Gable roof assembly. Do-it-yourself installation of a gable roof

At the heart of each roof is a large number of beams, rafters, racks and girders, which are collectively called the truss system. Over the centuries-old history of types and methods of its organization, a lot has accumulated, and each has its own characteristics in the construction of knots and cuts. We will talk in more detail about what the gable roof truss system can be and how the rafters and other elements of the system should be attached in more detail.

The design of the gable roof truss system

In the context of a gable roof is a triangle. It consists of two rectangular inclined planes. These two planes are connected at the highest point into a single system with a ridge beam (run).

Gable roof scheme

Now about the components of the system and their purpose:

• Mauerlat - a timber that connects the roof and walls of the building, serves as a support for the rafter legs and other elements of the system.
• Rafter legs - they form the inclined planes of the roof and are the support for the crate under the roofing material.
• Ridge run (bead or ridge) - combines two roof planes.
• Puff - a transverse part that connects opposite rafter legs. Serves to increase the rigidity of the structure and compensate for bursting loads.
• Beds - bars located along the Mauerlat. Redistribute the load from the roof.
• Side runs - support the rafter legs.
• Racks - transfer the load from the runs to the beds.

Filly may still be present in the system. These are boards that extend the rafter legs to form an overhang. The fact is that in order to protect the walls and foundation of the house from precipitation, it is desirable that the roof ends as far as possible from the walls. To do this, you can take long rafter legs. But the standard lumber length of 6 meters is often not enough for this. Ordering non-standard is very expensive. Therefore, the rafters are simply grown, and the boards with which this is done are called “fillies”.

There are quite a few designs of truss systems. First of all, they are divided into two groups - with layered and hanging rafters.

The difference in the design of layered and hanging rafters

With hanging rafters

These are systems in which the rafter legs rest only on the outer walls without intermediate supports (bearing walls). For gable roofs, the maximum span is 9 meters. When installing a vertical support and a strut system, it can be increased up to 14 meters.

The hanging type of gable roof truss system is good because in most cases there is no need to install a Mauerlat, and this makes the installation of rafter legs easier: no need to make cuts, just mow the boards. To connect the walls and rafters, a lining is used - a wide board, which is attached to studs, nails, bolts, crossbars. With such a structure, most of the bursting loads are compensated, the impact on the walls is directed vertically downwards.

Types of truss systems with hanging rafters for different spans between load-bearing walls

Gable roof truss system for small houses

There is a cheap version of the truss system when it is a triangle (photo below). Such a structure is possible if the distance between the outer walls is not more than 6 meters. For such a rafter system, it is possible not to calculate the angle of inclination: the ridge must be raised above the puff to a height of at least 1/6 of the span length.

But with this construction, the rafters experience significant bending loads. To compensate for them, they either take rafters of a larger section or cut the ridge part in such a way as to partially neutralize them. To give greater rigidity in the upper part, wooden or metal plates are nailed on both sides, which securely fasten the top of the triangle (also see not the picture).

The photo also shows how to grow rafter legs to create a roof overhang. A notch is made, which should go beyond the line drawn from the inner wall upwards. This is necessary to move the incision site and reduce the likelihood of a rafter breaking.

Ridge knot and fastening of rafter legs to the backing board with a simple version of the system

For mansard roofs

The option with the installation of a crossbar is used when organizing a dwelling under the roof - an attic. In this case, it is the basis for filing the ceiling of the room below. For reliable operation of this type of system, the crossbar notch must be hingeless (rigid). The best option is semi-pan (see the picture below). Otherwise, the roof will become unstable to loads.

Gable roof truss system with raised tightening and crossbar cutting unit

Please note that in this scheme there is a Mauerlat, and the rafter legs should extend beyond the walls to increase the stability of the structure. To secure them and dock with the Mauerlat, a cut is made in the form of a triangle. In this case, with an uneven load on the slopes, the roof will be more stable.

With such a scheme, almost the entire load falls on the rafters, therefore they must be taken with a larger section. Sometimes the raised puff is reinforced with a suspension. This is necessary to prevent it from sagging if it serves as a support for ceiling sheathing materials. If the puff is short, it can be secured in the center on both sides with boards nailed to the nails. With a significant load and length, there may be several such insurances. In this case, boards and nails are also enough.

For big houses

With a significant distance between the two outer walls, a headstock and struts are installed. This design has high rigidity, since the loads are compensated.

Large span gable roof truss system and ridge and rafter cutting units

With such a long span (up to 14 meters), it is difficult and expensive to make a one-piece puff, because it is made from two beams. It is connected by a straight or oblique cut (picture below).

Straight and oblique cut for tightening connection

For reliable docking, the junction is reinforced with a steel plate mounted on bolts. Its dimensions must be larger than the dimensions of the cut - the extreme bolts are screwed into solid wood at a distance of at least 5 cm from the edge of the cut.

In order for the circuit to work properly, it is necessary to correctly make the struts. They transmit and distribute part of the load from the rafter legs to the puff and provide structural rigidity. Metal strips are used to reinforce the connections.

Fastening struts for the rafter system with hanging rafters

When assembling a gable roof with hanging rafters, the cross-section of lumber is always larger than in systems with layered rafters: there are fewer load transfer points, therefore, each element has a greater load.

How the mansard roof is arranged (with drawings and diagrams) read here.

With rafters

In gable roofs with layered rafters, their ends rest on the walls, and the middle part rests on load-bearing walls or columns. Some schemes burst walls, some do not. In any case, the presence of a Mauerlat is mandatory.

The simplest version of layered rafters

Bezporny schemes and knots of cuts

Houses made of logs or timber do not respond well to spacer loads. For them, they are critical: the wall can fall apart. For wooden houses, the gable roof truss system must be non-expansion. Let's talk about the types of such systems in more detail.

The simplest non-spacer scheme of the truss system is shown in the photo below. In it, the rafter leg rests on the Mauerlat. In this embodiment, it works on a bend, without bursting the wall.

Simple non-branched gable roof system with rafters

Pay attention to the options for attaching the rafter legs to the Mauerlat. In the first, the support platform is usually beveled, while its length is no more than the cross section of the beam. Cutting depth - no more than 0.25 of its height.

The top of the rafter legs is laid on the ridge beam without fastening it to the opposite rafter. Two shed roofs are obtained according to the structure, which adjoin (but do not connect) one with the other in the upper part.

It is much easier to assemble the option with rafter legs fastened in the ridge part. They almost never give a thrust on the walls.

Mounting option for rafters without spreading on the walls

For this scheme to work, the rafter legs below are attached using a movable joint. To fix the rafter leg to the Mauerlat, one nail is hammered from above or a flexible steel plate is placed from below. See the photo for options for attaching rafter legs to a ridge run.

If the roofing material is planned to be heavy, it is necessary to increase the bearing capacity. This is achieved by increasing the cross section of the elements of the truss system and strengthening the ridge assembly. It is shown in the photo below.

Strengthening the ridge assembly for heavy roofing material or with significant snow loads

All of the above gable roof schemes are stable in the presence of uniform loads. But in practice, this almost never happens. There are two ways to prevent the roof from sliding in the direction of greater load: by installing a brace at a height of about 2 meters or by struts.

Options for truss systems with contractions

The installation of contractions increases the reliability of the structure. In order for it to work normally, at the places where it intersects with drains, you need to attach nails to them. The cross section of the beam for the scrum is used the same as for the rafters.

Schemes of truss systems of gable roofs with fights

They are attached to the rafter legs with bots or nails. Can be installed on one or both sides. The knot for attaching the bout to the rafters and the ridge run, see the figure below.

Fastening the scrum to the rafters and the ridge beam

In order for the system to be rigid and not “crawl” even under emergency loads, it is enough in this embodiment to provide a rigid fastening of the ridge beam. In the absence of the possibility of its displacement in the horizontal, the roof will withstand even significant loads.

How to make a gable roof (photo report) read here.

Rafter systems with braces

In these options, rafter legs, which are also called struts, are added for greater rigidity. They are installed at an angle of 45° with respect to the horizon. Their installation allows you to increase the span length (up to 14 meters) or reduce the cross section of beams (rafters).

The strut is simply substituted at the required angle to the beams and nailed from the sides and bottom. An important requirement: the brace must be cut accurately and fit snugly against the uprights and the rafter leg, excluding the possibility of its deflection.

Systems with rafter legs. Above is a spacer system, below is a non-spacer system. The nodes of the correct felling for each are located nearby. Below - possible strut mounting schemes

But not in all houses, the average load-bearing wall is located in the middle. In this case, it is possible to install struts with an angle of inclination relative to the horizon of 45-53°.

Rafter system with off-center vertical purlin

Bracing systems are necessary if significant uneven shrinkage of the foundation or walls is possible. Walls can sit differently on wooden houses, and foundations on layered or heaving soils. In all these cases, consider the installation of truss systems of this type.

System for houses with two internal load-bearing walls

If the house has two load-bearing walls, two rafters are installed, which are located above each of the walls. Beds are laid on the intermediate load-bearing walls, the load from the rafter beams is transferred to the beds through the racks.

Rafter Systems

In these systems, a ridge run is not installed: it gives expansion forces. The rafters in the upper part are connected to one another (cut and joined without gaps), the joints are reinforced with steel or wooden plates, which are nailed.

In the upper non-expansion system, the expanding force is neutralized by tightening. Please note that the puff is placed under the run. Then it works efficiently (the top diagram in the figure). Stability can be provided by racks, or jointing - beams installed obliquely. In the spacer system (in the picture below), the crossbar is a crossbar. It is installed above the run.

There is a variant of the system with racks, but without rafters. Then a rack is nailed to each rafter leg, which rests on the intermediate load-bearing wall with the second end.

Fastening the rack and tightening in the rafter system without a rafter run

To fasten the racks, nails for 150 mm and bolts 12 mm are used. Dimensions and distances in the figure are in millimeters.

Rafters perform a number of significant roofing functions. They set the configuration of the future roof, perceive atmospheric loads, and hold the material. Among the rafter duties are the formation of even planes for laying the coating and providing space for the components of the roofing pie. In order for such a valuable part of the roof to flawlessly cope with the listed tasks, information about the rules and principles of its construction is needed. The information is useful both for those who are building a gable roof truss system with their own hands, and for those who decide to resort to the services of a hired team of builders.

Rafter structures for gable roofs

In the device of the truss frame for pitched roofs, wooden and metal beams are used. The starting material for the first option is a board, log, beam. The second is constructed from rolled metal: a channel, a profile pipe, an I-beam, a corner. There are combined structures with steel most loaded parts and wood elements in less critical areas.

