Words to decorate speech. Elocution (decoration of speech)

Attempts to classify the figures were made in antiquity.

Initially, figures of thought were separated, which later separated into an independent group of tropes (metaphor, metonymy, etc.), and figures of speech. The latter were subdivided, according to Quintilian, into figures based on the form of speech (grammatical figures) and figures based on the principles of word placement.

Other common classifications included the division into word figures (alliteration, assonance) and sentence figures (parcellation, ellipsis, polyunion, non-union, etc.)

Rhetorical means allow you to present the content of the speech visually, captivatingly and convincingly, which means it helps to actively influence the listener.

“Figures of speech are sentences and complexes of sentences, which, becoming typical forms, are identically repeated. These are apt expressions that are always on the tongue. They are necessary to make the message shorter, easier to remember” (Karl Jaspers).

The means cited are different in their value and therefore are used in different degrees (for example, comparison more often than exaggeration); these means give great opportunities, but in no case should they be used all together in one speech; many means are used in close relationship, even if they are given separately for systematic purposes (for example, the chain leads to an increase, the image underlies the comparison).

Overview of rhetorical devices and their impact on the listener

Rhetorical means Impact

• 1. Example, detail
• 2. Comparison
• 3. Image (metaphor), figurative row
• 4. Story Imagery
• 5. Repeat
• 6. Explanation
• 7. Refining (generalizing repetition)
• 8. Call (exclamation)
• 9. Quote
• 10. Crossing (chiasmus) Persuasiveness
• 11. Increasing voltage (climax)
• 12. Opposition (antithesis)
• 13. Chain
• 14. Procrastination (delay)
• 15. Surprise
• 16. Forewarning Fascination
• 17. Wordplay
• 18. Hint
• 19. Description (paraphrase)
• 20. Exaggeration (hyperbole)
• 21. Apparent contradiction (paradox) Aesthetic Imagery
• 22. Paste
• 23. Warning or objection
• 24. Imaginary question (rhetorical)
• 25. Renaming (synecdoche) Communication (connecting listeners)

There are about a hundred figures themselves, but the simultaneous use of Latin and Greek names, to which names from new languages ​​\u200b\u200bwere added, led to the fact that a significantly larger number of doublet or synonymous terms began to be used to designate these figures over the centuries.

Tropes - (from the Greek turn of speech) words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech. At the heart of any path is a comparison of objects and phenomena. Tropes include allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.

An epithet is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined. Wed Pushkin: "ruddy dawn"; Theorists pay special attention to the epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: "my harsh days") and the epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. an oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: "wretched luxury").

Metaphor - individual words or expressions come close by the similarity of their meanings or by contrast: "talk of waves"; "silk eyelashes"; "blue chintz of the sky"; the use of the word in a figurative sense: "the murmur of the sea."

Metonymy is a kind of metaphor, consisting in replacing one word with another based on the connection of their meanings by contiguity: "Wild Rome rejoices" (M. Lermontov); "The hiss of foamy glasses" (A. Pushkin).

Personification is a kind of metaphor, endowing inanimate or abstract objects, phenomena, events, their qualities and properties, with signs and properties of a person (feelings, thoughts, speech, etc.). It is used in describing natural phenomena, things surrounding a person. For example: "A star speaks with a star" (M. Lermontov).

Oxymoron [gr. - "sharp stupidity"] - a deliberate combination of contradictory concepts. Example: "Look, it's fun for her to be sad / So smartly naked" (Akhmatova). A special case of an oxymoron forms a combination of a noun with an adjective with a contrasting meaning: "poor luxury" (Nekrasov).

Antithesis is one of the methods of stylistics, which consists in comparing specific ideas and concepts related to each other by a common structure or internal meaning. For example: "Who was nothing, he will become everything." : "I am a king, - I am a slave, - I am a worm, - I am a god" (G. R. Derzhavin) or in the titles - "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy, "Crime and Punishment".

Euphemism is a replacement by a descriptive turn of a word, for some reason recognized as obscene. Gogol: "get by with a handkerchief."

Our language is amazing - it is diverse and melodic. It is like a majestic river: now it is noisy, now it is quietly murmuring. And language has ways of expressing everything.

These are numerous tropes and stylistic figures that are included in the toolkit of the Russian language. When used correctly, they enrich oral and written speech, allow you to enjoy its beauty and harmony.

Sources of wealth of the Russian language

Among the many means of expression, one can name an epiphora that enriches the text with the meaning of identity. When repeating the same segment of speech, its lexical meaning comes first, which is enhanced by repetition. But at the same time, the epiphora is not the most common figure in speech practice, since such repetitions can sometimes give the impression of some awkwardness, inappropriateness, artificiality.

Epiphora is a stylistic device (figure) based on the symmetrical repetition of sounds, words, phrases at the end of a line in poetic speech or in a certain passage in prose. Its purpose is to make speech beautiful and more emotional. It is used more often with other means of artistic expression. The technique is more characteristic of poetry (almost all of its genres).

As an example, we can cite the lines of a poem by S. Gorodetsky, where it is clear that the epiphora is a very capacious technique:

Not air, but gold,
liquid gold,
Spilled into the world.
Forged without a hammer -
liquid gold
The world is not moving.

A vivid example of poetry, where epiphora, the definition of which is given a little higher, gives expressive coloring.

Precious Facets

The Russian language, being the language of the Russian people, is like a natural diamond. As a precious stone sparkles with numerous facets, so the Russian language is beautiful in all its manifestations. It found its reflection both in the field of literature and in the field of language, while emphasizing their significance and uniqueness.

And if we take into account that the Russian language is a fusion of strict rules and poetry of live colloquial speech, then it remains only to enjoy its richness and expressiveness. Like a diamond that shines with every facet, the Russian language uses all the extraordinary tools that convey the beauty of our speech. Epiphora is one such element. Let's continue talking about her.

The Russian language, having numerous means of artistic expression, widely shows how epiphora is used in literature.

A special case of epiphora is familiar to everyone who has read the poem. This is a common rhyme. For example, I. Bunin in the poem "The Word" has such a rhyme: "given - Letters", "protect - speech."

And in M. Tsvetaeva we find an example of a real epiphora:

The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

A well-known example of epiphora in prose are Gogol's "scallops". The word is repeated in one sentence to enhance the effect of what was said seven times very close, literally separated by commas. If we take into account that there are only 16 words in the sentence, then we can say that in this example the method of sound expressiveness is clearly presented.

He loved the epiphora S.A. Yesenin. Moreover, he could modify the vocabulary of the epiphora, proving the richness of the Russian language: “concern lay down” in one line turns into “the whirlpool cleared up”, and both of these phrases accompany the words “mist in the heart”. The same thing happens with another passage: "why I passed for" - "because I passed for" complement the words "I am a charlatan." As you can see, only a small replacement of words allows Yesenin to successfully use the epiphora technique.

Blok used the epiphora extensively. In one of his poems, the words "in a quiet house" are repeated as an epiphora.

Strengthening the shades of speech

If we consider the epiphora from the point of view of the syntax of the Russian language, then the following circumstance is obvious: repeated at the end of adjacent lines, it serves to enhance the shades of sounding speech. Let's take the same Yesenin.

A question asked twice in adjacent lines also receives two answers. And this similarity of the end of the lines, manifested in a special rhythm, that is, an epiphora in Russian, draws attention to itself and thereby conveys to the reader the meaning of the text.

The exclamation mark at the end of Tsvetaeva's lines expresses regret, and with each line it is strengthened by the use of epiphora.

A figure that adds meaning

If we talk about epiphora as a figure of adding the semantic content of the text, then we can distinguish its varieties:

1. phonetic;
2. morphological;
3. lexical;
4. syntactic.

Morphological epiphora is the repetition of the same word-building elements at the end of each adjacent line. Example "det to her- child killers to her... fratricides to her"in the prose of Y. Karyakin.

The third type is presented, for example, by N.V. Gogol: the word "scallops", already mentioned a little higher. That is, this type of epiphora involves the repetition of a word.

An example of the syntactic type of epiphora is, for example, an excerpt from a poem by M. Tsvetaeva, which we also already considered a little earlier.

