Rostov suppliers of the court of His Imperial Majesty. Was there such a "yard supplier"

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Introduction

For any politician, the health factor is the most important part of his political biography. It is quite obvious that only a healthy, emotionally stable person can withstand the busy schedule of the leader of the country, by definition associated with endless stressful situations.

In Russia, with its traditions of personified power, this medical component has always been especially significant, regardless of how the first persons of the country were called: tsars, emperors, general secretaries or presidents, since the health of the head of state is not his personal matter, but becomes the most important factor in state stability . An example of this is the political realities of the times of the "late" L. I. Brezhnev, Yu. V. Andropov, K. U. Chernenko and B. N. Yeltsin, when the leaders' personal medical problems turned into problems of a political nature.

The problem of the relationship between medicine and government in its political and psychological aspect is not narrowly national in nature, but is an international problem. Its essence is determined by the established or emerging traditions of the transfer of power, the model of the political system itself that exists in society in one or another segment of historical existence. At the same time, doctors inevitably and objectively enter the “inner circle” of communication with those in power, since by the nature of their activity they are privy to the most intimate secrets related to the health of their “master”.

Obviously, for a politician, the state of health is an important component of both his political appearance and the nature of his activities. This was repeatedly written by doctors associated with the powers that be. For example, E. I. Chazov, who for almost two decades headed the “Kremlevka” - the 4th Department of the USSR Ministry of Health, wrote that this is “a very important site: the most secret secrets of the country's leadership and its entourage are stored here - the state of their health, forecast for the future, which, under certain conditions, can become a weapon in the struggle for power. I emphasize that this quote is quite applicable both to the era of the Pharmaceutical Order of the 16th-17th centuries. or the Court medical part of the XIX-XX centuries, and to the present day.

Prof. B. G. Lukichev and prof. I. V. Zimin at a joint meeting of the SSS of the departments of propaedeutics of internal diseases and the history of the Fatherland of the St. Petersburg State Medical University. acad. I. P. Pavlova

The professional ethics of physicians determines their extreme reticence in communicating with others precisely on professional issues, in addition, these structures have always had special instructions that strictly regulated the behavior of doctors and the circle of their acquaintances. Actually, this largely explains the paucity of an array of medical data that would make it possible to confidently judge this or that disease in the first person.

It should be borne in mind that for Western politicians, health problems are, of course, a politically significant factor influencing their political activities. At the same time, existing democratic traditions and precedents make it possible to objectively inform public opinion about the state of health of the political leaders of these countries. Academician E. I. Chazov writes: “Demagogy is permeated with statements that discuss them (health problems. - FROM.) in the course of a pre-election campaign or upon appointment to executive bodies is incompatible with morality and the principles of individual freedom.”

Along with these rather general considerations, a few words should be said to preface the contents of the book. Firstly, information about the diseases of monarchs is very often fragmentary, so the determination of the nature of the disease, even by the joint efforts of doctors and historians, is probabilistic. Secondly, the division in the chapters of the book of doctors into nephrologists, cardiologists, pediatricians, and so on. is conditional, since narrow medical specializations were formed in Russia at different times, with most of them in the second half of the 19th century. Therefore, the same doctors are discussed in different chapters. Thirdly, the author-historian found it necessary to seek advice from the medical generals of the First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after I.I. acad. I. P. Pavlova. Their invaluable advice and consultations made it possible to clarify many positions related to various diseases of the first persons of the Russian Empire, therefore their names as scientific consultants are indicated at the beginning of each chapter. Fourthly, in preparing the book, the author relied on the historiographical achievements of colleagues, historians and doctors involved in this issue. Fifthly, numerous details, which are not of interest to everyone, are placed in footnotes, since they overloaded the text. Sixthly, the text presented is only partly of a historical medical nature, so many questions, undoubtedly important for the history of medicine, are omitted or traced by a dotted line. Seventh, the book is built in the form of answers to questions that were often asked to the author by students, fellow historians, doctors, television broadcasters and readers of my books on the everyday life of the Russian Imperial Court. These questions are very different (there are also "uncomfortable"), but I considered it possible for myself to try to answer them.