In addition to the "iron" strength, the metal has a lot of disadvantages. These include heat engineering qualities that do not satisfy the owners of residential buildings. Disappointing need for the use of welded joints. Most often, industrial buildings are equipped with steel rafters, less often private change houses assembled from metal modules.

In the case of self-construction of truss structures for private houses, wood is a priority. It is easy to work with it, it is lighter, “warmer”, more attractive in terms of environmental criteria. In addition, nodal connections do not require a welding machine and welder skills.

Rafters - a fundamental element

The main "player" of the frame for the construction of the roof is the rafter, among the roofers called the rafter leg. Beds, braces, headstocks, girders, puffs, even Mauerlat may or may not be used depending on the architectural complexity and dimensions of the roof.

The rafters used in the construction of the gable roof frame are divided into:

• Layered rafter legs, both heels of which have reliable structural supports under them. The lower edge of the layered rafter rests on the Mauerlat or on the ceiling crown of the log house. The support for the upper edge can be a mirror analogue of an adjacent rafter or a run, which is a beam horizontally laid under the ridge. In the first case, the truss system is called spacer, in the second, non-spacer.
• hanging rafters, the top of which rests against each other, and the bottom is based on an additional beam - puff. The latter connects the two lower heels of adjacent rafter legs, resulting in a triangular module called a truss truss. The tightening dampens the tensile processes, so that only a vertically directed load acts on the walls. The design with hanging rafters, although it is spacer, does not transfer the spacer itself to the walls.

In accordance with the technological specifics of the rafter legs, the structures constructed from them are divided into layered and hanging. For structural stability, they are equipped with struts and additional racks. For the arrangement of supports for the top of the layered rafters, beds and girders are mounted. In reality, the truss structure is much more complicated than the elementary patterns described.

Note that the formation of a gable roof frame can generally be carried out without a truss structure. In such situations, the alleged planes of the slopes are formed by slegs - beams laid directly on the bearing gables. However, we are now specifically interested in the device of the gable roof truss system, and it can involve either hanging or layered rafters, or a combination of both types.

Subtleties of fastening rafter legs

The rafter system is fastened to brick, foam concrete, aerated concrete walls through the mauerlat, which in turn is fixed with anchors. Between the Mauerlat, which is a wooden frame, and the walls of these materials, a waterproofing layer of roofing material, waterproofing, etc. is necessarily laid.

The top of the brick walls is sometimes specially laid out so that something like a low parapet is obtained along the outer perimeter. So it is necessary that the Mauerlat placed inside the parapet and the walls do not burst the rafter legs.

The rafters of the frame of the roofs of wooden houses rest on the upper crown or on the ceiling beams. The connection in all cases is made by cutting and duplicated with nails, bolts, metal or wooden plates.

How to do without furious calculations?

It is highly desirable that the cross section and linear dimensions of the wooden beams be determined by the project. The designer will give clear calculation justifications for the geometric parameters of the board or beam, taking into account the entire range of loads and weather conditions. If there is no home design development master at his disposal, his path lies on the construction site of a house with a similar roof structure.

You can ignore the number of storeys of the building under construction. It is easier and more correct to find out the required dimensions from the foreman than to find them out from the owners of a shaky unauthorized construction. After all, the foreman is in the hands of documentation with a clear calculation of the loads per 1 m² of roof in a particular region.

The installation step of the rafters determines the type and weight of the roofing. The heavier it is, the smaller the distance between the rafter legs should be. For laying clay tiles, for example, the optimal distance between the rafters will be 0.6-0.7 m, and for the installation of metal tiles and profiled sheets, 1.5-2.0 m is acceptable. However, even if the step required for the correct installation of the roof is exceeded, there is a way out . This is a reinforcing counter-lattice device. True, it will increase both the weight of the roof and the construction budget. Therefore, it is better to deal with the step of the rafters before the construction of the rafter system.

Craftsmen calculate the pitch of the rafters according to the design features of the building, tritely dividing the length of the ramp into equal distances. For insulated roofs, the step between the rafters is selected based on the width of the thermal insulation boards.

On our site you can find a calculator for calculating a gable roof, which may also help you a lot during construction.

Rafter structures of layered type

Rafter structures of the layered type are much simpler in execution than their hanging counterparts. A justified plus of the layered scheme is to provide full ventilation, which is directly related to the longevity of the service.

Distinctive design features:

• Mandatory presence of support under the ridge heel of the rafter leg. The role of the support can be played by a run - a wooden beam resting on racks or on the inner wall of the building, or the upper end of an adjacent rafter.
• The use of Mauerlat for the construction of a truss structure on walls made of brick or artificial stone.
• The use of additional runs and racks where the rafter legs, due to the large size of the roof, require additional support points.

The minus of the scheme is the presence of structural elements that affect the layout of the internal space of the operated attic. If the attic is cold and the organization of useful premises is not supposed to be in it, then the layered construction of the truss system for the installation of a gable roof should be preferred.

A typical sequence of work on the construction of a layered truss structure:

• First of all, we measure the height of the building, the diagonals and the horizontalness of the upper cut of the skeleton. When identifying vertical deviations of brick and concrete walls, we eliminate them with a cement-sand screed. Exceeding the heights of the log house we squeeze. By placing chips under the Mauerlat, vertical flaws can be dealt with if their magnitude is insignificant.
• The floor surface for laying the bed must also be leveled. He, the Mauerlat and the run must be clearly horizontal, but the location of the listed elements in the same plane is not necessary.
• We process all wooden parts of the structure before installation with fire retardants and antiseptic preparations.
• We lay waterproofing on concrete and brick walls for the installation of a Mauerlat.
• We lay the Mauerlat beam on the walls, measure its diagonals. If necessary, we slightly move the bars and turn the corners, trying to achieve the perfect geometry. Align the frame horizontally if necessary.
• We mount the Mauerlat frame. The splicing of the beams into a single frame is carried out by means of oblique cuts, the joints are duplicated with bolts.
• We fix the position of the Mauerlat. Fasteners are made either with brackets to wooden plugs laid in the wall ahead of time, or with anchor bolts.
• We mark the position of the bed. Its axis should recede from the Mauerlat bars at equal distances on each side. If the run will be based only on racks without lying down, the marking procedure is carried out only for these columns.
• We install the bed on a two-layer waterproofing. We fasten it to the base with anchor bolts, connect it to the inner wall with wire twists or staples.
• We mark the installation points of the rafter legs.
• We cut out racks according to uniform sizes, because our bed is set to the horizon. The height of the racks must take into account the dimensions of the section of the run and the bed.
• Installing racks. If provided by the project, we fix them with spacers.
• We lay the run on the racks. We check the geometry again, then install the brackets, metal plates, wooden mounting plates.
• We install a trial rafter board, mark the places of trimming on it. If the Mauerlat is set strictly to the horizon, there is no need to adjust the roof rafters in fact. The first board can be used as a template for making the rest.
• We mark the installation points of the rafters. Folk craftsmen for marking usually prepare a pair of slats, the length of which is equal to the gap between the rafters.
• According to the markup, we install the rafter legs and fasten them first at the bottom to the Mauerlat, then at the top to the run to each other. Every second rafter is screwed to the Mauerlat with a wire bundle. In wooden houses, the rafters are screwed to the second crown from the top row.

If the rafter system is done flawlessly, the layered boards are mounted in random order. If there is no confidence in the ideal structure, then the extreme pairs of rafters are installed first. A control twine or fishing line is stretched between them, according to which the position of the newly installed rafters is adjusted.

The installation of the truss structure is completed by installing the filly, if the length of the rafter legs does not allow the formation of an overhang of the required length. By the way, for wooden buildings, the overhang should “go beyond” the contour of the building by 50 cm. If the organization of the visor is planned, separate mini-rafters are installed under it.

Another useful video about the construction of a gable truss base with your own hands:

Hanging truss systems

The hanging type of truss systems is a triangle. The two upper sides of the triangle are folded by a pair of rafters, and the puff connecting the lower heels serves as the base. The use of tightening allows you to neutralize the effect of the thrust, therefore, only the weight of the crate, the roof, plus, depending on the season, the weight of precipitation, acts on walls with hanging truss structures.

The specifics of hanging truss systems

Characteristic features of hanging type truss structures:

• Mandatory presence of a puff, made most often of wood, less often of metal.
• The ability to refuse the use of Mauerlat. A frame made of timber will be successfully replaced by a board laid on a two-layer waterproofing.
• Installation on the walls of ready-made closed triangles - roof trusses.

The advantages of the hanging scheme include the space under the roof free from racks, which allows you to organize an attic without pillars and partitions. There are disadvantages. The first of these is the limitation on the steepness of the slopes: their slope angle can be at least 1/6 of the span of a triangular truss, steeper roofs are strongly recommended. The second disadvantage is the need for thorough calculations for the competent device of cornice nodes.

Among other things, the angle of the truss truss will have to be set with jewelry accuracy, because. the axes of the connected components of the hanging truss system must intersect at a point, the projection of which must fall on the central axis of the Mauerlat or the lining board replacing it.

Subtleties of long-span hanging systems

Puff - the longest element of the hanging rafter structure. Over time, it, as is typical of all lumber, deforms and sags under the influence of its own weight. Owners of houses with spans of 3-5m are not too concerned about this circumstance, but owners of buildings with spans of 6 meters or more should think about installing additional parts that exclude geometric changes in tightening.

To prevent sagging in the installation scheme of the truss system for a large-span gable roof, there is a very significant component. This is a pendant called a grandmother. Most often, it is a bar attached with wooden surfs to the top of the truss truss. You should not confuse the headstock with the racks, because. its lower part should not come into contact with the puff at all. And the installation of racks as supports in hanging systems is not used.

The bottom line is that the headstock, as it were, hangs on a ridge knot, and a tightening is already attached to it with the help of bolts or nailed wooden plates. Threaded or collet type clamps are used to correct slack.

Adjustment of the tightening position can be arranged in the zone of the ridge knot, and the headstock can be rigidly connected to it with a notch. Instead of a bar in non-residential attics, reinforcement can be used to manufacture the described tightening element. It is also recommended to arrange a headstock or suspension where the puff is assembled from two bars to support the connection area.

In an improved hanging system of this type, the headstock is complemented by strut beams. The stress forces in the resulting rhombus are extinguished spontaneously due to the competent arrangement of the vector loads acting on the system. As a result, the truss system pleases with stability with a slight and not too expensive upgrade.

Hanging type for attics

In order to increase the usable space, the tightening of the rafter triangles for the attic is moved closer to the ridge. A perfectly reasonable move has additional advantages: it allows you to use puffs as the basis for filing the ceiling. It is attached to the rafters by cutting with a semi-frying pan with a duplication of a bolt. It is protected from sagging by installing a short headstock.