All types of epiphora act as varieties of artistic means of expression. Thus, an epiphora is a figure that adorns any text.

great strength

The study of figures and tropes, which are working tools, will allow not only to expand the vocabulary, but also to understand all the richness and power of the Russian language. Words are a great force that, in the hands of a skilled person, can describe entire worlds. And the linguistic flair and the author's intuition will help create a whole creation that can convey all shades of thoughts and consciousness. And not the last place in this belongs to epiphora. But at the same time, only such figures are needed that will enrich thoughts, and will not become outright bad taste.

2nd grade (1–3), 3rd grade (1–4)

Adjectives adorn our speech. What time of the year can not be talked about without using this part of speech? About each ... But imagine that the awakening of nature - color, smell, sounds - you have to describe without adjectives. You won't get much pleasure out of this. Children should be taught to speak not only correctly, but also beautifully, their speech should be rich. Alla ELISEEVA, a teacher at school No. 42 from Belgorod, solves these problems in her lesson.

Subject."Generalization of knowledge about adjectives", "Spring".

Goals. Generalize theoretical knowledge about adjectives; develop the ability to use them in speech; reveal the beauty of spring nature.

Equipment. Table "Adjective name"; signal circle with unstressed vowels; punch cards; reproduction of I. Levitan's painting "March".

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Calligraphy

Practicing continuous writing skills.

The nightingales sang - the bird cherry blossomed.

II. Reporting the topic and objectives of the lesson

III. vocabulary work

Teacher. What does the adjective mean?

Children. The adjective denotes the attributes of objects.

U. What features of objects do you know?

D. Color, taste, smell, size, height, shape, weight...

U. Make up phrases. + adj., using the words of the left column and signs of objects from the right.

On the desk.

D. Sweet raspberry, little hare, white sugar, red tomato, hot pepper, fragrant lilac, big bear.

Checking for missing unstressed vowels with a signal circle.

U. Name adjectives-antonyms.

D. Sweet - bitter, small - big...

The beginning of the chain.

U. What is a phrase?

Children's answers.

IV. Message of the speech topic "Spring"

U. Spring has prepared a bouquet of seven flowers with assignments attached.

Children work in groups of four.

On the desk.

V. Game "Word ball"

The game is played in rows.

U. Task for the series 1. Choose single-root adjectives of various kinds and numbers: spring.

D. Spring.

U. Sun .

D. Solar.

U. Joy .

D. Joyful.

U. Greenery .

D. Green.

Children write: sun - sunny .

U.

D. To nouns.

U. Task for series 2. Choose single-root adjectives and form phrases of nouns. + adj. various kinds and numbers: shine .

D. Bright day.

U. Blossom .

D. Flower field.

U. Fly .

D. Migratory birds.

Children write: fly - migratory birds .

U. What part of speech are adjectives?

D. To verbs.

U. Task for series 3. Choose single-root adjectives and make a sentence with them: warm .

D. Warm days have arrived.

U. Zvonko .

D. A roaring stream gurgles.

U. Wonderful .

D. It is beautiful weather.

Children write: A roaring stream gurgles.

U. What part of speech are adjectives?

D. To adverbs.

VI. Selective dictation

U. Write out from the text phrases noun. + adj. Determine the number of adjectives.

A little sun warmed the slopes
And it became warmer in the forest,
birch green braids
Hung from thin branches.
All dressed in a white dress
In earrings, in lace foliage,
Meet the hot summer
She is at the edge of the forest.

(V. Rozhdestvensky)

The children are doing the task.

- What are slopes?

D. Slopes of ravines, hills.

The children are writing.

green braids(pl.), thin branches (pl.), White dress (units), foliage lacy (units), hot summer (units), forest edge (e.h.).

VII. Work on the painting by I. Levitin "March"

U. People express a sense of admiration for nature in various ways: poets - with poems, composers - with music, artists - with paintings. The great Russian artist Isaac Ilyich Levitan said: “Nature does not tolerate anything ugly, and it is not in it. Look, there is nothing dead next to us, everything breathes, lives, understands. She is worried in a storm, chills in the snow, thinks in a calm evening, rests from the sun, winds, thunderstorms.

Levitan had a special love for Russian nature. Consider carefully his painting "March". What mood does she evoke?

Children are looking at reproductions.

On the desk.

The children are writing.

A bright sun shines in the blue sky. The dark snow is melting. Tall slender birches grow on the forest edge.

U. Underline the adjectives.

The children are doing the task.

On blue the sky is shining bright Sun. Dark snow is melting. High slender birches grow on forest edge.

What do they serve in our speech?

Children's answers.

- Continue the chain written on the board.

On the desk.

VIII. Textbook work

U. Open the textbook, read the text of exercise 418.

The children are doing the task.

- Prove that this is a text.

Children prove, then complete the chain.

IX. Independent work on punched cards

U. Fill in the missing letters, indicate the gender and number of adjectives.

The children are doing the task.

X. Summary of the lesson

U. What did we do today?

D. Generalized knowledge about adjectives.

– Learned how to use them in speech.

What are we learning today?
Surely you have repeatedly heard recommendations for speakers to speak brightly, expressively, emotionally. Easy to say! But what exactly needs to be done to make the speech bright, expressive and emotional?
I offer you far from the only and not exhaustive, but nevertheless a simple and effective recipe for how to make your speech figurative, expressive, bright, strong, beautiful, convincing and even emotional. The recipe is elementary. It's called "Various Vocabulary".
I suggest that you, with the help of exercises, expand your "speaker's horizons" and make friends with unusual words, phraseological units and winged expressions.

Words

Exercise: "I liked it"
The purpose of the exercise: to diversify your usual positive assessments and ways of expressing joy, delight, pleasure, thereby making your statements more interesting for others. But in a simple way, I want to hear from you, as speakers, something other than “It was cool” and “Shit”. The exercise can be performed both in the company and on your own.
Please remember what you really, really liked lately. What touched and impressed you. It can be anything: a book, a movie, a game, a dish, a dance step, an event, an unusual or beautiful thing, an idea, a business idea, a natural phenomenon. Anything you wish.
Then, we take turns saying out loud what we liked. And with the help of a few words, we share our delight with others. The main task: to speak from the heart, but as far as possible, do not repeat the words and expressions uttered before you.
For example:

• I liked the concert of the legendary American band KORN. It was long-awaited, very cheerful and unforgettable.
• I liked how the Trinity Bridge was decorated by May 9, often alternating red, blue and white flags were hung along the entire length of the bridge. Solemn, majestic, impressive.

By doing this simple exercise several times, you can collect your own series of words to express positive emotions. At a minimum: amazing, phenomenal, enchanting, I am delighted, incredible, above all praise, to tears, an explosion of emotions, fascinating, mind-blowing, unsurpassed. Analyze what words you used.

Main conclusion: What is the secret of everyday eloquence?
A) Indifference. It's easier to say beautifully and interestingly about something if you are not indifferent to it. Remember this.
B) Words from outside the comfort zone. Yours or the audience. Sometimes it is important to attract attention.

And don't get me wrong, I recommend that you use not some perverted words, high style and poetic forms. No, I recommend that you use the widest possible range of words, choosing the right one depending on the situation.
Somewhere it is worth saying that the event you describe was enchanting and breathtaking. And somewhere you, as a speaker, will need the same “Shut up!”.
There is an anecdote about a Russian language teacher who, when she jumped with a parachute for the first time, was very shocked, very surprised and extremely discouraged, but for some reason she screamed out loud in a different way. Do not be like the heroine of a joke, control what you say in any situation.
The choice of vocabulary depends on the context and purpose of your public speaking. But the more mismatched words in your speech space, the stronger you are as a speaker.

Phraseologisms

What are the words? In phrases.
Simple phrases and sentences, I'm sure you can put them together without me.
There are special phrases.
Is it always 2+2=4? Not at all! Surely you know about the effect of synergy, about chemical reactions, about the fact that the combination of two elements sometimes gives a result that simply exceeds their sum.
The same thing happens with words. Sometimes in the language of 2 words, being side by side, lose their original meaning and together acquire a new meaning.
This is how phraseological units are born. Very important friends and assistants of the speaker.
Examples:

• They fight all the time = they live like cat and dog.
• I was uncomfortable = I felt out of place.

