a result of the entry of heated wastewater, Biological pollution appears as a result of an increase in the number of unusual species, etc.production, atmospheric.

Solutions - aboutnatural cleaning, mmechanical cleaning methods, chemical cleaning methods, physical and chemical cleaning methods, combined.

The assigned tasks have been achieved. I got acquainted with the main problems of water resources, their history of pollution and ways to solve problems, and also compiled a classifier of water resources problems anddeveloped a memo on problems and solutions to water resources.

I came to the conclusion that inCurrently, the problem of water pollution is the most pressing, because Everyone knows the expression “water is life.” A person cannot live without water for more than three days, but even understanding the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to harshly exploit water bodies.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

Novikov, Yu.V. Ecology, environment and people / Yu.V. Novikova: Moscow, [b.i], 1998, -235 p.
Zhukov, A.I. Methods for treating industrial wastewater / A.I. Zhukov, I.L. Mongait, I.D. Rodziller, Stroyizdat, 1999, - 158 p.
Mamedov, N.M. Ecology: Textbook for grades 9-11 of secondary school, - M.: “School-Press”, 1996, -464
Khorunzhaya, T.A. “Methods for assessing environmental hazards.” / T.A. Khorundaya: Moscow, 3rd ed., 1998, 246 p.

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regional state budgetary professional educational institution

"Blagoveshchensk Medical College"

APPENDIX A

Information sheet

PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

Steppe Lake

2017

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Ministry of Health of the Altai Territory

Regional state budgetary professional educational institution
"Blagoveshchensk Medical College"

EXERCISE

for the preparation of an individual project

To the student______________________________________________________________

1. Project topic ______________________________________________________________

2. Project deadline ___________________________________________________

3. List of issues to be developed

________________________________________________________________________

4. Deadlines for submitting sections of the project for review:

A B C) ______________________

5. Date of assignment ___________________________________________________

Head ___________________________ /Telegina A.S./

Signature

The task was accepted by __________________________ /Sherstyuk V.G./

Student's signature

Today it is simply unimaginable to imagine life without water. It is a necessary resource for humans both in everyday life and on a production scale. People use it primarily as a food product - for drinking, cooking, as well as for household purposes - washing, hygiene, watering plants and many other purposes. As for production purposes, its purpose is also very wide: it is used to cool equipment, extract resources (manganese, cobalt, etc.), generate energy, and also provide other important processes.

Agriculture would not be viable without water, given that about 60% of water consumption is accounted for by agriculture.

It is impossible to imagine transport links without waterways. Perhaps, if not for water, people would still not soon be able to get from one continent to another and would delay the development of the world by hundreds of years.

Water carries out mass essential functions- it is the main source of oxygen, participating in photosynthesis; in the formation of climate, absorbing heat and releasing it, regulating this process.

Water pollution problem

One of the global problems on the planet today is water pollution. This happens as a result economic activity person. Every day, tons of waste are thrown into the water different parts planets that contain garbage, wastewater containing harmful inorganic substances, which for a long time will not be able to dissolve in water, but will only harm the flora and fauna of water bodies. Because of this, dozens, even hundreds, die every year. various types fish, plants and other living creatures that played an important role in the self-purification of water, thereby further aggravating the situation. No less a problem is water pollution with petroleum products, which cover the water with a film, preventing all living beings from breathing.

As a result of such human activities, outbreaks of various diseases on the shores of the planet’s water bodies become a frequent occurrence due to their pollution and, as a result, an increase in mortality on earth.

Drinking water shortage

Changes in water quality make it impossible for humans to use it. It becomes unsuitable for household and industrial processes, and most importantly, for use in food. For this reason, many regions on the planet are already experiencing an acute shortage of fresh water. A major role in this issue is played by the growing number of people on the planet, which directly affects the consumption of fresh water.

Scientists have long wondered about providing people with fresh water, but today progress is moving slowly, and this problem is becoming more pressing every day.

Water purification

The problem of water pollution is quite acute, which forces scientists to come up with various ways water purification. This process is the treatment of wastewater in order to remove harmful substances from it and destroy them. Today, this process is quite complex and labor-intensive, since the type and type of pollution is growing every year, which greatly complicates the cleaning process.

There are several types treatment facilities, depending on the cleaning method. There are several methods:

Mechanical - used for the purification of industrial wastewater and involves removing insoluble mixtures from water by settling, as well as using various traps.
Chemical - carried out by introducing reagents into the water, which react with pollutants and precipitate, and then are removed mechanically.
Physical (aka electrolytic) - this method is suitable for wastewater treatment industrial use and complex composition. Consists of passing through drains electric current, which leads to precipitation. The method is very effective and economical.
Biological - most often used to treat household wastewater. It uses biological processes that are carried out using microorganisms. This method is closest to natural method water purification in reservoirs.

It should be remembered that water purification is only a temporary solution to the problem of fresh water shortage, as there is a qualitative depletion of water resources. In addition, there is the problem of disposing of a large volume of filtered pollutants.

The only way to radically change this situation is to reduce or completely stop the discharge of waste into water bodies, including treated waste.

Thanks to the improvement of technological processes, the problem is gradually being solved, and this issue will eventually cease to be so acute for the world's population. However, this takes time.

Two-thirds of our planet is occupied by water. This is more than enough for all people, but conserving water global problem humanity. The thing is that most of the water resources are not suitable for drinking - it is a salty liquid, and humanity needs fresh water not only for drinking, but also for growing crops and feeding livestock.

Depletion of water supplies

Today water is a global problem for humanity. About half a million people in modern world are experiencing an acute shortage, and by 2025 experts predict a fivefold increase in their number. If the trend towards increasing water consumption continues, by the 50s of the 21st century two thirds of the planet's population will experience water shortages.

Fig 1. Map of distribution of fresh water reserves.

If everyone turns off the tap when brushing their teeth, then in just one morning they will save 20 liters of fresh water.

As in other cases, main reason exacerbation water problem of humanity is urbanization. In order to adapt the Earth to its needs, humanity violates and pollutes the ecosystem, which leads to a worsening of the situation. The problem is also affected by population growth, especially in regions with the most unfavorable situation. He also makes his contribution Greenhouse effect– expanses of water evaporate without a trace from the surface of the planet. Plus, every person wastes water thoughtlessly in much large volumes than he needs.

Rice. 2. Polluted fresh water reservoir.

Solving the problem of water conservation

There are ways to solve this problem. First and the simplest one is saving resources by every inhabitant of the Earth. This will give much more significant results than it seems at first glance, making it possible not to develop new water deposits.

Second A way to save money is to develop purification technologies that will allow repeated use of this important resource.

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Third– is the protection of water from pollution due to urbanization, which causes great harm to the entire ecosystem.

To achieve this, governments are developing joint programs that prevent the discharge of waste into water bodies and involve the installation of treatment facilities at all industrial enterprises.

But the use of glaciers, which were previously proposed as alternative source fresh liquid, according to experts, can lead to irreversible climate change.

Fresh water (not including polar ice) constitutes only 0.3% of the total volume of this resource, so that there is about 1 cubic kilometer of liquid per person.