A noticeable drawback of the attic hanging structure is the need for accurate calculations. It is too difficult to calculate it on your own, it is better to use a ready-made project.

Which design is more cost effective?

Cost is an important argument for an independent builder. Naturally, the price of construction for both types of truss systems cannot be the same, because:

• In the construction of a layered structure for the manufacture of rafter legs, a board or beam of small section is used. Because layered rafters have two reliable supports under them, the requirements for their power are lower than in the hanging version.
• In the construction of a hanging structure, the rafters are made of thick timber. For the manufacture of puffs, a material similar in cross section is required. Even taking into account the rejection of the Mauerlat, the consumption will be significantly higher.

Saving on the grade of material will not work. For the bearing elements of both systems: rafters, purlins, beds, Mauerlat, attendants, racks, lumber of the 2nd grade is needed. For crossbars and puffs working in tension, you will need the 1st grade. In the manufacture of less responsible wooden slips, the 3rd grade can be used. Without counting, we can say that in the construction of hanging systems, expensive material is used to a greater extent.

Hanging trusses are assembled in an open area next to the object, then transported assembled upstairs. To lift weighty triangular arches from a bar, you will need equipment, for which you will have to pay rent. And the project for complex nodes of the hanging version is also worth something.

Video instruction on the installation of a truss structure of a hanging category:

There are actually many more methods for constructing truss systems for roofs with two slopes. We have described only the basic varieties that are actually applicable for small country houses and buildings without architectural ideas. However, the information provided is sufficient to cope with the construction of a simple truss structure.

Design options Rafter systems

• Layered or hanging
• Spacer or non-spacer
• Mounting methods

Modern buildings sometimes amaze our imagination with the most unusual forms of roofs. They owe their stylish and spectacular appearance to the variety of truss structures. However, all of them are “assembled” in the skillful hands of the architect-designer, like a constructor, connected in a certain order from standard elements.

Design Options

The truss systems of pitched roofs depend on their features.

Shed- the easiest option to manufacture. The peculiarity of its design is the absence of a ridge, racks and struts. Such roofs, as a rule, cover buildings with 6-8-meter spans. Despite the simplicity of the design, With a reasonable approach, even such a simple design has its advantages. For example, on the south side, directed to the north, you can install fairly large windows. This is the most convenient truss system for an extension, garage, etc., especially since it allows you to "assemble" the roof from large-sized sheet materials.

Another simple and cheap design is gable. However, it is not without drawbacks either. For example, in a conventional roof of this type there is too little space for an attic.

hip- not two, but four-slope. From a certain angle, it resembles an ordinary gable. However, its slopes do not completely cover the surface of the house - the space remaining on the sides is closed by lateral triangular hips. Thus, the roof turns out to be hipped and two types of rafters are used for its construction.

Multi-forceps- this is a design, which, as it were, consists of a combination of gable roofs with multidirectional ridges. The truss system of such roofs is the most expensive, but it makes it possible to equip additional space in the attic.

Shatrovaya, due to its shape resembling a pyramid, it is maximally resistant to wind load. It also doesn't hold snow. And this despite the fact that her rafter system is one of the simplest. True, the absence of gables does not allow even a small room to be equipped in the attic.

Rafter systems

Layered or hanging

The frame for the device consists of triangular-shaped elements, due to which, even when experiencing a large number of variable loads, the structure does not lose rigidity. Rafter systems of pitched roofs are divided into hanging and layered.

The choice of one or another type, method of fastening is based on the following parameters:

• the dimensions of the building itself;
• the slope and shape of the roof;

Rafters

For buildings with a single or gable roof, the use of layered rafters is more common. This is a structure assembled from short bars or boards, which has two or three points of rigid attachment. In the first version, these are the walls of the building, in the case of a gable, a ridge is added, and the ridge beam in this case must be reinforced with racks. The supports for the latter are beds. The length of the rafters in buildings that are large in size exceeds 6 m. It is possible that additional support structures will need to be installed here. For example, to build inside the main walls or columnar supports.

hanging

This design is characterized by the absence of intermediate supports. Such rafters often cover spans exceeding 7 m. The wall remains the only reference point for the rafter leg. As for the second end, in this case, the upper parts of the rafter beam and the opposite leg are joined. For this, various methods are used: by means of a slotted spike or metal plates, a half-tree connection.

Spacer or non-spacer

The reliability of the roof, first of all, is ensured by a careful calculation of the loads under the influence of which its frame is located. Rafters become, as it were, "conductors" of these loads on the external supports of the structure. The load that the rafters exert on their supports is of two types - expansion and non-expansion.

Spacer

The rafter beams in this design work in compression and bending, which causes a significant horizontal expansion force. It is naturally transferred to the walls. When installing a horizontal puff, it will take on this spacer, and this force will decrease. This farm element performs several functions:

• connects rafters,
• serves as a support for them,
• does not allow the bases of the beams to part.

The puff can be installed at the base of the rafters, then it will act as a floor beam. It can be set higher. With such a device, the tightening is called a crossbar. For large spans, as a rule, it is necessary to complicate the design of trusses, that is, they install not only puffs, but other additional elements.

thrustless

The support of the lower ends of the rafter legs in this system are:

• walls, and with their upper ends they are connected to each other by a run, which, in turn, rests on racks or
• support frames formed by top and bottom girders, uprights and struts

The elements of the system function like beams, that is, exclusively in bending.

Mounting methods

Thrustless systems. Rafters of this type are installed in such a way that one support turned out to be fixed, and the other - movable, and both of them should be able to rotate freely. In practice, there are three ways to eliminate dangerous loads that affect the walls in this case. The lower end of the rafter leg rests against the Mauerlat. It is hemmed with a bar and fixed using a cut with a tooth. It is also desirable to additionally insure the fastening with wire. The upper part of the beam is mounted on a ridge run. For fasteners use the principle of sliding support. An example is the rafter system of the veranda.

• The bottom of the rafter is fixed using a movable joint. To fix the upper part after it is laid on the ridge run, use a bolt, nails, etc. This is the most common option for gable roofs.
• Rigid fastening to the run with nails, studs or other fasteners.

In any variant, the following principle is observed: at one end, the rafter leg is fixed on a support that operates on the principle of sliding, allowing rotation, and at the other, on a hinge that allows only rotation.

Spacers. Both supports, unlike non-thrust ones, are fixed. The installation is carried out according to the same construction schemes, only in this case the lower supports are fixed not on sliders, but on a hinge that allows one degree of freedom. Support bars about a meter long can be nailed to the bottom of the rafters, or the support is attached to the Mauerlat on the “tooth”.

For small light roofs, it can be arranged without a Mauerlat, however, it should be noted that in this case the load on the wall is unevenly distributed.

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A gable roof or gable roof is a roof with two slopes, i.e. having 2 inclined surfaces (slopes) of a rectangular shape.

The gable roof frame, due to its design features, ideally combines ease of installation and maintenance with reliability and durability. These and many other parameters make the construction of a gable roof a practical and rational solution for private and commercial housing construction.

In this article, we will consider how to make a gable roof truss system with your own hands. For effective perception of the material, it is presented in the form of a step-by-step instruction from A to Z, from selection and calculations, to installation of a Mauerlat and a crate under the roof. Each stage is accompanied by tables, diagrams, drawings, drawings and photos.

The popularity of the roof with a house is due to a number of advantages:

• design variability;
• simplicity in calculations;
• natural flow of water;
• the integrity of the design reduces the likelihood of leaks;
• profitability;
• preservation of the useful area of ​​​​the attic or the possibility of arranging an attic;
• high maintainability;
• strength and wear resistance.

Types of gable roof

The installation of a gable roof truss system depends primarily on its design.

There are several options for gable roofs (types, types):

1. Simple gable roof - symmetrical

Simple gable roof - symmetrical The most common version of the roof device due to its simplicity and reliability. Due to the symmetry, a uniform distribution of loads on the load-bearing walls and the Mauerlat is achieved. The type and thickness of the insulation do not affect the choice of material.

The cross section of the beam makes it possible to provide a margin of bearing capacity. There is no possibility of bending the rafters. Supports and spacers can be placed almost anywhere.

A clear drawback is the impossibility of arranging a full-fledged attic floor. Due to sharp corners, “blind” zones appear that are unsuitable for use.

2. Simple asymmetrical gable roof

Simple asymmetric gable roofThe arrangement of one angle of more than 45 ° leads to a decrease in the amount of unused area. There is an opportunity to make living rooms under the roof. At the same time, the requirements for the calculation are increasing, because. the load on the walls and foundation will be distributed unevenly.

3. Broken gable roof, with external and / or internal fracture

Broken gable roof, with an external and / or internal break Such a roof construction allows you to equip a full-fledged second floor under the roof.

Naturally, a simple gable truss roof differs from a broken one, not only visually. The main difficulty lies in the complexity of the calculations.

The design of the gable roof truss system

Building a roof of any complexity with your own hands involves knowledge of the purpose of the main structural elements.

The locations of the elements are shown in the photo.

Elements of the truss system of a gable roof Elements of the gable roof truss system - scheme 2
Elements of the gable roof truss system - scheme 3

• Mauerlat. Designed to distribute the load from the truss system to the load-bearing walls of the building. For the arrangement of the Mauerlat, a beam of durable wood is selected. Preferably larch, pine, oak. The cross section of the beam depends on its type - solid or glued, as well as on the estimated century of construction. The most popular sizes are 100x100, 150x150 mm.

  Advice. For a metal truss system, the Mauerlat must also be metal. For example, a channel or an I-profile.

• rafter leg. The main element of the system. For the manufacture of rafter legs, a durable beam or log is used. The legs connected from above form a farm.

The silhouette of the roof truss determines the appearance of the structure. Examples of farms in the photo.

Roof truss options

Rafter parameters are important. They will be discussed below.

• puff- connects the rafter legs and gives them rigidity.

• Run:

• Skate run, mounted at the junction of one rafter to another. In the future, a roof ridge will be installed on it.

• Side runs, they provide the truss with additional rigidity. Their number and size depend on the load on the system.

• Rafter rack- vertically located beam. It also takes on part of the load from the weight of the roof. In a simple gable roof, it is usually located in the center. With a significant span width - in the center and on the sides. In an asymmetrical gable roof - the installation location depends on the length of the rafters. With a sloping roof and the arrangement of one room in the attic attic, the racks are located on the sides, leaving free space for movement. If there are supposed to be two rooms, the racks are located in the center and on the sides.

The location of the rack depending on the length of the roof is shown in the figure.

Location of the rack depending on the length of the roof

• Strut. Serves as a support for the rack.

Advice. Installing the brace at an angle of 45° significantly reduces the risk of deformation from wind and snow loads.