Is it possible to do without phraseological units? Of course.
Why, then, use phraseological units in speech, if they can be replaced with one / another word? The answer is obvious. Phraseologisms and phraseological phrases fill speech with brightness, emotionality, imagery and expression. In addition, the language becomes more alive, speech becomes capacious, it acquires various shades of irony and jokes, grins and reproaches, love and hate, etc. Speech becomes bright, sonorous, with taste and aroma. Isn't that what a speaker needs?

Exercise: Choose from the list (remember or invent) phraseological unit that you like and tell all of us some fact about yourself using this phraseological unit.
Examples:

1. let's say I chose the phraseological unit "spit in the soul." From Vysotsky:
   “I don't like myself when I'm shaking.
   I can't stand it when innocent people are beaten.
   I do not like it when they climb into my soul,
   Especially when they spit on it."
2. From what was proposed by the participants of the meeting:

Idioms

Winged expressions are stable phraseological units of a figurative or aphoristic nature that have entered the vocabulary from historical or literary sources and have become widespread due to their expressiveness. Winged expressions are the noble ancestors of our modern memes. Sources of popular expressions can be myths, folklore, literature, journalism, memoirs, speeches of famous people.
A winged thought is called not only because it flies, but also because it calls to fly.
The history of the origin of many famous expressions is associated with public speaking. These are famous, legendary speeches. Therefore, for us as speakers, some popular expressions are of double interest.

Exercise:
Read and retell from the stage (or just to friends) the story about the origin of some curious catchphrases.
For example:

• Carthage must be destroyed
• Comments are unnecessary
• Demagogy
• Achilles' heel
• And yet she turns!
• a swan song
• There is such a party!
• Demyanov's ear
• Votes are weighed, not counted
• Burn the ships
• Attic salt
• columbian egg
• A place under the sun
• Philippic
• Bay, but listen!
• I came, I saw, I conquered

We take turns on the stage with the story. Purpose of going on stage:
- do not show yourself and look at others from the stage
not only to convey information
—! and work out 2 methods of eloquence:

A) The effect of the first phrase
Thoughtful, beautiful, strong, confident, stylish, spectacular
Why? A good start is half done. And if you start convincingly and interestingly, you will want to continue and finish in the same way.
Responsibly treat the choice of the first phrase. Beautiful, strong, only important, nothing superfluous.

b) Make the story your own.
(The role of the personality of the speaker)
When does the story become yours, real? ceases to be a retelling or reading from a piece of paper (even if you look at it)?
When you add something of your own.
To add from oneself means not to misrepresent dates, names or compose non-existent details.
This means giving your assessment, coloring with your emotions, telling in your own words. Cut where necessary, like a talented sculptor, cut off the excess. Or he can recall a relevant story from his life. Or come up with an interesting conclusion. Or just tell in your own unique way: humorously, seriously and calmly, ironically and dryly, or excitedly. The main thing is not indifferent!

Example: "Speakers are not born." So I called my entertainment and educational seminar. I must say that there are many catchphrases where the theme of "birth-becoming" is played up.
- This is "A woman is not born, she is made." From the book "The Second Sex" ("Le deuxieme sexe", 1949) by the French writer Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), who wrote in it about the problem of female emancipation.
- It is possible that she simply paraphrased the famous saying, which is attributed to the medieval thinker Erasmus of Rotterdam: “Men are not born. They become."
“Soldiers Are Not Born” A novel by Konstantin Simonov.
But they all go back to the same source - the words of the Roman orator, writer and statesman Cicero (Mark Tullius Cicero, 106 - 43 BC): “They become orators, poets are born.
(From Latin: Oratores fiunt, poetae nascuntur (oratores fiunt, poete nascuntur).
from his "Speech in defense of Archius", which he delivered in 61 BC. e. Archius is a Greek poet whose Roman citizenship was disputed by a certain Gratius.
The meaning of the expression: talent is given by nature (it either exists or it doesn’t), and oratory can be learned, through work, perseverance, etc., bring it to a high degree of perfection.

Here is an interactive mind map. What does it mean? That you can zoom (+ and - in the corner), you can move the image, expand sub-items (by clicking on + at the end of a word) and close them (by clicking on - at the end of a word). Have fun exploring this infographic!

Ornament speech speaker

(dictionary of methods for decorating speech)

trails

allegory ( definition)

artistic comparison of ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

is a comparison or association of someone or something with someone or something

example:

justice - Themis (a woman with scales).

Poverty (lat. Inopia, as a vice - an old woman with a lowered hand holding a stone, which symbolizes the fall of the spirit; as a vow of religious orders - a young woman in rags)

Peace (dove, burning armor, weapons or trampling them under the wheels of a wagon, meeting with the figure of Justice)

Antiphrasis

definition

the use of a word or phrase in the opposite sense, usually ironically

For example, they call the weak - Hercules, the poor - Croesus; they say: “how clean you are” - dirty. In general - the use of words in the opposite sense.

another name: asteism

example

My tragedy is over; I read it aloud, alone, and clapped my hands and shouted, oh yes, Pushkin! hey son of a bitch! - From a letter from A.S. Pushkin to Pyotr Vyazemsky on the completion of work on the tragedy "Boris Godunov", 1825

Sometimes antiphrasis is used as praise in the form of a friendly or rudely joking reproach or censure, for example

Ay, Pug, know that she is strong, What barks at the elephant

A.S. Pushkin, "Coquette": We know: eternal love Lives hardly three weeks.

usually built on the contrast of the formally approving meaning or praise of the word or expression used with the censuring or disapproving meaning of the statement

in "Eugene Onegin" (Chapter V) about the fortune-telling book of Martyn Zadeka, whom Tatyana loved, Pushkin says: This deep creation was brought by a nomadic merchant Once to them in solitude ...

Asteism

definition

a technique in which, meaningfully silent about something, they try to draw even more attention to the subject with this, so to speak, eloquent silence

Asthetism is similar to antiphrasis, but differs from it in a more open "aggressiveness", deliberate, exaggerated criticism.

also: ironic (self) denigration, grotesque (self) criticism, or self-deprecating words for covert self-praise.

example

Really, - answered the landowner, - my such an inexperienced widow's business! Well, I’d better wait a little, maybe merchants will come in large numbers, but I’ll apply to prices.

In the speech of the Box from "Dead Souls" (G. V. Gogol):

Little dog wow... angry, rogue

A. Chekhov

Really! Yet another masterpiece! Is it really not enough of those that you have already published? You probably want to drive your opponents to complete despair? "

Vincent Voiture:

Hyperbola

definition

(exaggeration)

Hyperbole is an exaggeration. We all use hyperbole, they are often used in colloquial speech. "I haven't seen you in years!" one shouts to the other. This is hyperbole. “Light as fluff,” someone says. This is hyperbole.

Hyperbolas are used to enhance expressiveness. Hyperbole can create a feeling of pathos, pathos, and sometimes irony.

most often in hyperbole there is an image. That is, hyperbole is a special case of figurative comparison using exaggeration.

Adinaton is a figure of speech in the form of a hyperbole, when something impossible or very difficult to implement is compared, with the help of an abstract example and strong exaggeration, with some unreal situation, with something that, by the nature of things, cannot be. A rhetorical device for making comparisons impossible, often with a humorous effect.

example

Archimedes said: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the Earth." This is hyperbole.

A television advertising sales manager is talking to his potential client. We offer advertising on TV channels that are aimed at a narrow target segment, a niche. For example, a channel for car lovers, a sports channel, hunting and fishing, world news, secrets and revelations. Do you understand what this means? It's like you have your own fishing rod for every fish. Do you want carp? Here is your rod! If you want a pike - please, you have a great fishing rod with an excellent lure. If you want a whale, although a whale is not a fish, please, here is a harpoon for you. You can influence the niche that interests you the most! You do not like the comparison of customers with fish? Let's change, for God's sake! How do you like this option? It's like you have a bow and you can hit any star you see above you with your arrow.

Litota (MEIOSIS)

example

The cat cried. Man with nails. Give a hand.

definition

this is a figurative expression, a stylistic figure, a turnover, which contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength of the meaning of the depicted object or phenomenon. Litota in this sense is the opposite of hyperbole, so it is called inverse hyperbole in another way. In litotes, on the basis of some common feature, two heterogeneous phenomena are compared, but this feature is represented in the phenomenon-means of comparison to a much lesser extent than in the phenomenon-object of comparison.