Once again I want to express my gratitude to my colleagues at the 1st LMI (Academician I.P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University), who helped more than once not only in working on the text of this book, but also in peak life situations.

Chapter I
Who performed the duties of family doctors of Russian monarchs

Among the nobility there was a strong tradition that assumed the presence of a doctor in the family, who for decades treated the household for all diseases. Such a doctor, who knew many family secrets, eventually became almost a member of the family.

Did family doctors work in imperial residences

It was a long-standing and humanly understandable tradition, which in Russia was preserved for a very long time, not only among the aristocratic environment, but also among wealthy philistines. These doctors treated the entire family of the monarch for various age-related and seasonal illnesses, knowing full well the anamnesis of each of their "piece" patients. When, for one reason or another, serious or “specialized” illnesses appeared in members of the imperial family, the family doctor invited narrow specialists to the residence. Usually family doctors lived in the same residences in which their wards "lodged". Due to their official attachment to the family of the first person, they, as a rule, did not occupy large medical positions, but at the same time they were well arranged in material and domestic terms. The family doctor, as a rule, held his position for decades, monitoring the health of sometimes several generations of members of the imperial family.

Which of the court doctors treated the numerous entourage of the monarch in the imperial residences

The state of health of the servants, maids of honor and other numerous courtiers was controlled by the attendants. The scope of jurisdiction of the clergy was determined by the instruction "On medical supervision at the Highest Court", drawn up in 1818.

The family doctor of Emperor Alexander I, Ya. observe certain rules: with the daily duty of doctors at the Imperial Court, “the change of the doctor on duty at the court should be daily at the first hour in the afternoon”; with the doctor on duty there should be “two medical students who must also have both a bloodletting and paramedical surgical pocket set and a bandage”; if the doctor on duty needs to invite an obstetrician, dentist, ophthalmologist, chiropractor or callus healer, then “the duty officer has the right to invite them, which invitation they must unquestioningly follow,” and so on. Alexander I personally approved this instruction.

If the Imperial Court moved to suburban residences, the duty of the clergymen was transferred to these residences. This order was established in 1847. At that time, the Minister of the Imperial Court, ordering the organization of daily duty of hospital doctors, wrote from Peterhof to the leadership of the Court Medical Unit: “... to have one of the hospital doctors on duty here to provide assistance to court officials and servants.” To do this, they made a shift schedule for the duties of hospital doctors, who were delivered to Peterhof on court ships. In the following year, 1848, "following the example of the previous year... to provide assistance in case of illness," a daily shift duty of one of the on-duty gynecologists was established. In total, there were 48 such shifts in Peterhof during the 1848 season.

How was the monitoring of the health of the first persons

Monitoring the health of the monarch was the main duty of the family doctor of the imperial family. This practice, which had developed back in the period of the Muscovite kingdom, remained unchanged until 1917. In addition, not only the first person, but also the rest of the members of the imperial family had “attached” doctors.

For example, the notebooks of the future Nicholas I, covering the period from 1822 to 1825, testify that his family doctor V.P. Crichton every morning was among the people with whom the Grand Duke began his working day. Also, V.P. Crichton was the last of those whom Nikolai Pavlovich saw when he went to bed. The entries, which succinctly stated: "Crichton is leaving, lay down," are repeated almost daily. If necessary, the family doctor was constantly next to the sick patient. If Nikolai Pavlovich went on a business trip, then V.P. Crichton accompanied him or, for a number of reasons, remaining in the Anichkov Palace, regularly informed the Grand Duke about the state of health of the household.

The same order of daily observation was applied to the heir to the throne, the future Alexander II, in the 1840s-1850s. Palace legends testify that his family doctor I. V. Enokhin drank coffee with the heir every morning. When, after the accession of Alexander II to the throne in February 1855, I. V. Enokhin did not come to morning coffee, breaking a long tradition, “The sovereign immediately asked:“ Where is Enokhin? They answer him: "Waiting in the hallway." Emperor: "Call him!". Enokhin immediately appeared. Emperor: "Why didn't you order to report about yourself?" Enokhin: “I didn’t dare, Sovereign. I had the good fortune to drink coffee with the Tsarevich every morning, but I don’t dare to appear before my sovereign without an order.” Alexander II liked this very much, and he ordered Enokhin to sit down with him and drink coffee. Since then, in the morning, Enokhin drank coffee with the emperor face to face and could talk with him about whatever he wanted. Subsequently, the morning visits to Alexander II were made by the life physician S. P. Botkin.