In regions with a significant wind and snow load, not only longitudinal struts (located in the same plane with the rafter pair) are installed, but also diagonal ones.

• Sill. Its purpose is to serve as a support for the rack and a place for attaching the strut.

• crate. It is intended for movement during construction works and fixing of roofing material. It is installed perpendicular to the rafter legs.

Advice. An important purpose of the crate is to redistribute the load from the roofing material to the truss system.

The presence of a drawing and a diagram indicating the location of all the listed structural elements will help in the work.

Advice. Be sure to add data on the passage of the ventilation shaft and chimney to the scheme of the gable roof truss system.

The technology of their device is determined by the type of roof.

The choice of material for rafters

When calculating the material for a gable roof, you need to choose high-quality wood without damage and wormholes. The presence of knots for beams, Mauerlat and rafters is not allowed.

For boards, there should be a minimum of knots, and they should not fall out. Wood must be durable and treated with the necessary preparations that will enhance its properties.

Advice. The length of the knot should not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the timber.

Calculation of the truss system of a gable roof

The calculation of material parameters is an important stage, so we present the calculation algorithm step by step.

Calculation of the rafter system It is important to know: the entire truss system consists of many triangles, as the most rigid element. In turn, if the slopes have a different shape, i.e. are an irregular rectangle, then you need to divide it into separate components and calculate the load and the amount of materials for each. After calculations, summarize the data.

1. Calculation of the load on the truss system

The load on the rafters can be of three types:

• Permanent loads. Their action will always be felt by the truss system. Such loads include the weight of the roof, lathing, insulation, films, additional elements of the roof, finishing materials for the attic floor. The weight of the roof is the sum of the weight of all its constituent elements, it is easier to take into account such a load. On average, the value of the constant load on the rafters is 40-45 kg / sq.m.

Advice. To make the margin of safety for the rafter system, it is better to add 10% to the calculation.

For reference: The weight of some roofing materials per 1 sq.m. presented in the table

Advice. It is desirable that the weight of the roofing material per 1 sq.m. roof area, did not exceed 50 kg.

• Variable loads. They operate at different times and with different strengths. Such loads include: wind load and its strength, snow load, precipitation intensity.

In fact, the roof slope is like a sail and, given the wind load, the entire roof structure can be destroyed.

Wind load on the roof

The calculation is carried out according to the formula: wind load is equal to the indicator for the region, multiplied by the correction factor. These indicators are contained in the SNiP "Loads and Impacts" and are determined not only by the region, but also by the location of the house. For example, a private house surrounded by high-rise buildings has fewer loads. A detached country house or cottage is experiencing increased wind loads.

2. Calculation of the snow load on the roof

The calculation of the roof for snow load is carried out according to the formula:

The total snow load is equal to the weight of the snow multiplied by the correction factor. The coefficient takes into account wind pressure and aerodynamic influence.

The weight of snow, which falls on 1 sq.m. roof area (according to SNiP 2.01.07-85) is in the range of 80-320 kg / sq.m.

The coefficients showing the dependence on the slope angle are shown in the photo.

The scheme for calculating the snow load on the roof

Nuance. With a slope angle of more than 60 ° snow load does not affect the calculation. Since the snow will quickly slide down and will not affect the strength of the timber.

• Special loads. Accounting for such loads is carried out in places with high seismic activity, tornadoes, storm winds. For our latitudes, it is enough to make a safety margin.

Nuance. The simultaneous action of many factors causes a synergy effect. This is worth considering (see photo).

Assessment of the condition and bearing capacity of walls and foundations

It should be borne in mind that the roof has a significant weight that can harm the rest of the building.

Determination of the roof configuration:

• simple symmetrical;
• simple asymmetric;
• broken line.

The more complex the shape of the roof, the greater the number of roof trusses and sub-rafter elements is needed to create the necessary margin of safety.

3. Calculation of the angle of the roof

The angle of inclination of a gable roof is determined primarily by the roofing material. After all, each of them puts forward their own requirements.

• soft roof - 5-20 °;
• metal tile, slate, corrugated board, ondulin - 20-45 °.

It should be noted that increasing the angle increases the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe space under the roof, but also the amount of material. What affects the overall cost of work.

Calculation of the angle of the roof

Nuance. The minimum slope angle of a gable roof must be at least 5°.

5. Calculation of the pitch of the rafters

The pitch of the rafters of a gable roof for residential buildings can be from 60 to 100 cm. The choice depends on the roofing material and the weight of the roof structure. Then the number of rafter legs is calculated by dividing the length of the slope by the distance between the rafter pairs plus 1. The resulting number determines the number of legs per slope. For the second number, you need to multiply by 2.

6. Calculation of the length of the roof rafters

The length of the rafters for the attic roof is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem.

Parameter "a"(roof height) is set independently. Its value determines the possibility of arranging a dwelling under the roof, the convenience of being in the attic, the consumption of material for the construction of the roof.

Parameter "b" equal to half the width of the building.

Parameter "c" is the hypotenuse of the triangle.

Advice. To the value obtained, you need to add 60-70 cm for sawing and taking the rafter leg out of the wall.

It should be noted that the maximum length of the beam is 6 r.m. Therefore, if necessary, the timber for the rafters can be spliced ​​(building, joining, joining).

The method of splicing the rafters along the length is shown in the photo.

Methods for splicing rafters along the length

The width of the rafters for the roof depends on the distance between opposite load-bearing walls.

7. Calculation of the section of the rafters

The cross section of the gable roof rafters depends on several factors:

• load, we already wrote about it;

• type of material used. For example, a log can withstand one load, a beam - another, a glued beam - a third;

• rafter leg length;

• type of wood used in construction;

• distance between rafters (rafter pitch).

You can determine the cross section of the beam for the rafters, knowing the distance between the rafters and the length of the rafters, using the data below.

Rafter cross section - table

Advice. The larger the installation step of the rafters, the greater the load on one rafter pair. So, the cross section of the rafters needs to be increased.

Dimensions of lumber (beams and boards) for a gable truss system:

• thickness (section) of the Mauerlat - 10x10 or 15x15 cm;

• the thickness of the rafter leg and puffs is 10x15 or 10x20 cm. Sometimes a beam of 5x15 or 5x20 cm is used;

• run and strut - 5x15 or 5x20. Depending on the width of the leg;

• rack - 10x10 or 10x15;

• lying down - 5x10 or 5x15 (depending on the width of the rack);

• thickness (section) of the roof lathing - 2x10, 2.5x15 (depending on the roofing material).

Types of gable roof truss system

For the considered roof structure, there are 2 options: layered and hanging rafters.

Types of roof system: with layered and hanging rafters

Consider each type in detail in order to make an informed choice.

hanging rafters

They are used with a roof width of not more than 6 r.m. The installation of hanging rafters is carried out by attaching the legs to the load-bearing wall and the ridge run. The design of hanging rafters is special in that the rafter legs are under the influence of a bursting force. Hanging rafters with a puff installed between the legs can reduce its influence. The puff in the truss system can be wooden or metal. Often puffs are placed at the bottom, then they play the role of load-bearing beams. It is important to ensure that the puff is securely fastened to the rafter leg. Because a bursting force is also transmitted to it.

Advice.
The higher the puff is located, the greater the strength it should have.
If the puff is not installed, the load-bearing walls can simply “disperse” from the pressure created by the truss system.

Rafters

They are used in the arrangement of roofs of any size. The design of the layered rafters provides for the presence of a bed and a rack. Lying lying parallel to the Mauerlat takes on part of the load. Thus, the rafter legs seem to be inclined towards each other and are supported by the rack. The rafter legs of the layered system work only for bending. And the ease of installation also tips the scales in their favor. The only downside is the stand.

Combined

Due to the fact that modern roofs are distinguished by a large variety of shapes and complexity of configurations, a combined type of truss system is used.

Combined view of the truss system

After choosing the type of truss system, you can accurately calculate the amount of materials. Record the calculation results. At the same time, professionals recommend drawing up drawings for each element of the roof.

Installation of a gable roof truss system

After the gable roof rafters are calculated, installation can begin. We break the process into stages and give a description of each of them. You will get a kind of step-by-step instruction containing additional information on each stage.

1. Attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

The beam is installed along the length of the wall on which the rafters will rest.

In log cabins, the role of the Mauerlat is played by the upper crown. In buildings built from porous material (aerated concrete, foam concrete) or brick, the Mauerlat is installed along the entire length of the load-bearing wall. In other cases, it can be installed between the rafter legs.

The material was prepared for the site www.moydomik.net

Splicing Mauerlat to each other (straight lock with bolts) Since the length of the Mauerlat exceeds the standard sizes of lumber, it has to be spliced.

The connection of the Mauerlat with each other is done as shown in the figure.

How to connect the Mauerlat?

Washed down the bars is made only at an angle of 90 °. Connections are made using bolts. Nails, wire, wooden dowels are not used.

How to fix the Mauerlat?

The Mauerlat is installed on top of the wall. Mounting technology provides for several ways to mount the Mauerlat:

• strictly in the center of the bearing wall;
• offset to one side.

Advice.
Mauerlat cannot be placed closer than 5 cm to the outer edge of the wall.

To protect the timber for the Mauerlat from damage, it is laid on a layer of waterproofing material, which most often acts as an ordinary roofing material.

The reliability of fastening the Mauerlat is an important aspect of construction. This is due to the fact that the roof slope is like a sail. That is, it experiences a strong wind load. Therefore, the Mauerlat must be firmly fixed to the wall.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall and rafters

Mauerlat fastenings with anchorsAnchor bolts. Ideal for monolithic construction.

Mauerlat fastenings with wooden dowelsWooden dowels. Are used for fellings from a log and a bar. But, they are always used with additional fasteners.

Mauerlat fastenings with brackets. Staples.

Mauerlat mounts on studs or fittingsStud or fittings. It is used if the cottage is built of porous materials (aerated concrete, foam concrete).

Mauerlat mounts with a sliding mountSliding mount (hinged). The bundle in this way allows you to ensure the displacement of the rafter legs when the house shrinks.

Mauerlat fastenings with wire Annealed wire (knitting, steel). It is used as an additional fastening in most cases.

2. Production of roof trusses or pairs

Installation is carried out in two ways:

• installation of bars directly on the roof. It is not used often, since it is problematic to perform all the work, measurements, trimming at a height. But it allows you to completely do the installation yourself;

• assembly on the ground. That is, individual elements (triangles or pairs) for the truss system can be assembled at the bottom, and then raised to the roof. The advantage of such a system is faster work at height. And the disadvantage is that the weight of the assembled roof truss structure can be significant. To lift it, you need special equipment.