Dysphemism

definition

rude or obscene designation of an initially neutral concept in order to give it a negative semantic load or simply to enhance the expressiveness of speech,

example

die instead of die, muzzle instead of face.

Euphemism

definition

a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “load”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate. In politics, euphemisms are often used to soften certain words and expressions in order to mislead the public and falsify reality.

example

the use of the expression "harder interrogation methods" instead of the word "torture", etc.

irony

definition

a satirical technique in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems.

example

the use of words in a negative sense, directly opposite to the literal. Example: “Well, you are brave!”, “Smart-smart ...” Here, positive statements have a negative connotation.

catachresis

definition

trope or stylistic error, incorrect or unusual use of word combinations with incompatible literal lexical meanings.

example

Any use of a word in which its etymological meaning is forgotten is considered a catachresis of this kind, for example, in the case of the expression red ink, the internal form of the word ink, its connection with the word black, ceases to be realized. Other examples: colored linen, shoot a gun (shoot a cannon), electric horse tram, travel by sea, the sole of a mountain.

In the inactivity of the night, the Serpents of the heart's remorse burn in me

Metonymy

definition

kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object, which is indicated by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense.

Metonymy essentially differs from metaphor, on the one hand, by a greater real relationship of substituting members, and, on the other hand, by greater limitation, the elimination of those features that are not directly noticeable in this phenomenon. Like metaphor, metonymy is inherent in language in general (cf., for example, the word "wiring", the meaning of which is metonymically extended from the action to its result), but it has a special meaning in artistic and literary creativity.

example

For example: “All flags will visit us”, where “flags” mean “countries” (a part replaces the whole, lat. pars pro toto). The meaning of metonymy is that it singles out a property in a phenomenon that, by its nature, can replace the rest.

Antonomasia

definition

trope, expressed in the replacement of the name or name by indicating some essential feature of the object or its relation to something

trope, a kind of metonymy, when a proper name is used in the meaning of a common noun. (Don Juan, Famusov, Quasimodo, Nero, etc.) When using antonomasia, some of the characteristic features of a historical, mythical, ancient or literary character are transferred to the described hero. The antonyms of ancient characters were especially often used in the period of classicism in literature.

example

An example of a replacement for an essential feature of the subject: “our everything” instead of “Pushkin”. An example of a replacement with an indication of a relationship: “the author of War and Peace” instead of “Tolstoy”; "Peleus son" instead of "Achilles". It was especially often used in Scandinavian skaldic poetry (see kennings): “the mother of the giants' thunderstorm” - Frigg (Thor's mother).

Aesculapius" instead of "doctor": I eluded Aesculapius Thin, shaved - but alive; His painful paw Does not weigh on me.

personification

example

And woe, woe, grief! And the bast of grief was girded, The legs were entangled with bast.

definition

tropes, attributing the properties and signs of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

personification, prosopopoeia

Pathos

example

In the interpretation of Aristotle, pathos is a technique in which the aesthetics of the narrative is transmitted through the tragedy of the hero, his suffering and the reciprocal emotions of the audience. Using pathos, the author or speaker must evoke the desired feelings in the audience, while not fully revealing his own. In a later presentation, in the works of Hegel, the concept of pathos expanded to include not only a tragic, but also a solemn, sublime aesthetic. Allocate pathos heroic, tragic, romantic, sentimental and satirical. The authors of odes, epics, tragedies traditionally resort to pathos.

definition

paraphrase

example

Paraphrase - an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but describing it (for example, “night luminary” = “moon” or “I love you, Peter's creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

definition

it is a trope descriptively expressing one concept with the help of several.

Sarcasm

example

The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope on which we will hang them (Vladimir Lenin)

If the patient really wants to live, the doctors are powerless (Faina Ranevskaya)

The founder of Pravda himself lied shamelessly (Georgy Alexandrov)

Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (Albert Einstein)

definition

one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

synecdoche

example

Singular instead of plural: "Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird." (Gogol);

Plural instead of singular: "We all look at Napoleons." (Pushkin);

A part instead of a whole: “Have you any need? “In the roof for my family.” (Herzen);

Whole instead of part: "Japan has opened in different directions." (Stock news); (instead of: shares on the Tokyo Stock Exchange);

The generic name instead of the specific one: "Well, sit down, luminary." (Mayakovsky) (instead of: the sun);

The specific name instead of the generic one: "Better than all, take care of the penny." (Gogol) (instead of: money).

definition

trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them.

Comparison

example

Comparisons in the form of a comparative turnover, formed with the help of unions as if, as if, exactly: "A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell." Non-union comparisons - in the form of a sentence with a compound nominal predicate: "My house is my fortress." Comparisons formed with the help of a noun in the instrumental case: "he walks like a gogol." Negative comparisons: "Trying is not torture."

definition

path, in which there is an assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to reveal new, important properties that are advantageous for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison.

metaphor

definition

Metaphor is based on likeness, similarity, analogy. Using a metaphor, we explain the interaction in the world of some objects by interaction in the world of other objects. "A" causes "B" as "X" causes "Y"; and "B" is to "G" as "Z" is to "W". If we translate μεταφορά from ancient Greek, we get "transfer", "figurative meaning". Metaphor is beautiful, metaphor is powerful, metaphor is great! It affects the right hemisphere of the brain. A person, having understood the metaphor, may feel himself standing before the discovery of a new one. Metaphor encourages a person to look at the familiar from a new point of view. A successful metaphor literally shakes a person.

example

The Russian poet Konstantin Kedrov in the 70s of the 20th century even introduced such a concept as “metaphor in a square” or “meta-metaphor”. He wrote: "Man is the wrong side of heaven, heaven is the wrong side of man." Do you remember the well-known metametaphor “and either Lao Tzu is dreaming that he is a butterfly, or the butterfly is dreaming that she is Lao Tzu”?!

epithet

example

Transferring this difference to grammatical definitions, we can say that only analytical definitions bear the name of the epithet: “scattered storm”, “crimson beret” are not epithets, but “clear azure”, “long-length spear”, “London scrupulous”, “God is right” - epithets, because clarity is a constant sign of azure, scrupulousness is a sign obtained from the analysis of the poet's idea of ​​​​London, etc.

definition

definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

figures

allusion

definition

a stylistic figure containing an indication, analogy or allusion to some literary, historical, mythological or political fact, fixed in textual culture or in colloquial speech. The material in the formulation of an analogy or a hint that forms an allusion is often a well-known historical statement or some catchphrase.

example

Very symbolic in this regard are the lines from the sonnet engraved on the Statue of Liberty in New York: "Bring to me all the tired, all the poor, thirsty to breathe the air of freedom." These words are an obvious allusion to the well-known saying of Christ: “Come to me, all you who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest” (Mt 11:28)

Amplification

definition

a stylistic figure, which is a series of repetitive speech constructions or individual words.

Amplification is one of the means of enhancing the poetic expressiveness of speech. Amplification as a stylistic device is expressed, for example, in the accumulation of synonyms, antithesis, or it can take the form of an increase, that is, the arrangement of expressions related to one subject, according to the principle of increasing their significance, emotional effectiveness, etc.

example

He takes it like a bomb, he takes it like a hedgehog, like a double-edged razor, he takes it like a two-meter tall snake rattling at 20 stings.

Anacoluthon

definition

a rhetorical figure consisting in an incorrect grammatical agreement of words in a sentence, made by oversight or as a stylistic device (stylistic mistake) to make the speech of a character characteristic. Anacoluf by its nature has a distinctive character against the background of grammatically correct speech. Anakoluf is close to syntactic zaum (a text built on a systematic violation of syntactic rules) and errative (a text built on a violation of spelling rules).

example

We, the management of the house, - Shvonder spoke with hatred, - came to you after the general meeting of the residents of our house, at which the question of compacting the apartments of the house was raised ... - Who stood on whom? shouted Philipp Philippovich, “take the trouble to express your thoughts more clearly.