The fact that such a procedure for monitoring the state of health of the first person was a kind of constant is also evidenced by the memoirs of I. Sokolov, an assistant to the life physician N. F. Arendt. The memoirist writes that during the time of Nicholas I, they “were obliged to appear before the Sovereign by 7–8 o’clock in the morning, when tea or coffee was prepared, and at this time, not a service, but a simple conversation was usually started.” It can be stated that daily or periodic visits of doctors were included in the weekly work schedule of the Russian emperors.

How closed was the information about the state of health of the monarch in the event of his illness

Such information has always been either strictly dosed or completely closed. But there were also nuances. So, in the XVIII century. such information was completely confidential. Even the slightest interest in the disease of the first person could be followed by the most severe reaction. For example, when in the winter of 1748/49. In Moscow, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna fell ill (“severe colic”), then the future Catherine II was informed about this in a whisper by her valet, as she recalled, “persuadingly asking me not to tell anyone about what they told me. Without naming them, I warned the Grand Duke, which greatly alarmed him.

Those who had access to the chambers of Elizabeth Petrovna pretended that nothing was happening, and the young court also did not dare to ask about the empress’s illness, “hence, they did not dare to send to find out how the empress’s health was, because, first of all, they would have asked , how and from where and through whom do you know that she is ill, and those who would be named or even suspected would probably be fired, exiled or even sent to the Secret Chancellery, the state inquisition, which everyone was afraid of more than fire. Only when Elizaveta Petrovna began to recover, “Countess Shuvalova was the first to talk to me about this illness, I expressed to her the grief that her condition causes me, and the participation that I take in it. She told me that the Empress would be happy to learn about my way of thinking on this matter. In the 19th century The interest of subjects in the state of health of the monarch, as a rule, was satisfied through official medical bulletins.

I. P. Argunov. Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Late 1750s

A. P. Antropov. Portrait of a lady of state Countess M. B. Shuvalova. Late 1750s

G. K. Groot. Portrait of Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna with a fan in her hands. 1740s

When official medical bulletins appeared, in which subjects began to be informed about the state of health or the causes of death of the monarch

Such bulletins began to appear in the first half of the 18th century. For example, when in March 1744 the future Catherine II fell ill with a “flux fever”, bulletins about the state of health of the bride of the heir to the Russian throne were published in the Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti.

Probably, the first official bulletin on the death of the monarch can be considered the "Report" of the medical doctor J.F. Monsei, published in the supplements to the "St. Petersburg Gazette" on December 28, 1761, after the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna: was subject to painful seizures in the chest, swelling in the legs, in general, all signs of blockages in the abdomen turned out to be. The cold that followed on November 17, 1761, resulted in febrile attacks, which stopped on December 1. But on the 12th of the same month at 11 o'clock yesterday, vomiting with blood began, which resumed with great force the next morning at five o'clock. Although the doctors at first considered this disease to be an abnormal disturbance of the blood, proceeding from the hemorrhoids, they were very astonished during bloodletting, finding inflammation in the blood. The latter phenomenon serves them in some way as an excuse for the bloodletting they committed with tumors in the legs; and the next day they also opened the blood, but without any tangible benefit for the afflicted. On December 22, a new and strong vomiting of blood followed against the previous one, and the Empress died on the 25th of the same month at three o'clock in the afternoon. The doctors who used the monarch in her last illness were the life doctors Munsey, Schilling and Kruse.

Apparently, the main cause of the death of the Empress was portal cirrhosis of the liver, possibly associated with heart disease and prolonged cardiovascular failure (“tumors in the legs”) and complicated fatal bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus (“vomiting blood”) (B. A. Nakhapetov).