Advice. Before assembling the rafter legs, you need to mark up. It is very convenient to use templates for this purpose. The truss pairs assembled according to the template will be exactly the same. To make a template, you need to take two boards, the length of each of which is equal to the length of one rafter, and are interconnected.

3. Installation of rafter legs

The collected pairs rise up and are installed on the Mauerlat. To do this, at the bottom of the rafter legs, you need to make a drink.

Advice. Since the slots on the Mauerlat will weaken it, you can only cut down on the rafter leg. To wash down was the same and fit snugly to the base, you need to use a template. It is cut out of plywood.

Methods for attaching the rafter leg are shown in the figure.

Methods for attaching the rafter leg

You need to start installing rafter pairs from opposite ends of the roof.

Advice. To properly install the rafter legs, it is better to use temporary struts and struts.

A twine is stretched between the rafter pairs. A twine is stretched between the fixed pairs. It will simplify the installation of subsequent rafter pairs. And also, will indicate the level of the skate.

If the rafter system is mounted directly on the roof of the house, then after installing the two extreme rafter legs, the ridge support is installed. Further, half of the rafter pairs are attached to it.

It is worth noting that the opinions of professionals differ on this issue. Some advise using a staggered mounting order, which will evenly distribute the increasing load on the walls and foundation more evenly. This order involves the installation of one rafter in a checkerboard pattern. After part of the rafter legs is installed, the missing parts of the pair are mounted. Others insist that you need to do a consistent installation of each pair. Depending on the size of the structure and the configuration of the truss, the reinforcement of the rafter legs is carried out with props and racks.

Fixing with rafter brackets Nuance. Additional structural elements are connected by cutting. It is preferable to fix them with building brackets.

If necessary, you can lengthen the rafter leg.

Methods for splicing rafter legs are shown in the photo.

Methods for splicing rafter legs

Advice. The method by which the Mauerlat is lengthened (washed down at 90 °) cannot be used in this case. This will weaken the rafter.

4. Installing the gable roof ridge

The ridge knot of the roof is made by connecting the rafter legs at the top.

Roof ridge device:

• Method without using a support bar (see fig.).

Installation of the roof ridge without the use of a support beam

• A method using a rafter bar. Timber is needed for large roofs. In the future, it can become a support for the rack.

• The method of laying on the beam.

Installing the roof ridge by laying on the timber
Installing the roof ridge by laying on the timber

• A more modern version of the manufacture of the ridge knot can be considered the method shown in the photo.

Method for making a ridge knot

• Cutting method.

Installation of the roof ridge by cutting

After the truss system is installed, we make a major fixing of all structural elements.

5. Mounting the roof sheathing

The crate is mounted in any case, and is designed for more convenient movement along the roof during work, as well as for fixing roofing material.

The step of the lathing depends on the type of roofing material, for example:

• under the metal tile - 350 mm (the distance between the two lower boards of the crate should be 300 mm).
• under corrugated board and slate - 440 mm.
• under the soft roof we lay a continuous crate.

Rafter system of a gable roof with an attic - video:

Conclusion

As you can see, despite the seeming simplicity, the installation of a gable roof truss system contains many pitfalls. But, based on the above recommendations, you can easily build a reliable structure with your own hands.

Tags: Roof Gable roof Rafter

The roof is an important structure of the house. She completes the construction of the building frame, after which only the finishing remains. The most common execution scheme with two slopes. The gable roof is made by hand without much difficulty, you just need to understand the technology.

Roof structure

Before you start installing a gable roof, you need to figure out what it is. The design differs from all other gables. You can bring the following varieties of them, depending on the method of assembling the truss system:

• shed - gables have the shape of a trapezoid or a right triangle;
• gable is characterized by triangular gables;
• four-slope (hip) has no vertical edges.

The main elements of the gable roof system are:

• rafters;
• Mauerlat;
• crossbar;
• struts;
• racks;
• contractions (screeds);
• crate;
• thrust bars and pads.

Rafters are the main supporting structures. When building with your own hands, it is important to choose their cross section correctly, otherwise an emergency situation may arise.

Preparing to start work

Before you make a gable roof, you will need to select materials. Installation begins with the choice of wood. To build a reliable structure that is resistant to external factors with your own hands, you will need to follow these recommendations:

• it will be right to choose coniferous wood materials (spruce, pine, larch are more resistant to decay);
• the assembly of the structure is carried out from wood of the first or second grade, the use of the third for critical elements is unacceptable;
• it is better to choose those lumber that is produced in the northern regions, the more difficult the growing conditions of the tree, the denser its structure;
• they try to choose the material that is cut down at the end of the cold period of the year (February-March).

• load from snow cover (snow area);
• weight of roofing;
• rafter step;
• span (distance between reference points);
• insulation thickness.

A heat-insulating layer is required when designing a living space in the under-roof space of a house - an attic. Most often, do-it-yourself installation of mineral wool material is performed to improve thermal insulation characteristics. At the same time, it is important to provide a ventilation gap between the heat insulator and the roofing. The height of the rafter leg should not be less than the thickness of the insulation. To increase the clearance, such an element of the system as a counter-lattice is introduced - a bar that is nailed parallel to the rafter leg and increases its height.

The most convenient rafter pitch for a private house is the one that provides a clear distance of 0.58 m between them.

This allows you to correctly install mineral wool slabs without undercuts and additional elements. For such a step, the following recommendations for the cross section can be given, depending on the span:

• span 3 m - rafter size 40x150 mm;
• 4 m - 50x150 mm;
• 5 m - 50x175 mm;
• 6 m - 50x200 mm.

It is important to know the following: load-bearing capacity and bending resistance are more affected by height than width. If necessary, increase the bearing capacity more effectively increase the height.
Another element whose cross section will need to be selected is the crate. The most optimal value will be a thickness of 32 mm. With increased load, the value is increased to 40 mm.

The remaining components of the truss system of the house are assigned constructively, based on what lumber is available. But at the same time, strength requirements should still be taken into account.

Immediately after purchasing the material, before the assembly of the system begins, you will need to process all the elements with special compounds with your own hands.

Gable, like any other roof of the house, needs the following types of protection:

• antiseptic, produced without fail, allows you to prevent the processes of decay and the occurrence of mold and fungus (even if installation is not planned some time after the purchase of wood, processing is carried out immediately);
• flame retardant, optional, but very important, increases the ability of the tree to resist fire, which increases the safety of the building.

Installation of the truss system at home

To build a roof at home with your own hands, you need to do all the work in a certain order. Installation of elements does not cause difficulties, but the quality of nodes and connections must be controlled. The most important areas are:

• fastening the Mauerlat to the wall;
• fastening rafters to the Mauerlat;
• fastening the rafters to each other.

To properly build a roof with your own hands, the work should be done in the following order:

• Mauerlat installation;
• installation of rafters at a design angle;
• fastening of the legs in the upper part;
• unfastening of load-bearing structures with the help of racks, struts and contractions;
• installation of counter-lattices, battens, waterproofing;
• do-it-yourself insulation of the roofing system;
• installation of the lower lathing, installation of roofing.

Mauerlat fastening to the wall

When installing with your own hands, it is important to understand where to put the Mauerlat. A bar with a section of 150x150 mm or 200x200 mm is installed on the inner edge of the outer walls. At the same time, it is important to ensure sufficient thermal insulation of such a site. The outer part of the fence in this area can be made of the same material as the walls.

In this case, laying is performed at an angle equal to the slope of the slopes. The second option is to fill the space with expanded clay concrete. These methods are relevant for stone houses (brick, foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, etc.). If it is planned to build a frame or wooden house, the upper trim or crown of the wall will act as a Mauerlat.

There are several ways to get the job done:

1. Staple fastening. To do this, wooden blocks are installed in the penultimate row of masonry, to which the lower part of the brackets will be attached, and the upper part is wound into the Mauerlat. Wooden corks must be impregnated with an antiseptic.
2. Wire attachment. To perform this option, you will need to lay a wire 3-4 mm thick in the masonry walls or a monolithic belt, its length should be such as to wrap the beam and twist the wire rod.
3. Fastening with bolts or studs. The options are similar, but the first one provides more reliability. Fasteners are laid in a monolithic belt. After that, the beam is laid on studs or bolts. To make holes for them in the right places, lightly tap on the Mauerlat. The resulting recesses will be places for drilling holes. After their preparation, the beam is finally installed in the design position and tightened with nuts.

When building a house, it is also important to know how to build up the Mauerlat. The standard lumber dimensions are 6 m, and the walls can be longer. To connect two elements along the length, you will need to perform a direct lock. To do this, cut out the lower part of one element, and the upper part of the other. Fastening is done with bolts. It is not recommended to cut at an angle in this case. With the help of a direct gash, corner joints are also made.

The choice of mounting method for the Mauerlat largely depends on the material of the walls, more precisely on its strength. For lightweight concrete, a mandatory event will be the pouring of a monolithic belt around the perimeter.

It is important to provide waterproofing between wood and stone material. For this, roofing material, linokrom or hydroisol are most often used.

There are two most common options for doing do-it-yourself work when building a house:

• with a gash;
• without drinking.

In both cases, the rafters are additionally fixed with metal corners on both sides. When using a system with a gash, you will need to process the timber at an angle corresponding to the slope of the roof of the house. When installing without a gash, it is necessary to prepare a support beam with your own hands, which will not allow the system element to move across the Mauerlat. As an additional fixation, nails are hammered and a wire is twisted from the leg to the wall (you can perform such an attachment through one leg).

How do-it-yourself gable rafters of the house will be installed, for detailed and visual information, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the series “knots of wooden roofs of residential rural buildings”. This album contains a large number of options for fixing all the elements that will help you complete the installation without errors.

The truss frame sets the geometric and operational parameters of the pitched roof. Due to violations in the installation technology, due to flaws in the manufacture of its elements, distortions of the system, traditional leaks, holes in the coating appear, threatening emergency situations.

In order to build a reliable and stable roof structure, you need to clearly know how the sawing and installation of rafters is performed, followed by fixation to the supporting elements.

Rafters, or rafter legs, are wooden or metal beams installed on the house box at a given angle. They determine the configuration of the roof structure, take on and steadfastly resist the sum of permanent and temporary loads acting on the upper enclosing system of the building.

The structural simplicity of the rafter legs is extremely deceptive. In fact, these are quite complex elements that require careful marking and accurate cutting. Inconsistencies in the connections of the rafter legs with the Mauerlat, with each other and other components of the system lead to a change in the shape of the slopes, a violation of the integrity of the coating and the destruction of nodes.

On the other hand, the competent installation of rafter legs can correct some errors in the construction of the house box, and not aggravate the situation by clearly repeating and increasing the wall height differences. True, in such situations, the frame elements are made individually and scrupulously adjusted in fact directly at the facility.