Antithesis

definition

(opposition)

Contrasting concepts, images, states that are interconnected by an internal meaning or an external form. In simpler terms, contrasting opposition.

Antithesis can emphasize both contrast and unity. If you need to focus your speech on an alternative, then the antithesis is also a good tool.

The opposition can be different: in meaning, in time, in terms of space, and so on.

example

Do you want to win and be winners or hopelessly fall behind and then feel sorry for yourself?! What do you want more? Friends, we are faced with a situation where what used to be our most reliable place has become our biggest risk! We must seriously think together what to do!

Based on what criteria should you calculate your salary, from your best achievements or from your failures?

semantic antithesis. We offer you a comprehensive customized solution, others can offer a ready-made standard product. What do you think? temporary antithesis. Previously, it took us up to 20 minutes to process a customer's order, now it takes two minutes. Want to take advantage of our speed to save your time? Spatial antithesis. In our showroom you can see 500 of the most popular products, on our website - 50,000 of the most diverse. You choose what is more relevant to you. In any case, you will choose your own benefit!

Antiteton

definition

a rhetorical figure that opposes two thoughts, but does not form an imaginary contradiction, in contrast to the antithesis. For example, no contradiction is formed if not the opposite qualities of one object are opposed, but the qualities of two different objects:

example

“One of them was kind in giving, the other was cunning in receiving, everyone wanted this, they avoided that he did not see them. The shamelessness of this was sweet to everyone, the shamelessness of that was pleasant to him, for others it was bitter.

Apocope

definition

a phonetic phenomenon denoting the loss of one or more sounds at the end of a word, usually a final unstressed vowel, leading to a contraction of the word.

In Russian, the disappearance of the ending “-u” in the instrumental case: “wife” instead of “wife” (phonetic [zhynoyu]). Abbreviation of common parts of speech: “to” instead of “to”.

example

Here the windmill dances squatting And crackling and flapping its wings: Barking, laughing, singing, whistling and clapping, People's talk and horse top!

Apostrophe

definition

exclamatory rhetorical figure of speech, when the speaker or writer stops the narration and refers to the absent person as a present or imaginary person, as a real, abstract concept, object or quality. In dramatic and poetic works of art, an apostrophe is a rhetorical device, an appeal (often unexpected) to one of the listeners or readers, to an imaginary person or inanimate object. The apostrophe in Russian is often introduced by the exclamation "O"

example

Oh, red summer! I would love you, If it were not for the heat, and dust, and mosquitoes, and flies. You, destroying all mental abilities, torment us; like fields, we suffer from drought; Just how to get drunk, but to refresh ourselves - There is no other thought in us, and it's a pity for the old woman's winter, And, after seeing her off with pancakes and wine, We make her a commemoration with ice cream and ice.

attraction

definition

this is a turnover, grammatically expressed in the absence of a syntactic connection between the two members of the sentence.

example

Examples of attraction: "killed by elephants' feet", "carried around with a bowl of green wine" instead - killed by elephants, surrounded by a bowl of green wine

Attraction (to attract, to attract) is a concept that denotes the appearance, when a person is perceived by a person, of the attractiveness of one of them for another. Formation of attachment, sympathy. This lack of syntactic perspective can be compared with the same lack of perspective in ancient Russian painting. With the further development of the language and the hypotactic direction, opposite to the paratactic one, attraction was retained in epithets. The defined word could take the forms of different cases, and the complex epithet continued to remain in the nominative. In modern language, attraction is weakened by means of prepositions: in my apartment (in my apartment)

Unionlessness (asindeton)

definition

If you want to convey a sense of speed, dynamism, swiftness, search activity, then in this case non-union can serve us well. When we miss alliances, we thereby accelerate the change of actions and states that we describe.

other name

asyndeton

example

You can walk through our warehouse, go to the accounting department, financial department, logistics department, look into the marketing department, sales department, visit the general director. Everywhere you will see a customer orientation and a desire to be helpful to the customer. This is our principle!

polyunion

definition

Multiple, perhaps redundant, repetition of unions can create different impressions: solidity, solemnity, slowness, thoughtfulness, consistency. Polyunion can make the listener feel like they're being groomed for something special. Multi-union involves and even fascinates. Like the endless clatter of train wheels taking you to your destination.

example

The sales manager wants to win back a lost customer who is clearly unhappy with how he was treated last time. And in logistics, and in the warehouse, and in the design department, and even in the management, we have undergone changes. I can talk about them or demonstrate them with your trial order. What do you think?

Homeotelevton

definition

a type of morphemic repetition in which a significant number of words with the same final part occur in a relatively small segment of the text

example

King and God! Forgive the little ones - Weak - stupid - sinful - naughty, Drawn into a terrible funnel, Seduced and deceived!

Distinction

definition

figure of speech (trope; stylistic figure of length), through which the act of cognition is indicated, reflecting the objective difference between real objects and elements of consciousness

example

("Whoever has nothing sweeter in life than life, he is not able to lead a decent life").

Nominative themes

definition

a figure of speech, in the first place of which there is an isolated noun in the nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase. Its function is to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement and enhance its sound:

example

Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the logs ... (A. S. Pushkin) Ah, France! There is no better place in the world! (A. S. Griboedov) Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart, how much has resonated in it. (A. S. Pushkin)

Correction

Mesarchy

definition

repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and in the middle of successive sentences. As a rule, it is used to create a feeling of monotony of the text and at the same time enhances the hypnotic effect.

example

In one black-black forest There is a black-black house, In this black-black house There is a black-black table...

Multicase (Polyptotone)

definition

repetition of one word in different case forms while maintaining its meaning

example

“But a man / He sent a man to the Anchar with an imperious look ...” (A. S. Pushkin, “Anchar”). The Tale of the Little Red Riding Hood by V.V. Mayakovsky is built on the polyptotone, which presents a complete paradigm of the case forms of the word “cadet”.

Parallelism

definition

Parallelism is the arrangement of phrases that are similar or identical in form or content in adjacent parts of a speech. Indeed, we are beginning to draw parallels, and these parallels concern either form or content.

example

"I am a king, I am a slave, I am a worm, I am a god." So wrote Derzhavin. "Create like a god, rule like a king, work like a slave!" This is how Guy Kawasaki begins his capitalist manifesto for creating and bringing new products and services to market.

Our offer is the benefits for you. The benefit to you is the increase in your customers. Your clients are your money.

Paronomasia

definition

a stylistic figure of speech, a figurative convergence of words that are similar in sound with a partial coincidence of the morphemic composition, is used punning in speech.

example

It's nice to caress a dog, but it's even nicer to rinse your mouth. For example, the Russian “husband for firewood, wife from the yard”, French “apprendre n’est pas comprendre” - “to know does not mean to understand.”

Retardation

definition

literary and artistic device: delay in the development of the action by including extra-fable elements in the text - lyrical digressions, various descriptions

example

(landscape, interior, characterization).

Rhetorical address

definition

stylistic figure: an appeal that is conditional. In it, the main role is played not by the text, but by the intonation of the appeal. Rhetorical appeal is often found in monologues. The main task of a rhetorical appeal is the desire to express an attitude towards a particular person or object, to characterize it, to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical appeal never requires an answer and does not carry a question.

example

And you, the arrogant descendants of the well-known villainy of the glorified fathers, the Fifth slavish trampling over the wreckage with the game of happiness of the offended generations!

Rhetorical exclamation

definition

reception of the transfer of the culmination of feelings. It conveys various emotions of the author: surprise, delight, chagrin, joy, etc. In writing, a rhetorical exclamation is usually a sentence ending with an exclamation point. When reading, rhetorical exclamations stand out intonationally.

Kataploka - a rhetorical exclamation in the form of an insertion not grammatically related to the context

Aganakthesis is a rhetorical exclamation expressing indignation

example

What a summer, what a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft.