Hood. G. F. Schmidt. Physician James Monsay. 1762

Bulletin on the state of health of AS Pushkin. 1837

Bulletin on the state of health of P. A. Stolypin. 1911

Bulletin on the state of health of Nicholas II. 1900

In the 19th century medical information about the disease of the first persons was also adhered to, but the practice of issuing official bulletins signed by life doctors has already developed. These bulletins were posted in the Winter Palace and published in newspapers. At the same time, official medical diagnoses could not at all correlate with the real state of affairs, as was the case, for example, with the “diagnosis” of the causes of the death of Paul I. When compiling official bulletins, court physicians primarily started from one or another political order, and not from medical realities.

Official medical bulletins also began to be published in the case of prolonged illnesses of the first persons, as was the case in the winter of 1824, when Alexander I was seriously ill as a result of a leg injury.

Nicholas I, who systematically created the image of the "Iron Emperor", was a categorical opponent of the publication of official bulletins, considering this information the exclusive privilege of the St. Petersburg beau monde. For example, when Nikolai Pavlovich fell ill in October 1829, information was sent to the military governor-general "on the state of illness of the Sovereign Emperor." At the same time, it was explained that this information was subject to "announcement to the public, without, however, imprinting it in Vedomosti." Under the "public" the emperor had in mind the St. Petersburg beau monde. In the following days, the texts of the bulletins were invariably optimistic ("The head is fresh"; the emperor "can be considered recovering"), and on November 14 it was reported that the bulletins "will no longer be published" because the emperor recovered.

Bulletins were published in the newspapers about the treatment of Nicholas I, after he broke his collarbone in the autumn of 1836. Bulletins were published during the illness of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolayevich in 1845. Official bulletins also appeared during the transient illness of Nicholas I in February 1855: bulletins, “according to the model of past years”, hung out in the Winter Palace from February 17, 1855, and they began to be published literally a day before the death of the monarch.

The decision to inform the public was taken by the first persons. For example, the publication of medical bulletins on the state of health of Nicholas II, who became seriously ill with typhus in 1900, was allowed only after the approval of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

Were subjects informed of the medical circumstances leading to the monarch's death?

The death of the monarch was reported to the people in manifestos. But not always in them there were even hints of medical circumstances that led to his death. For example, in the manifesto on the death of Peter I (1725), only a "twelve-day cruel illness" was mentioned; in the manifesto on the death of Catherine I (1727), on behalf of Peter II, it was succinctly stated: “Our dearest Empress grandmother, from this temporary to eternal bliss, this month, on the 6th day, about the 9th hour in the afternoon, I departed.” In the manifesto dedicated to the accession to the throne of Anna Ioannovna, it was said that “The Great Sovereign Peter the Second, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, ill with smallpox, from January 7 from temporary to eternal bliss of the same January on the 18th, departed at 1 o’clock after midnight.”

As mentioned above, after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna (1761), the subjects were not only informed about the fact of the death of the empress, but also were told fragments from the history of her illness. Therefore, due to the precedent that appeared, in July 1762, when Emperor Peter III Fedorovich was killed by the Orlov brothers in Ropsha, his “inconsolable widow” considered it necessary to indicate certain medical circumstances that led to the death of her husband (July 7, 1762): “ On the seventh day after the acceptance of our All-Russian Throne, We received the news that the former Emperor Peter the Third, with an ordinary and frequent hemorrhoid attack, fell into the most severe colic. Why… they immediately ordered to send to him everything that was necessary to prevent the consequences of that adventure, which were dangerous in His health, and to help him quickly by healing. But to Our extreme sorrow and embarrassment of the heart, yesterday We received another, that he died by the will of the Most High God. Note that the European correspondents of Catherine II made a lot of irony about this "hemorrhoidal attack."

Manifesto on the death of Paul I. 1801

Golden snuffbox, owned by Count N. A. Zubov

A similar manifesto signed by Alexander I appeared on March 12, 1801, immediately after the death of Paul I in the Mikhailovsky Castle at the hands of assassins. In the document, the “medical diagnosis” was formalized as follows: “It was pleasing to the fate of the Highest to end the life of the dear Parent of Our Sovereign Emperor PAVL PETROVICH, who died suddenly of apoplexy on the night of the 11th to the 12th of this month.” Since very many people knew about the circumstances of the death of the emperor, a joke immediately began to circulate in St. Petersburg that the emperor died "with an apoplexy blow to the temple with a snuffbox."