However, before dealing with the specifics of installation, you need to find out what their design differences are, according to which the rafter legs are divided into two groups, these are:

• Hanging. Type of rafters that do not have an upper support. At the top of the roof, the rafter legs rest against each other with their ends. So that under the weight of the components of the roofing cake and snow, such a design does not burst the Mauerlat beam, the hanging rafters are connected with a horizontally installed puff.
• Layered. A kind of rafter legs, stacked on two supports of different heights. At the top, they most often rely on a ridge run installed in the cross to the rafters, less often they rest against each other, cut down at an angle. The bottom rests on the Mauerlat beam or rests against it.

The scope of their application and installation technology depend on which group the rafter legs belong to. The hanging variety is collected on the ground, and the trusses, made in the form of peculiar triangles, are raised to the roof and mounted in a form completely prepared for installation.

The advantage of building a truss frame using hanging technology lies in the safety of work and the ability to perform nodal connections as accurately as possible. If the simplest version of a hanging truss with a puff at the bottom is used in the construction of the roof, you can abandon the Mauerlat device, in place of which a narrow leveling board is quite suitable.

The disadvantages of hanging technology are accompanied by advantages. For example, a truss assembled on the ground is much more difficult to transport to the installation site than boards and timber for layered rafters. There are restrictions on the spans to be covered: the limit is 14 m, above which it is unreasonable to install wooden beams prone to sagging without intermediate supports.

The rafter legs of the layered group both top and bottom are based on independent structures. The top of them is laid on a purlin structure, which is mounted on the floor beams or on the bed, replacing the Mauerlat on the inner wall. The bottom is either installed on the Mauerlat, or rests against it, catching on the bar with a tooth or a support bar sewn instead of a tooth.

The advantage of layered systems is rightfully recognized as the possibility of overlapping almost any span in size. It’s just that with an increase in the overlapped space, the design becomes more complicated: it is supplemented with struts for a couple with racks, additional runs, coupled with beds, fights.

The layered structure is assembled and mounted longer, because. it is built not from farms, but from individual elements. However, just this scheme has more opportunities to correct the shortcomings of a box or an unevenly settled log house. Because layered rafters are stacked individually, it is possible to slightly change the position and size of the node, in order to eventually form a perfectly aligned slope plane.

The specifics of the manufacture and installation of rafters

It is clear that for the construction of the truss system, lumber will be needed - long-length products of timber processing enterprises with clear geometric parameters. You will need a board or timber, on which, of course, there are no mounting cuts and cuts for installation.

Why are cuts and cuts needed? The fact is that when placed on an edge, boards and beams have too little support area. They are in contact with the Mauerlat with only one vestma in a thin line, because of which, at the slightest load from above, they can tritely “move out” from their position and drag the entire structure with them.

In order to increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsupport in the junction of the rafter and the Mauerlat, or it and the additional run, a corner cut is selected in the beam or board, a tooth is cut out or a support bar is sewn on. If the top of the rafter is paired with a mirror-opposite counterpart, then for a reliable stop, you will need a gash, the plane of which must be clearly perpendicular to the horizon.

The basic rule in the construction of truss frames is that the support sites selected in the lumber are strictly horizontal and vertical. At the slightest violation of horizontality with verticality, stability is lost, structural parts are displaced under their own weight and load, up to the complete destruction of the system.

Note that the nodes of the truss systems are entrusted with the obligation to ensure the possibility of a slight displacement and rotation when the load is exceeded. These movements are necessary in order for the structure to bend slightly, move slightly, but not collapse and remain stable.

These subtleties should be known both to the master who decided to do the manufacture and installation of rafters with his own hands, and to the owner of the house under construction, who does not want to pay for the poor-quality labor efforts of the builders' team. Let's analyze the common options to understand the essence of the process.

Hanging roof frame construction

Consider an example of the construction of a truss system over a log cabin of a bath. The span between the walls is small, it is easier and more reasonable to block it with a hanging structure, the installation of which will be carried out on the bypasses of the ceiling beams - matrices.

The log base is an almost ideal option for installing hanging systems, because. it is easiest to cut it into the horizon, eliminating the need to adjust the rafters in case of a violation of the geometry of the foot. There is no need for a Mauerlat device. However, the puff will have to be moved up in order to bypass the upper crown of the log house and form a useful attic space.

Before performing the installation of the rafters, a phased preparation of the log house is carried out. On both sides of the foot, we align the bypasses according to the lace tied to the nails hammered into the two extreme beams. On top of the bypasses, we cut off the slab so that the edge of each beam ends with a flat horizontal platform.

The surface formed after squeezing the upper bulge of the log along the edges of the beams is aligned to the horizon according to the level. We apply the specified control tool to three or more beams at the same time. If the level is not long enough to carry out such a check, use a long rail or board instead.

After squeezing all the excess, we mark the nests for the rafter tooth. To do this, we again use nails and lace. Note that it is possible to draw nest sampling sites on the bypasses both before the construction of hanging trusses and after. However, it is much more convenient to make nests before making rafters. They will help to carry out the fitting with higher accuracy.

To facilitate your work, it is advisable to find the center of the log house from the side of future tongs. At these points, it is recommended to nail along the control rail, one of the edges of which will indicate the axis of symmetry. You can do without rails if you already have some experience in the construction of roofs.

• We sew two inch boards 10–15 cm longer than the designed length of the rafters at the top with a nail or bolt so that they can rotate around this connecting point.
• On the rail installed in the center of the future tongs, we mark the design height of the truss system. We put one more mark above it - this is the height of the tooth, more precisely, the length of the vertical laid off from the base of the tooth to its top.
• We set the boards sewn at one point to the extreme bypasses so that the corner of each board rests against the future socket under the tooth.
• We combine the connection point of the boards with the upper mark on the rail, which determines the length of the rafters with the tooth.
• From the lower corner of both rafters, we set aside the height of the tooth, return with the template blank to the ground and cut out the tooth according to the markup.
• We return the template blank to its place, install it by inserting the teeth into the sockets intended for them. It may happen that after installation, the top of the workpiece does not match the directions of the rail. Then you need to pull out the nail and adjust the position of the top, be sure to mark a new point.
• After fitting the top, we draw a vertical line of their upcoming joint on both boards, measure the size of the crossbar and mark on the trimmings of the board the shape of the overlays for the upper joint of the rafters.

If everything turned out exactly and no more adjustments are required, the template is ready. We return with him to the ground. We disassemble the workpiece and make cuts along the marked lines. The parts obtained as a result of fitting and fitting will serve as a standard for the practically in-line production of roof trusses in the required quantity.

We will assemble hanging farms on the ground. Their installation, as well as fitting, should be carried out by at least two people. One master simply can not cope with such work. The performer at the top will install the truss, and the second one will change its position according to the plumb line. The position of each leveled and installed truss should be fixed with temporary struts.

To increase the stability of the system, we will install racks under the rafters:

• Let's mark the matrices under the place of installation of additional supports in an already proven way: we will hammer in a nail from opposite sides and pull the cord.
• We will hollow out nests in the logs according to the markings.
• Let's try a piece of a bar to the installation site. We mark on it the line washed down, taking into account the height of the spike.
• We will make a rack and two linings for attaching it to the rafter.
• Install the support made and fix the position of the truss truss on the other side in the same way. According to the verified scheme, we continue to work until we equip each rafter with an additional support.

To ensure the rigidity of the hanging system, the truss trusses are connected by wind ties - boards, poles or slats nailed from the inside of the structure. On the outside of the truss frame, rigidity will increase due to the construction of the crate.

The rafter legs are attached to the matrices with 200 mm nails or angle brackets. In this regard, metal corners and plates with perforation for fasteners significantly lose to traditional methods. To the sidewalls of the rafters we nail fillies made of a board, the width of which is half the material used in the manufacture of the rafters.

The length of the filly should be 70 - 80 cm more than the designed width of the overhang. This distance is necessary for their reliable connection with the rafter legs. The fillies can be cut in advance, or without preliminary cuts, you can nail the trimmings of a narrow board to the rafters, and then draw up the line of the eaves. However, the first option is more convenient and economical.

In most cases, as in the example above, fillies must be partially buried in the mats bypass, for this:

• We note in fact the width of the filly at the bypass.
• We make two cuts with a saw according to the markup for 2/3 of the thickness of the filly. We also saw the log between the extreme cuts with a saw. We refine the recess with a chisel, accompanied by a hammer.
• We install the fillies in the formed recesses, sew them with rafters with nails 100 mm long.

Upon completion of the installation of all fillies in the last ones, we hammer in a nail. We pull the control cord and mark where to saw off the excess.

The device of the layered roof frame

In the construction of a truss frame using layered technology, there is much in common with the installation of a hanging structure. The fitting is carried out in almost the same sequence, so it makes no sense to describe the actions twice. The main difference is in the methods of forming the upper node, because the tops of the layered rafters have a support - a ridge run.

If at the top the layered rafters are tritely based on a ridge run, they are laid either with a run, i.e. parallel to each other, or with a strictly vertical joint, similar to the docking of hanging legs. However, in most cases, they try to fix the upper part with a notch or a vertical cut with a tight fit to the ridge beam.

There are schemes according to which the layered rafters are based not on the ridge, but on the side run. In such situations, the top is formed according to the hanging principle, and the point of support on the girder is made out with a corner cut.

Let us analyze the most popular option in private construction for the construction of rafter legs with support on the lower corner cut and on the ridge run through a vertical gash. Note that the maximum depth of the cut should not exceed 1/3 of the width of the board.

Option for marking with a construction square:

• On the square, we mark the height of the roof and half the span on a scale. These values ​​reflect the slope of the slopes and set the main angles. The proportions must be exactly maintained.
• If further use of the square is not planned, then the delayed points can be marked with screwed bosses or short screws with screws, if planned, it is better with paint that is removed with a solvent.
• We apply a square to the board laid flat with the side on which the height of the roof is marked. We draw a line according to the indications of the square - this is the line of the upper cut of the rafter - the section of its interface with the ridge run.
• Cut along the marked line with a circular saw. Lay the board for sawing flat, as it should be when cutting in width. Longitudinal cuts are made with setting on the edge.
• From the top of the formed angle, we set aside the length of the so-called diagonal. This is the distance from the junction point with the run to the outer edge of the Mauerlat or the upper trim, if a frame house is being equipped.
• We move the square to this point. We draw a line parallel to the first.
• We turn the square over, move it along the workpiece so that 2/3 of the total distance is on the left, and 1/3 on the right. In the picture, these are 8ʺ and 4ʺ.
• The line of a smaller segment will just designate a cut for us.