Oh times, oh manners!

semantic figures

ascending gradation (climax)

example

At first we only worked for Peter. Then they began to work for the entire North-West. Now we have 10 branches throughout Russia! It's convenient for you. You save time. A desperate manager calls a potential client who works with a competitor for the hundredth time. After the boring, constant phrase “We work with others and everything suits us,” the seller decides on a provocation. What needs to happen for you to consider our offer and meet with me? Would you be interested in comparing our conditions with your current supplier? Do you have new needs? Will we offer something that no one else can?

a figure of speech consisting in such an arrangement of parts of a statement relating to one subject that each subsequent part is richer, more expressive or impressive than the previous one. The most common Latin term is gradation.

definition

Increasing the strength of arguments, strengthening the expressiveness of words, the saturation of phrases. These are all things of the same order, it's like a ladder up. I think that three or four, well, five steps are enough - intensifying words or phrases.

descending gradation (Anticlimax)

example

For example: "Everyone is great in his place: engineer, foreman, laborer." A. is often used as a technique in humorous works. For example: “... to sentence to capital punishment; but, taking into account the impeccable past, replace by ten years; taking into account sincere repentance, reduce the period by half; applying an amnesty, consider the sentence suspended” (journal “Splinter”).

definition

this is the name in rhetoric of a sentence (or period), the parts of which represent a series of expressions descending in strength.

zeugma

example

(The nobleman is honored behind the bars of his tower, the merchant is in his shop (Pushkin, “Scenes from Knightly Times”) - the word honored is used here only once, the second time it is implied).

definition

figure of speech, which consists in the fact that a word that forms the same type of syntactic combinations with other words in a sentence is used only in one of these combinations, while others are omitted

oxymoron

definition

An oxymoron is an addition of the incompatible, it is a contradiction, it is a combination of words and concepts with the opposite meaning. Sound of silence. Mind madness. The courage of fear. Ordinary miracle.

Why is an oxymoron used? Firstly, a special stylistic effect is achieved, because this figure of speech attracts attention. It can be short and to the point. Why do we colloquially use phrases such as "terribly nice" or "terrible how great"? We create a special tension in our speech. Secondly, the oxymoron makes you think. Thirdly, this rhetorical figure can be a psychological way of explaining an insoluble situation. An oxymoron is always paradoxical and, as a result, creates an interesting and deep impression. Take the same Zen Buddhism. There, many questions and suggestions of mentors to their students are imbued with the spirit of paradox and oxymoron. "What does one hand clap sound like?" one of the patriarchs of Zen asked. Such unsolvable riddles in Zen are called koans. “If you have a staff, I will give it to you. If you do not have a staff, I will take it from you,” said Bajiao. Having allowed a koan for himself, a person rises to a new level of vision of the world and the situation. “If you have money, I will give you more, if you don’t have money, I will take the last from you,” life sometimes tells us, echoing Bajiao. "If you have joy, I will give you more; if you do not have joy, I will take away even the hope of it." It also happens. Fourthly, humor, irony and sarcasm can be conveyed as an oxymoron.

example

You know, working with us is terribly pleasant! Our product is disgustingly good! K: Your competitors tell me about their various advantages here. I don't even know who to listen to. MP: Consider the diversity of our single argument. We have - (and then we say to choose: the highest speed, the greatest experience, the best service, the lowest price; it is possible in another way: the optimal combination of price and quality, speed and price, price and service). I have a desperate hope that you will take advantage of our offer.

pun

example

Thanks to the many similar-sounding words with different meanings, the French language is especially rich in puns. So, for example, the French joked about the wife of Napoleon I: "C'est dommage qu'elle a un nez rond (un Néron)" (It's a pity that she has a round nose or It's a pity that she has Nero), about Napoleon III "Il a perdu Sedan" (ses dents) (He surrendered Sedan in battle or He lost his teeth). During the Revolution, when Pius VII succeeded Pope Pius VI, there was a pun: "la religion va de Pie en Pie" (pis en pis) ("Religion passes from Pius to Pius, or religion gets worse and worse"). Great fame in France, as a successful punter (calembourier), enjoyed the Marquis de Bièvre.

definition

a literary device using in one context different meanings of one word or different words or phrases similar in sound.

syntactic figures

decrease figures

ellipsis -

example

Substantive (substantiating): free kick > free kick Adjective (deadjective): garden scarecrow > scarecrow

definition

deliberate omission of words that are not essential for the meaning of the expression.

aposiopesis

example

We have A., for example, in Khlestakov’s conversation with the mayor in Gogol’s “Inspector General”: “How dare you? Yes, here I am ... I serve in St. Petersburg. I, I, I…” Giving an underlined discrepancy between the amount of thought to be expressed and the nature of this expression, A. with all the greater force makes one strive for the semantic filling of the author's gap. The tension created by A. can be resolved either in a dramatic or comic way. Vivid examples of the latter were given in Russian literature by Gogol, using, for example, A. as a certain technique to characterize his psychologically elementary heroes.

definition

default, break at the end of a phrase.

prosiopesis

example

the use of patronymics Lukich, Kuzmich instead of the name and patronymic Andrey Lukich, Oleg Kuzmich).

definition

omission of the initial part of the statement, mainly the initial word in a set phrase

apocoinu

example

He loved flowers and good food.

definition

A construction that includes two heterogeneous additions to one control word:

add shapes

repeat

example

definition

anadiplosis (pick up)

example

... from where my help will come. My help is from the Lord...

definition

the repetition of one or more words in such a way that the last word or phrase of the first part of a segment of speech is repeated at the beginning of the next part. Thus, they are connected into a single whole. According to modern verse terminology, the repetition of the end of a verse at the beginning of the next. The technique has been known since ancient times.

prolepsis

example

Along the walls of Florence at full speed With the murderers their victim galloped

definition

1. Mentioning future events or properties as anticipated. For example: Along the walls of Florence at full speed With the killers, their victim galloped - John Keats In the cinema, an analogue of this technique is a flash forward. 2. Anticipation by the narrator of the expected objections or doubts and their refutation. This form is also often called protalepsis. 3. Simultaneous use of a noun and a pronoun that replaces it. For example: Dinner, it's on the stove. Ivanov and Sidorov - we will call these.

displacement figures

inversion

definition

Changing the usual word order in order to emphasize an idea. For example, the predicate comes before the subject, the verb goes before the noun. But this is optional. Various reversals of the accepted order of words are suitable here. Inversion is an unusual, non-accepted word order. Due to this, additional psychological stress is achieved and attracting the attention of the client.

example

For clients we work first of all. Finding the best solution for you is the main thing for us! K: It's expensive! MP: High quality is behind this price (only without the oriental or mountain accent). Believe in yourself, love to work and train more - that's the formula for success. (It's cool, isn't it?)

Hyperbaton

definition

a figure of speech in which the topic of an utterance is highlighted by placing it at the beginning or end of a phrase; this can also break the syntactic link. In other words, hyperbaton is the separation of adjacent words.

example

Let the poor heart firmly despise tears.

Tautology

example

"butter oil", "ask a question".

definition

a rhetorical figure, which is an unreasonable repetition of the same (or cognate) or similar words, for example, “butter oil”, “ask a question”.

Pleonasm

definition

a turn of speech in which there is a duplication of some element of meaning; the presence of several language forms expressing the same meaning within a complete segment of speech or text; as well as a language expression in which there is such duplication.

example

"We went up the stairs"; "Every customer gets a free gift." "There is no other alternative."

Chiasmus

definition

a rhetorical figure consisting in a cruciform change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words

example

phrase of K. S. Stanislavsky: “Know how to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art”

"Eat to live, not live to eat" (from Rhetoric to Herennius). "The honor of our part is a part of our honor." “The Sabbath is for man, and not man for the Sabbath” (Mark 2:27). "Do not ask what your country can do for you - ask yourself what you can do for the country" (from the inaugural address of US President John F. Kennedy).

there are kinds

Pure syntactic chiasm

in which the right part is symmetrical in structure to the left, repeating the members of the sentence in the left in reverse order

“To share the fun - everyone is ready: / ​​Nobody wants to share the sadness” (Lermontov. Loneliness)

Semantically complicated chiasm

which adds double lexical repetition in inverted elements and the exchange of syntactic functions for these elements:

“The best person is the one who lives mainly with his own thoughts and other people's feelings, the worst kind of person is the one who lives with other people's thoughts and his feelings” (L. N. Tolstoy)

Chiastic pun

in which, in addition, one can trace the changes in the meaning of the words included in it:

“There are two misfortunes in Russia: Below is the power of darkness, / And above is the darkness of power” (Gilyarovsky)

parceling

definition

A figure of speech, which consists in the fact that we give out information in certain portions. We divide our sentence into two (sometimes three) separate parts by intonation. Thus, we achieve the effect of surprise. It seems to the listener that now there will be something familiar, and we show everything from the other side, from a new side. We seem to put an end where it should not be. Or, to put it better, we put a period where it seems to be, and then after a pause, change it to a comma and suggest a new end. By parcelling, you can achieve greater memorization. Intonational separation gives the speaker's words more expression. Parceling is very well used in humor. She's in constant use!

example

K: Your competitors offer me the best conditions. I would probably agree. MP: What are the best conditions? K: Lead times are faster and cheaper. MP: Four serious clients left us in January for these reasons. (Pause - parceling.) In April, three returned to us with great pleasure. Words and deeds are different things, it is one thing to offer, another thing to do.