The most significant for the study were books and articles by Yu. A. Molin (Secrets of the death of the great. 1997; Reading death writings. 1999; Romanovs: The path to Golgotha. The view of a forensic expert. 2002; Romanovs: oblivion is canceled. 2005), B. A. Nakhapetova (In the care of sovereign health: life doctors of Russian emperors. 2003; Secrets of doctors of the Romanov dynasty. 2005) and a collective monograph edited by G. G. Onishchenko "Medicine and imperial power in Russia" (M., 2008).

Scientific consultant of the head - professor of the department of propaedeutics of internal diseases with the clinic of the St. Petersburg State Medical University. acad. I. P. Pavlova Doctor of Medical Sciences B. G. Lukichev.

For example, the doctor of Empress Maria Feodorovna (wife of Paul I), life physician I.F. Ryul lodged on the third floor of the Winter Palace. The apartment of the doctor of Alexander I, the life physician J. V. Willie, was also located there, and the apartment of the life physician of Nicholas I, V. P. Crichton, was located in the Freylinsky corridor.

The Minister of War of Alexander II D. A. Milyutin recalled that “rumors of the disease alarmed the whole city, but bulletins about the course of the disease were not printed, since the Sovereign did not like such publication, but were delivered only to members of the Royal Family and laid out in the reception room of the Winter Palace for persons who came to inquire about the condition of the patient. We started printing these bulletins only on the 17th.”

Along with the traditional version of the murder, there are several more bizarre versions about the causes of the death of Peter III. Among them, one of them is a transient illness, as evidenced by the preserved notes of Alexei Orlov to Catherine II: “Mother Gracious Empress, we all wish you good years. We are now well on the leave of this letter and with the whole team, only our freak fell very ill and an unexpected colic seized him, and I am afraid that he will not die tonight, but I am more afraid that he will not come to life. The first danger is that he speaks in all good health and it is somewhat cheerful for us, and the other danger is that he is really dangerous for all of us because he sometimes speaks like that, although in his former state to be ”(July 2, 1762). The violent nature of the death of Peter III is evidenced by another note by Alexei Orlov: “Mother, merciful Empress! How can I explain to describe what happened; you will not believe your faithful servant, but as before God I will tell the truth. Mother, ready to go to death; but I don't know how it happened. We died when you do not have mercy. Mother, he is not in the world, but no one thought of this, and how can we think of raising our hands against the Sovereign. But, Empress, a disaster happened: we were drunk, and he too, he argued at the table with Prince Fyodor; We didn’t have time to separate, but he was already gone. We don't remember what we did; but everyone is guilty, worthy of execution. Have mercy on me for my brother. I brought you a confession, and there is nothing to look for. Forgive me or order me to finish soon, the world is not sweet, they angered you and ruined your souls forever ”(see: Peskov A. M. Pavel I. M., 2005). Leaving aside the discussion about the authenticity of the last note, I note that deposed emperors do not live long.

Catherine II herself wrote about the “medical circumstances” of the death of her husband: “Fear caused him diarrhea, which lasted three days and passed on the fourth; he got too drunk that day, because he had everything he wanted, except for freedom. (He asked me, however, only for his mistress, a dog, a negro and a violin; but, fearing to cause a scandal and increase ferment among the people who guarded him, I sent him only the last three things.) He was seized by an attack of hemorrhoidal colic, along with hot flashes blood to the brain he was two days in this state, followed by a terrible weakness, and, despite the increased help of doctors, he expired, demanding [before that] a Lutheran priest. I was afraid that the officers had poisoned him. I ordered to open it; but it is quite certain that they did not find the slightest trace [of the poison]; he had a perfectly healthy stomach, but he died of inflammation in the intestines and apoplexy. His heart was unusually small and completely wrinkled” (see: Empress Catherine II. “On the Greatness of Russia”, M., 2003).

Today, the snuffbox that belonged to Count N. A. Zubov, which, according to legend, was stabbed in the head of Paul I, is exhibited in the State Hermitage in the Cathedral of the Savior Not Made by Hands. But this is only an established legend.