At the end, we draw the outline of the cornice overhang on the board, cut it along the outlined lines and use the rafter blank made by ourselves to saw the rest of the roof elements.

You can apply the described method without a building square and marking the parameters of the roof on it. It is enough to imagine the process in order to set aside the necessary distances with a conventional drawing tool. However, without experience, you can get confused in the calculations of angles and segments.

To help novice builders, a template has been developed with options for forming corner cuts. It will help you navigate the manufacture of rafter legs from the most common lumber in this area.

In cases of laying rafter legs with notches in the upper and lower parts, it should be remembered that the depth of both notches must be the same so that the roof slope does not change during construction work. Usually, for the device of two equal cuts, an auxiliary bar is used, the thickness of which is not more than 1/3 of the thickness of the board.

The rafter blank is then installed with an edge on the Mauerlat and on the run. The bar is applied on the side in the area of ​​​​the lower and upper nodes to outline the cut.

If the cut is needed only in the lower part of the rafter, and the top will be based on the run with a cut, the board is installed at the bottom on the Mauerlat, and at the top on the run and the bar, so that as a result of cutting, the slope of the slope does not change. At the bottom, a second bar of the same size is applied to the future node and the outline of the future cutting is outlined with it.

The same methods are used to form cuts with a tooth. The difference is only in the form washed down.

The installation of layered rafters begins with the installation of two extreme trusses. The elements are mounted one at a time, their position is carefully checked using a plumb line. Most often, extreme farms are arranged from paired boards, because. they carry more load. They are fixed with temporary spacers, then connected with a cord or rail to indicate the plane of the slope.

Ordinary rafters located between the extreme load-bearing trusses are installed according to the instructions of the laces. If necessary, correct the position of the legs according to the actual situation.

Video about installing rafter legs

Installation of rafters with fastening with metal corners:

How to make rafter legs with cuts for landing on a Mauerlat:

The device of the truss frame under the roof of the garage:

We have given and described only a part of the methods for constructing truss frames. In reality, there are much more manufacturing and installation methods. However, an analysis of the basic options allows you to perfectly understand how to properly make rafters and truss trusses for the roof, how to saw them down before installation.

To install a gable roof yourself, average carpentry skills and an understanding of its manufacturing technology are enough. All this is easy to understand. It is also necessary to involve an intelligent assistant in the process, because many operations cannot be performed by one person alone. Therefore, many without a doubt take up this work and successfully cope with it.

Do-it-yourself gable roof device

The construction of a country house is associated with considerable costs. Therefore, many people are looking for options to reduce the cost of this process through the use of modern materials and technologies. Currently, frame buildings with gable roofs have become very popular. This happens largely for the reason that even a person with minimal knowledge of the construction business, with appropriate preliminary preparation, can carry out such a design.

A gable roof is formed by triangular trusses connected to each other by a longitudinal upper beam (ridge run) and a crate

However, the construction of the roof is a crucial moment that requires a serious attitude. Need to calculate:

• correct angle of inclination;
• rafter length;
• the distance between them;
• ways to connect different parts to each other.

Without experience in the production of such work, you should not take on complex structures, but it is quite possible to build a small house with a simple gable roof with your own hands.

Design features of gable roofs

Such a roof consists of two inclined planes located at a certain angle. Gables are arranged along the end walls, which are a vertical continuation of the walls. In shape, they are isosceles or arbitrary triangles, if the slopes are arranged at different angles to the horizontal. In the case of a gable sloping roof, the gables are trapezoid-shaped.

When building a roof, a rafter system is created, which is the supporting element of the roofing pie. The rafter system can be made in the form of hanging rafters if there are no capital partitions inside the building box. If available, a floor frame is arranged when the span is supported by three or more points.

How to make a gable roof yourself

Depending on the design of the truss system, its main elements may be different, but the main details are present in all options:

1. Rafters are the main load-bearing element of the structure, on which roofing material is mounted through the crate.
2. The ridge run - also called the spinal beam, combines all the rafter legs into a single whole, evenly distributes the load on the Mauerlat.
3. Rack - used in floor structures as an additional support on a major internal partition.
4. Lying - a horizontal bar on which the racks rest, serves to evenly distribute the loads on the Mauerlat.
5. Mauerlat - a support beam between the walls and the upper structure of the building, intended for attaching rafters.
6. Sheathing - flooring from a board 25 millimeters thick for fixing the roof finish.

Roof design

In the process of designing the truss system, it is necessary to optimally place all the elements of the frame in order to ensure a uniform load on the roof over its entire area. The main types of load are:

1. Snowy - occurs under the action of a layer of snow lingering on the roof. At high rates for the construction region, the angle of inclination of the roof is increased so that the snow comes off it as it accumulates.
2. Wind - associated with the force of the impact of the wind. In open, blown places, it is higher. The means of counteracting wind loads is to reduce the angle of inclination of the roof.

Thus, it is necessary to find the optimal combination of these indicators with simultaneous exposure to wind and snow. Data on specific loads for the construction region can be found on the Internet.

Gable roofs with a simple design give the house an elegant and festive look.

Photo gallery: projects of houses with gable roofs

A gable roof allows you to arrange a small attic room on the second floor. The angle of inclination of a gable roof is selected based on the intensity of winds and the average snow load in the construction area.

Calculation of the parameters of a gable roof

Determination of the main characteristics of the roof is necessary already at the stage of designing the foundation to calculate the effect of the total weight of the building on the support base.

Area calculation

With a symmetrical gable roof, it is enough to determine the area of ​​​​one slope and double the result.

The height of the roof depends on the chosen angle of inclination of the slope. Usually it is in the range of 30-45 degrees. In the first case, the height will be half the distance from the projection of the ridge to the Mauerlat axis. Using the Pythagorean theorem and after doing the calculations, we get that the length of the slope for a building of 10x9 m will be 5.05 meters. The slope area is defined as 5.05 x 10 = 50.5 square meters. And the total roof area will be 50.5 x 2 \u003d 101 m 2.

In cases where a gable roof has a non-equilibrium roof, i.e., the axis of the ridge is offset from the axis of the building, the area of ​​\u200b\u200beach slope separately is calculated using the same method and the results are summarized.

However, this calculation does not take into account the area of ​​the roof overhangs. Usually they are 0.5–0.6 meters. For one slope, the overhang area will be 0.5 x 5.05 x 2 + 0.5 x 10 \u003d 4.1 + 5 \u003d 9.1 m 2.

The total roof area will be 101 + 9.1 x 2 = 119.2 m 2.

Calculation of the section of the rafters

The size of the cross section of the rafters depends on several factors:

• the magnitude of the load on them;
• the type of materials used for rafters: log, timber - homogeneous or glued;
• rafter leg length;
• types of wood;
• the distance between the axes of the rafter legs.

All these parameters have long been calculated, and to determine the cross section of the rafter legs, you can use the data below.

Table: rafter section size

With an increase in the installation step of the rafters, the load on each of them increases, which leads to the need to increase the cross section.

Common sizes of the main parts of the truss system:

Determining the angle of inclination

The angle of inclination of the roof slope is determined by the requirements of its finishing coating:

One of the reasons for reducing the angle of inclination is the desire to make the attic or attic space as large as possible. This intention is also the reason for the installation of a sloping roof.

Calculation of the distance between the rafters

This parameter depends on the type of finish coating, or rather, its weight. For the heaviest material, the distance should be minimal, from 80 centimeters. In the case of using a soft roof that is light in weight, the distance can be increased to 150 centimeters. The calculation of the number of rafters and translations is carried out as follows:

1. The length of the building (10 meters) must be divided by the distance between the rafters, presumably 120 centimeters: 1000 / 120 = 8.3 (pieces). We add 1 to the result, we get 9.3.
2. Since the number of rafters cannot be fractional, the result is rounded up to an integer - 9.
3. The distance between the rafters is finally set: 1000/9 = 111 centimeters.

With this distance, all rafters will be equidistant, and the load from the roof will be distributed evenly.

The length of the rafters is calculated according to the Pythagorean theorem, as already shown above.

Do-it-yourself installation of a gable roof

Work on the installation of the truss system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat.

Mounting the carrier on the wall

Mauerlat is made from high strength wood - oak, larch, etc. In the absence of such materials, pine can be used.

The bar is of standard length - 4 or 6 meters. Therefore, the connection of several parts along the length is inevitable. It is made with a gash of the connected ends “half a tree”, for example, for a bar with a section of 150x150 millimeters, a sample of 75x150 with a length of 300 mm is made. The ends are overlapped. Fastening is carried out with two or four screws M12 or M14 with the installation of washers of large diameter. By the same principle, the bars are connected at the corners. The finished structure is a regular rectangle, which is installed on the upper plane of the wall around the perimeter.

The Mauerlat installation technology provides for its placement strictly along the axis of the wall or with an offset in any direction. In this case, you can not place the support beam closer than 5 centimeters from the edge. To increase the service life, the Mauerlat should be installed with waterproofing on the wall surface. Most often, ruberoid is used for this.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

1. Anchor bolt installation. Ideal for monolithic walls. Threaded studs are immured into the wall when it is cast.
2. Wood dowels. They are hammered into the drilled hole. With such fixation, additional metal fasteners are used.
3. Forged staples. They are used with pre-installed embedded parts made of wood.
4. Stud or armature. The pins are immured during the laying of the wall and are removed through the support beam through the drilled holes. The diameter of the fasteners should be 12–14 millimeters, the protrusion above the surface of the timber should be 10–14 centimeters.
5. Steel wire. A bundle of two or four wire strands is installed when laying the wall 2–3 rows before its completion. The Mauerlat is tightened using a crowbar. Often used as an additional fastening of the support beam.
6. When constructing a reinforcing belt, fastening to studs or anchor bolts is also used.

The mounting points should be located approximately in the middle between the rafter legs.

Video: installing a Mauerlat on an armored belt

Photo gallery: ways to mount the Mauerlat on the wall

The studs are immured into the wall during its pouring, then a Mauerlat is put on them and fixed with bolts. The wire is also installed at the stage of laying the wall. staples

Types of roof systems and their installation

The choice of roof truss design is determined by the configuration of the building. If there are no internal capital partitions, a hanging truss system is constructed.

In the presence of capital partitions, it is necessary to use a floor mounting scheme.

Manufacturing of truss pairs

This is the name of a pair of rafter legs connected in an arch with the installation of a spacer element in the form of a puff for a hinged system or a crossbar for a flooring system.

Installation of truss pairs is carried out in three ways:

1. Assembly is done at the top after the translations are installed. They are covered with a flooring made of wood, nailed.
2. The formation of truss pairs is performed on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the house. Only blanks are assembled, which are a rigid triangular structure. The lifting of products is carried out when the rafter pairs for the entire system are ready. For this, it is possible to use lifting devices in the form of a manual or powered winch, which presents certain inconveniences and additional costs. On the other hand, assembly on the ground is much easier and more accurate.
3. The assembly of the roof directly at the installation site is carried out in detail.