Solecism

example

Examples of violation of the agreement of the members of the proposal:

“Who needs sanatorium treatment, it is necessary to provide it” (instead of “…will be provided to them”). "One or two of my comrades" (instead of "... or two of my comrades"). "What time is it?" (instead of "What time is it?").

Inconsistent adverbial turnover:

“At first he was surprised and wanted to understand what it meant; then, making sure that he could not understand this, he became bored ”etc. (L. N. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina)

definition

a syntactically incorrect turn of speech that does not distort the meaning of the statement.

Default

definition

Word is silver, silence is gold. Sometimes reticence leads to a greater effect than verbosity. Stop in mid-sentence. Provide an opportunity to continue or draw a conclusion to your employees. Cover your statement with a veil of secrecy or chop it off with the inability to continue due to extreme secrecy. Or maybe you just don't know what to do next? Or say that you know, but you won't say it because you want people to think about it and find their own solution? Or…? The classic of default is a conversation between two policemen, a boss and a subordinate in the film "The Diamond Arm".

aposiopesis, aposiopesis, aposiopesis

example

“Maybe try…?” - No need. - A…? - It's not worth it either. - A…? - Try this one!

A rhetorical question

definition

This is one of the most famous figures of speech. A rhetorical question gives speech a special expressiveness. A rhetorical question focuses people's attention on the desired point of the message, forcing them to think again about this topic. After a rhetorical question, be sure to make a significant pause. There are at least two types of rhetorical questions. The first type is a question, the answer to which is known to everyone: both the questioner and the listeners. A question that does not require an answer.

example

Will we achieve good results if we work half-heartedly? Can we achieve better things if we are always afraid of trouble?

Do you like it when you don't get what you wanted? (Pause.) Of course not! Do you want to buy currency at a favorable rate? (Pause.) Of course! Who's to say no? Do you want your patients to leave happy? (Pause.) What's the question? The answer is obvious! Are indicators such as turnover and profitability important to you? (Pause.) Obviously, yes.

Do you know how much labor productivity increases with the correct use of a CRM system? (Pause.) Two or five times! Can you imagine what it is? (Pause.) By what criteria is performance judged? (Pause.) Quality, accuracy, speed and perspective.

parenthesis

example

The sales manager talks with his variable client - the dealer in order to increase the number of purchased items. Listen, please! It is very important! Today I summed up the results of the last quarter and - (went paranthesis, went beloved!) I want to say that I have been dreaming about this for a long time - I noted an increase in market share by 10%! That's great! I recommend that you take a few more positions for sale.

definition

An independent, intonationally and graphically highlighted statement, introduced into the main text and having the meaning of an additional message, explanation or author's assessment; used in scientific, journalistic, artistic style.

Curly braces ( ) are parenthesis! The figure of speech - paranthesis - is the division of the statement into words that can be placed in brackets. Moreover, due to this, the tone of the statement can be different: ironic, revealing, reminiscent, emphasizing, inspiring, mysterious, admiring, and so on. The main thing is to change the intonation for the duration of the paranthesis, and then return to the original tone.

Emphasis

example

Accent-intonation method: raising or lowering intonation, stress on a certain word, lengthened pronunciation of the underlined phrase. Use of rhetorical figures: various repetitions, unusual word order. Appeals. Interjection. Writing also uses a special text format: italics, underlined text, capitalized text. Emphasis example: “Here you need a hero, but he is only a man” (that is, a coward).

definition

emotionally expressive highlighting of any significant element of the utterance or its semantic shades. The word is also understood in a broader sense: as an increase in the general emotional expressiveness of speech, achieved by changing intonation and the use of rhetorical figures, or as a special rhetorical figure, which lies in the fact that the word is given special expressiveness.

exergasia

example

“When I listened to the reports of the “world Christian student union”, my heart was filled with sadness and sorrow. How many sincere people seeking God, thirsting for life, “are perishing stark,” “feeding on the horns” of some overseas student union! Do they really not know how it is possible to have an abundance of bread in the house of the Heavenly Father, in the Orthodox Church? It is only necessary to forget all sorts of “federative principles”, freely surrender to the full obedience of the Orthodox Church and cling to the fullness of church life, to the life of the body of Christ.” Hieromartyr Hilarion (Troitsky), Archbishop of Vereya.

definition

a rhetorical figure, which consists in adding synonymous expressions to a phrase or turnover. Exergasia, like synonymy, is used to clarify the meaning of a phrase, but also to enhance the emotional tension of speech.

more

citation

example

definition

proverbs, sayings

example

definition

new and old words

example

definition

character styling

example

definition

example

definition

Expressive synonymy

definition

We use a certain, if not stereotyped vocabulary. We ourselves and others, mainly those who surround us every day, get used to them. And who is it? No, not family or lovers. More often you see your subordinates: five days a week, eight hours a day, this is in the most gentle mode. People get used to us and to our words, which no longer affect with the necessary force. What to do? The answer is simple - choose synonyms. Moreover, it is desirable that synonyms be more expressive, more expressive.

example

You can say, praising your employee: This is a good offer. And you can do this: This is an exceptional offer. Or vice versa, let's criticize the employee: The task was performed poorly. And now let's replace it with an expressive synonym: The task carefully set by me was performed disgustingly for you

Interpretation (interpretation)

definition

It is an addition to the main content with an author's characteristic, usually in the form of an introductory sentence or turnover with an explanatory or modal-evaluative meaning.

example

"No! There will be no new Pentecost, just as there will be no new incarnation of the Son of God. It cannot be repeated, neither as a union concluded in one certain day and hour (which is now dreamed of), nor as the extraction of a long and patient labor of a number of generations. A. S. Khomyakov. The words "No!" and “what are they now dreaming of” are interpretations: the word “No!” is used to strengthen, additionally confirm the judgment, and the words “what they are now dreaming of” - to clarify the characterization of the criticized opinion.

Expletion (filling)

definition

A figure consisting in adding to words expressing the main content of a thought, words or phrases, increasing the size of a phrase or shading this main content with secondary content elements. In essence, expletion is an extended pleonasm.

example

“Oh, the vast majority of our intelligent Russians, even then, under Pushkin, as now, in our time, served and serve peacefully in officials, in the treasury or on railways and in banks, or simply make money by various means, or even engage in science , give lectures - and all this regularly, lazily and peacefully, with a salary, with a game of preference, without any inclination to run to gypsy camps or somewhere to places more appropriate for our time. F. M. Dostoevsky. The author uses phrases that clarify or supplement, but are essentially redundant for the main content (highlighted in italics), deliberately stretching the phrase to give the listener the opportunity to fully assimilate the idea and at the same time fill in the resulting rhythmic voids.

joint

definition

This figure of speech is used to emphasize cause and effect relationships. Also, with the help of a joint, a certain course of circumstances is emphasized. The joint slows down the course of events in a certain way, concentrating listeners in important places. The joint conveys confidence. The essence of the joint, as you already understood, is that the end of one phrase is the beginning of the next. Docking of the same words or phrases.

example

What is advertising on the Internet? On the Internet, in which there are socially active people, under the age of 50, with above-average income, that is, with good purchasing power. With the ability to give you good profits!

Rockport are super comfortable boots. Boots look like classic, but you walk like in sneakers. Like in sneakers, because Adidas technologies are used here. Adidas is the owner of Rockport.