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Dressmaker Nadezhda Lamanova, known to all the ladies of Moscow

The colors of a clear sky, the seven-story building at 10 Tverskoy Boulevard, with pylons and stucco, resembles an empire-style mansion that stood in its place, giving way to an apartment building. Profitable real estate belonged to a dressmaker known to all the ladies of Moscow, who sewed and dreamed of ordering dresses from her. Moreover, on Kuznetsky Most it was always possible to buy all the most fashionable from France and England.

Portrait by Valentin Serov.

In Moscow before the revolution, there were hundreds of ladies' and men's tailors, their names in small print filled the pages of the address and reference book "All Moscow" for 1917. But only one milliner was honored to add the title to her first name, patronymic and surname: “p. yard." This meant that Nadezhda Petrovna Lamanova-Kayutova was "the supplier of the Court of Her Imperial Majesty." She sewed dresses for the Empress and Grand Duchesses.

The emperor awarded the title to manufacturers "for the state of production and influence on the life of the country," and their goods - "for a very clean finish, the latest style, affordable prices." To deserve it, one had to participate in official exhibitions for at least 8 years, receive awards and not receive a single complaint. For 38 years, Nikolai Shustov sought an honorary title that gave him the right to depict the coat of arms of the Russian Empire on bottles of the best domestic cognac and be called "the supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty."

Apparently, the main entrance to the fashionable ladies' dress workshop, located in house 10, was decorated with a double-headed eagle. Surely two of the three royal requirements - "a very clean finish" and "the latest style" - were strictly carried out. But I strongly doubt that the "low price" was respected. Otherwise, she would never have been able to earn so much money to order a project from an expensive architect Nikita Lazarev and build her own multi-storey building. It contained a workshop with twenty dressmakers, an exhibition hall, lived in comfort, received on a grand scale the first persons of the art world, rented apartments to wealthy residents.

The daughter of the late impoverished nobleman after the gymnasium was unable to continue her education. In order to support the three younger sisters who remained in her care, with whom she replaced her mother, she had to leave the family estate in the Novgorod province and come to Moscow to learn a non-noble craft at the school of cutting and sewing. For several years Nadezhda served in a fashion studio. She got her own business in 1885, at Bolshaya Dmitrovka, 23. There, many ladies reached out to her, despite the painful fittings that lasted for hours, accompanied by fainting. Nadezhda Petrovna herself did not sew - she created sketches and did fittings, cutting the fabric according to the figure with hundreds of pins. She likened herself to an architect who draws, designs, and masons build.

The fitting session ended with the words: “Take it all off carefully, the sketch is ready!” Lamanova's star slowly but surely rose very high. Ladies of high society danced in her dresses at the Russian Ball in the Winter Palace.

A quarter of a century passed before the lights were lit at the front entrance of the studio "the supplier of the Court of Her Imperial Majesty" on Tverskoy Boulevard, 10. In her house, the hostess on a grand scale received in 1911 the king of Parisian fashion, Paul Poiret, who arrived in Russia for the first time, who knew Russian hospitality with champagne rivers and red caviar - buckets, the Yar restaurant and gypsies.

Then, at the height of the glory of the milliner, the artist Valentin Serov, who carried out orders from members of the Imperial House, painted her portrait. The last portrait in his short life. From under half-closed eyelids, under a lush hat of hair, the all-seeing eyes of the artist look, studying the portrait painter himself, as a client before starting the fitting ...

From Moscow, on a tip from Nadezhda Petrovna, who, despite the difference in years, became her friend, Paul took away a set of old and modern Russian clothes bought in the markets: blouses, kokoshniks, sundresses, boots, sketches of Armenian cab drivers and quilted jackets of merchants. And on this basis he created a Slavic collection, surprising Paris. In the Kremlin, in the Assumption Belfry, in the Patriarchal Palace, until recently, the clothes and theatrical costumes of this revolutionary of world fashion, who freed women from corsets, were demonstrated. His works came to Moscow from the best museums in Europe. Lamanova's dresses, like paintings and statues, are kept by the Hermitage.

Nadezhda Petrovna is a legendary figure, the only Russian fashion designer of the 19th-20th centuries not forgotten, mentioned in memoirs, articles, and studies of fashion historians. She lived 80 years, of which 24 years - under the Soviet regime, which deprived her of her fortune, estate, household, workshop. Lamanova survived and worked, despite all the horror. She did not emigrate after her noble clients. One of the customers of her dresses, Alexandra Fedorovna, was shot along with her husband-king and children. Another customer, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, was thrown alive into an abandoned mine.