With any option, the rafter legs are mounted according to the template, which is the first truss. For higher assembly accuracy of the parts of the next pair, it is desirable to fix them to the previous one with clamps.

The procedure for installing the truss system

Prefabricated roof elements are installed in the following sequence:

Fastening parts of the truss system

For reliable connection of the elements of the roof frame, various auxiliary elements are used, made of galvanized steel up to 1.5 mm thick.

When assembling with the use of additional connectors, labor productivity increases and the strength characteristics of the structure increase.

To connect the elements of the roof of wooden buildings, special fasteners are used. So, the upper joint of the rafters is often connected using a hinge. This is due to the frequent movements of the building, including seasonal ones.

For the same purpose, sliding fasteners are used on houses made of this material.

Video: quick rafters

Before installing the crate, the roof is insulated. For this:

1. The inner crate is stuffed from the side of the attic or attic.
2. The vapor barrier film is stretched.
3. The heater is installed.
4. A moisture-proof film or membrane with one-sided permeability is laid.

Thus, in addition to insulation, a ventilation system of the under-roof space is created. It starts to work after the installation of the coating.

Under certain conditions, roof insulation can be done from the inside, it is not so convenient, but you can safely work in all weather conditions. The formation of the roofing cake is carried out in the reverse order. Each layer of insulation as the flooring needs to be strengthened in the openings between the rafters.

Creating a frame gable

Before proceeding with the design of the pediment, you need to arrange the crate and lay the finish coating of the roof.

When forming the crate, the type of future roofing is taken into account. It is made from edged boards with a thickness of 25 millimeters. The crate happens:

1. Solid - boards are stuffed at a distance of 2-4 centimeters from one another. It is applied when using a tile or a soft roof.
2. Sparse - the distance between the boards is 15–25 centimeters. Such a crate is arranged under a metal tile, corrugated board, slate and other similar materials.
3. Rare - the distance between the boards is from 0.6 to 1.2 meters. It is used when the length of the coating sheets is equal to the length of the slope with an overhang. This cover is only made to order.

The crate should be taken out of the gable rafters for the overhang device.

Roofing installation

Before laying the crate, the roof is insulated and a moisture-proof layer is laid. Further:

1. Roof covering is being laid. The installation sequence is from bottom to top in order. The straightness of the first row is controlled by a stretched cord.
2. Roofing sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws using shock-absorbing pads.

When installing the finishing coating of the roof, you cannot save on fasteners; the protective layer must be durable, able to withstand wind and snow loads.

Installation of gables

The crate of the frame gables is made based on the characteristics of the material intended for the front finish. For this, the following products can be used:

After installing the crate, it is necessary to lay a moisture protection from a polyethylene film 200 microns thick. It can be fixed with building brackets. This work is done outside. On the film, you can sheathe the outer surface with the selected finishing material.

Gables need to be insulated with rolled or tiled heaters. The thickness of the protective layer should be at least 10 cm, and for areas with a cold climate - at least 15 cm. An internal moisture-proof film layer is stretched over the insulation.

On top of it, a crate for the front finish is stuffed, for which bars measuring 50x50 millimeters are used. Finishing of the entire building is carried out simultaneously, after the insulation of the roof.

In the process of facing the pediment, windows are installed if they are provided for by the project, and in some cases doors.

Registration of overhangs

Roof overhangs, both gable and cornice, except for a purely decorative function, are designed to protect walls and foundations from water or snow. Their sizes are usually 50-60 centimeters. Overhangs are made with various materials:

• planed board, installed end-to-end or overlapped;
• grooved lining;
• lining block house;
• sheet plastic;
• sheet profiled or smooth metal;
• finished products made of metal or plastic - soffits.

There are several ways to arrange overhangs:

Ventilation holes must be made along the lining. They can be of any size, but large ones must be covered with a fine mesh of any material. This avoids the penetration of birds and harmful insects into the under-roof space. Soffits are sold with ready-made ventilation grilles.

Ventilation is arranged only on cornice overhangs; it is not needed for gable ledges.

Video: do-it-yourself gable roof device

With the modern abundance of building materials and their quality, you can install a gable roof yourself. The cost savings will be quite significant. But it can also turn into losses if you do not carefully consider every step you take during construction. I wish you success!

Content:

The gable roof system involves the presence of two rectangular slopes, which are connected at the top at a certain angle. With this design, the pediments are triangular in shape.

In order for such a gable roof to serve for a long time, while retaining its technical qualities, the rafter system must be correctly made.

Subsequently, as a roofing material, you can use metal tiles, corrugated board, soft roofing and other modern options. Given the types of roofing material, the roof lathing will be equipped.

The main types of truss systems

All work on the installation of a gable roof can be done independently, the main thing is to follow the technology and sequence of work.

Before proceeding with the installation of the truss system, it is necessary to evaluate the scope of work and choose the most suitable type. Today, two types of rafter system can be distinguished:

• layered;
• hanging.

Gable roof truss system

The truss system is characterized by the fact that the installation of the rafters is carried out directly on the side walls. This option can be used if the distance between the walls does not exceed 10 m. The disadvantage of such a system is that it exerts a bursting load on the outer walls and over time they can be damaged. This may entail the need to install tightening. At the same time, there are positive aspects. For example, there is no need to mount the Mauerlat.

If the distance between the outer walls exceeds 10 meters, a layered type of roof system must be used. A device of this design involves the installation of a vertical beam. It descends from the ridge to the load-bearing wall, which is located strictly in the center of the room. When using this design, the load on the roof is distributed evenly and does not create a bursting effect. Therefore, the design of the house must be entrusted to specialists who will take into account the features of the entire structure and the gable roof as well. Also, when developing a project, building materials that are used to build walls and roofing are taken into account.

Components of the truss system

Construction of the truss system

The roof structure consists of several important components that are worth knowing. In the truss system of a gable roof, one can distinguish:

• struts;
• Mauerlat;
• racks;
• skating run;
• crate;
• sill.

Designing a roof on your own is not recommended if you do not have the necessary knowledge. Since it is necessary to perform calculations, while taking into account not only the size of the house, but also the possible loads on the roof. Failure to comply with the rules and regulations can lead to destruction and emergencies.

Features of a gable roof

The choice of the angle of inclination directly depends on climatic conditions. If a house with a gable roof is built in an area with an increased level of snowfall, the rafter system should be made with a large angle of inclination. At the same time, there is no difference what roofing material is used in this case - corrugated board or natural tiles.

The most optimal angle of inclination of a gable roof is 45 - 60 degrees

Most often, a gable roof device is made with an angle of inclination from 45 to 60 degrees. On such a surface, the snow cover does not linger. In addition to snow load, wind loads should also be taken into account. The most practical option is a truss structure that resembles an isosceles triangle.

If corrugated board or other metal material is used as a roofing material, the step between the rafters can be up to 120 cm. If the weight of the roofing material is much larger, it is recommended to reduce the step to 60 cm. After all calculations, it is necessary to double-check all indicators to make sure the results obtained are accurate.

Despite the various types of roofing materials, corrugated board is especially popular. It is presented in a wide range of colors and with different wave sizes. In each individual case, you can choose the most suitable option.

Performing installation work

Before starting the installation of the rafter system, it is necessary to prepare all the inventory. This will allow you to perform work without interruptions in search of the missing tool and carry out the work in the shortest possible time.

Required inventory:

• hammer and nail puller;
• screwdriver, electric drill;
• nails, screws, self-tapping screws;
• plumb, tape measure, level;
• hacksaw

Despite the fact that there are different types of rafters, in order to achieve the highest quality result, it is worth combining them with each other. Only high quality material must be used for the roof construction. The wood must be well dried and free of any defects. Before starting their installation, it is recommended to treat them with an antiseptic. The standard rafter size in use today is 50 x 50 x 6000 mm. The arrangement of the elements must be carried out in pairs, on both sides simultaneously. The marking of the elements and fitting to the desired size must be carried out on the ground.

The scheme of fastening the rafters of a gable roof

In order for the supports to be as stable as possible in them, it is necessary to make inserts that are made according to the size of the Mauerlat. If the installation is carried out with an overlap, it is necessary to control the joints, there should not be any protrusions.

In order to make all the tie-ins the same and at the same time spend much less time on work, it is worth completing the template. For its device, you need to use a sheet of plywood or thick cardboard. The tie-ins must be strictly perpendicular, since they are subjected to a load from above. Incorrect sawing can degrade the strength of the structure.

After the device of the side rafters is carried out, it is necessary to stretch the cord between them. It will be used to adjust the height of the rafter legs. If there is a slight error in height, it can be eliminated with a wooden lining. Elimination, thus, of major shortcomings should not be carried out, this may lead to a violation of the strength of the entire system.

You can increase the strength of wooden trusses with the help of struts. They are located from the bottom of the rafter to the middle of the opposite. The beam for the strut should be no more than 50 mm in size. It is such a device that strengthens the entire structure and increases its strength during strong winds or heavy snow loads.

If the installation of large spans was carried out, they must also be strengthened using struts. With their help, the load will be evenly transferred to the load-bearing walls. It is important that the struts are located at an angle of 45 degrees. To connect the bed, support rack and struts, it is necessary to carry out using special connecting elements - dowels.

You can also additionally carry out the device of diagonal ties. They are located between the rafters. Thanks to them, the roof will be much stronger and will withstand any roofing material - metal tiles, corrugated board, etc. Such connections connect two rafters to each other, one end of the beam is attached to the bottom of the rafters, and the other to the middle of the adjacent one.

Particular attention should be paid to the ridge knot. It is important to fix it additionally with the help of special bolts and self-tapping screws; metal plates can also be used.

Video: Do-it-yourself installation of rafters

Lathing installation

The device of the lathing will depend on what types of roofing materials will be used. You can use metal tiles or corrugated board. They are very popular among developers today. Decking favorably stands out among other options for affordable valuable and excellent technical performance.

To cover a gable roof, it is necessary to install the crate. Decking is a sheet material, it is not too thick, so the crate must be of high quality. For roof lathing, you can use a board of both edged and unedged types. It is recommended to pre-treat the board with a special antiseptic to extend the life of the wood.

Installation of the board to the roof truss system is carried out using self-tapping screws of a suitable length. The device of the lathing under the corrugated board can be made in a single-layer or two-layer method. Before laying corrugated board, it is also necessary to perform high-quality hydro and vapor barrier. Such insulation is carried out if it is necessary to lay metal tiles.

Video: Installation of the crate under the metal tile