Concatenation (attachment)

definition

It is usually the addition at the end of a phrase or period of words that additionally characterize the subject of speech or express the speaker's attitude towards it.

example

Not a single living truth, and even more so Divine truth, never fits within the boundaries of logical comprehension, which is only a type of human cognitive process; but at the same time, no truth, either human or divine, can be contrary to the laws of logic, in other words, cannot contain a real contradiction. Christ is also not both yes and no. A. S. Khomyakov. The last sentence, attached to the main formulation of the thought and in this case specially emphasized by the author, constitutes a concatenation as an additional addition of especially significant content.

Isocolon

definition

Stylistic figure, consisting in the complete syntactic parallelism of neighboring sentences

example

(“He listens to the whistle with his usual ear, He smears the sheet with one spirit”)

attribution

example

We will solve this problem of time management. We will solve this difficult issue, which consists in the correct planning of time and the distribution of priorities.

definition

This is essentially a concretization and detailing. We have already talked about it in the description of decision errors. But there, rather, the detailing was given with a minus sign. Now we propose to look at the concretization in a positive perspective. What should be done? Include definitions and circumstances in your speech. It's one thing to say, "I see an opportunity." It's another thing to say, "I see an unlikely but promising opportunity to improve the quality of our product."

Environment

definition

The combination of anaphora and epiphora: the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning and end of a sentence, creating a symmetrical construction. The environment allows you to present a thought in the form of a maxim and is usually used in a solemn speech.

example

“So, here is the house of prayer under the same roof with the house of wisdom. The sanctuary of the mysteries was invited to the abode of knowledge, and entered here, and here it was founded and established by its secret working methods. It can be seen that religion and science want to live together and work together for the ennoblement of mankind. Condescending on the part of religion - let us thank its condescension. It is prudent on the part of science - let us praise its prudence. Saint Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna.

Ring

definition

Start your speech with one word, phrase or even sentence and end it with the same. That's what a ring is! Thanks to the ring, you, firstly, concentrate the attention of the listeners on the words with which you start and how everything ends. Secondly, you emphasize some inevitability. Thirdly, what is in the middle begins to psychologically seem more important. Fourthly, the concept repeated at the beginning and at the end, of course, is better remembered. All this you get thanks to the ring. Are four reasons not enough to use the ring to influence a client? When will you be able to try the ring at the negotiations? Never? Never say never! By the way, this is a ring. I think four reasons are enough!

example

The sales manager explains to the client how good the equipment is. Production quality control is our priority. You know how people relax if they are not checked. Show a little slack, and they will immediately take advantage of it. As a result, everyone will lose, and so will they. We need to keep the bar very high. We have triple quality control of production! The fifth argument in favor of using the ring is the feeling of a special completeness of thought. The sales manager encourages a new client to meet. Manufacturability, reliability and honesty are the three advantages of Alfa-Bank. There are, of course, other advantages as well. For example, unique products. Or great experience. Take into account our main and additional pluses. I propose to meet to discuss what your company will gain by using our technology, reliability and integrity. Knowledge, skills, abilities. The famous psychological triad. In order to influence, to sell, only theoretical knowledge is not enough. It is not enough only conscious skills. And just unconscious skills are not enough. We need knowledge, skills, skills.

simplock

example

“There was a birch in the field / A curly birch stood in the field.”

definition

a stylistic figure of repetition of words in adjacent verses or phrases. As a rule, it is defined as a combination of epiphora and anaphora, that is, the repetition of the beginning and end with a variation in the middle, for example

the opposite figure, when the beginnings and ends of the periods differ with the same middle:

“The young are everywhere dear to us, / The old people are everywhere honored by us”

Anaphora

definition

(repeat at the beginning)

The essence of anaphora is that every phrase, every sentence begins with the same words. Thus, the speaker shows confidence, a sense of stability, a certain emotional mood. The anaphora looks especially good (or rather it is heard) when demonstrating an optimistic mood. Remember Martin Luther King's famous speech based on the anaphora "I have a dream..." ("I have a dream...").

example

The sales manager convinces the client of the need to work with him and his company. An important advantage is that we have a wide range. An important advantage is that professionals work for us. An important advantage is that we have quality products. How do you see the benefits that you will receive from the range, professionalism and quality?

It is unpleasant to see how our competitors overtake us. It is unpleasant to see how our managers do not know how to talk about the advantages of the company. It is unpleasant to see how we give up and look for excuses for our minuses.

Epiphora

definition

It would be better if it was called "yanaphora". Do you know why? It would be easier to remember! If anaphora is repetition at the beginning of phrases, then epiphora is repetition at the end. The use of epiphora gives your words some inevitability, predestination, a logical ending. Epiphora focuses not on the premise, as in the anaphora, but on the consequence. When we pronounce an epiphora, we seem to be saying that we already know how everything will end, and we invite others to trust our knowledge.

example

You start working with a new supplier - the professionalism of the supplier is important. Difficult situations arise in the market - the professionalism of the supplier is important. You want a customized solution - the supplier's professionalism is important. In our work, we aim to improve our professionalism every day.

Do you think we are fast? No! Do you think we are affordable? No! Do you think that we have a well-functioning system of work? No! We are frank and truthful with the client! Sincerity and truthfulness is our trump card. And we strive to be fast, affordable and technologically advanced! And it is true.

Distinction (plotse)

definition

Repetition of words in different meanings.

example

“Rise up, unfortunate admirer of the womb, and if you cannot suddenly lift your eyes above yourself, stand right before the mirror and see if the law against servility to the womb is not written on you?” Saint Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna.

Or:

“Ubo, leaving us with the destruction of the body, left his spirit to us.” Stefan (Yavorsky), Metropolitan of Ryazan and Murom.

reprise

definition

It is a pickup of the preceding word in a subsequent phrase or sentence.

example

“Let us listen to his song, the song of unaccountable delight; it is also simple, just as charming, like the first ray of light, like the first feeling of love.” D. V. Venevitinov.

A recapitulation is used to create emotional tension in speech and to highlight a keyword that can be repeated in a subsequent phrase or compositional part of an utterance, linking it to the previous one and expanding the theme. Metropolitan Platon's "Speech on the Sacred Coronation of Emperor Alexander Pavlovich" uses a reprise of the word "burden", which in the following fragment is amplified into a new theme.

“Most gracious sovereign! This crown on your head is our glory, but your achievement. This Scepter is our rest, but Your vigil. This State is our security, but Your care. This Porphyra is our fence, but Your militia. All these utensils are a consolation to us, but You are a burden ... Truly a burden and a feat! ... ”Platon (Levshin), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna.

Accumulation (thickening)

definition

A figure, which consists in listing words denoting objects, actions, signs, properties, etc. in such a way that a single representation of the multiplicity or rapid change of events is formed.

example

Let's go! Already the pillars of the outpost Are turning white; here it is rushing to Tverskaya Vozok through potholes. Booths, women, Boys, shops, lanterns, Palaces, gardens, monasteries, Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens, Merchants, shacks, peasants, Boulevards, towers, Cossacks, Pharmacies, fashion stores, Balconies, lions on the gates And flocks of jackdaws on crosses. A. S. Pushkin.

Rule of three

definition

in the following: the human ear especially favors combinations of the three elements. For writers with a good sense of rhythm, the use of triads is commonplace. A triad is the expression of related thoughts or ideas in groups of three. Moreover, all three elements often begin with the same sound (or the same word) and are almost always used in the same grammatical form. The elements of the triad can be individual words - nouns, adjectives, adverbs or verbs. Or these are whole phrases, phrases and even sentences. Examples will explain everything better than the definition I have given. Here are some well-known triads:

example

From the Bible: “And now these three remain: faith, hope, love; but the love of them is greater. From the Declaration of Independence: "[We] swear to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our spotless honour." Julius Caesar: Veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered"). Franklin Delano Roosevelt: "I see that one-third of the nation has bad housing, bad clothes and bad food." Walter Scott: "Incomprehensible, inconsolable, unsung." Abraham Lincoln: "The power of the people, by the will of the people and for the people, will not disappear from the face of the earth." And here is my not-so-famous statement: the triad gives power to our ideas, eloquence to our words, and rhythm to our sentences. Speech to soldiers. Speaker Vladimir Mashkov in the TV series "Motherland" Ways to build the main part