Lamanova's husband, attorney at law Andrey Pavlovich Kayutov, whose surname she bore with her maiden name, also lost everything. In Moscow, the manager of the Moscow branch of the Rossiya insurance company, an amateur actor who performed on stage under the pseudonym Vronsky, a member of the Moscow Motorists and the Russian Photographic Society, was well known. So, Nadezhda Petrovna moved around Moscow in a prestigious foreign car.

For no reason at all, just as a hostile element, in 1919 the former landlady ended up in a cell in the Butyrskaya prison. The unmarried wife of Maxim Gorky, the former actress of the Art Theater Maria Andreeva, who became influential in the Kremlin after the revolution, which she and her husband “brought as best they could” together, helped to get free, getting money for Lenin’s party. The former actress knew Lamanova well: since 1901, Nadezhda Petrovna, as a costume designer, served in the theater of Konstantin Stanislavsky, who said about her: “Our precious, irreplaceable, brilliant. Chaliapin in his business. The founder of the Art Museum considered her "almost the only specialist in the field of knowledge and the creation of theatrical costume", called her "wonderful, great."

Not immediately, but she also found a job in Soviet Russia. Lamanova, under the "workers' and peasants' power", proved herself in the workshop of modern costume in the art and production sub-department at the Fine Arts - the department of fine arts of the People's Commissariat of Education. This happened not without the influence of the actress of the Maly Theater Rosenel, the young wife of the People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky. Together with him, the most beautiful women of Moscow, theater and film actresses, Mayakovsky's beloved Lilya Brik and her sister Elsa came to the showroom of Petrovsky Passage. They demonstrated Lamanova's models for all occasions. Under NEP, a mass of different fabrics appeared, as in Tsarist Russia, a craving for fashionable clothes awakened among the victorious class, the wives of red commanders, who upset Mayakovsky with their taste:

No hammer and sickle

don't show yourself in the light!

What will I be wearing today?

at a ball in the Revolutionary Military Council?!

Having left Moscow to emigrate, Marina Tsvetaeva, remembering her native city, in 1924 composed a short poem “Flooders”, remembering the revived Lamanova: “Quiet soot, softer than suede, / Taking floor polishers into the house, / Cry! Look at that, dancing, / We’ll beat off the nose of the goddess. / That goddess is marble, / Dress up - from Lamanova, / Don’t look that it’s marble, / We break everyone’s sides!

Lamanova's artistic imagination became related to precise scientific calculation. The queen of fashion did not deify her craft, she understood: fashion levels people, regardless of the features and shortcomings of their physique. But she also knew how to deal with a heavy figure, she taught that the silhouette "can be lightened by hiding disproportion by suppressing it with planes of a different shape ...".

Great success fell to her and co-author - sculptor Vera Mukhina - at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1925, where they were awarded the Grand Prix "for national identity combined with a modern fashion trend." Almost every year, Lamanova was awarded prizes and diplomas. She again felt in demand and recognized - and, to the delight of the Bolsheviks, she admitted: "... The revolution changed my financial situation, but it did not change my life ideas, but made it possible to put them into practice on an incomparably wider scale."

The joy did not last long. The New Economic Policy is over, and with it all private enterprise. On the denunciation of neighbors in March 1928, the police came with a search. And a member of the Academy of Art Sciences Lamanova became a "disenfranchised", that is, deprived of voting rights, an outcast, expelled from the academy and other Soviet institutions where she was. At home, Lamanova was engaged in what she could not exist without. She convinced the judges that not just a dressmaker, but, as an artist, “created new forms, new samples of women's clothing, which would be adapted in their simplicity, convenience and cheapness to our new working life. From the very beginning of the revolution, I devoted all my strength, knowledge and energy to the work of creating a Soviet way of life and culture, so my work for 11 years has been socially useful. So unsuccessfully she tried to convince the Soviet authorities of her loyalty.

Jobs in state institutions were not deprived. Lyubov Orlova shone in her costumes in the film "Circus", Faina Ranevskaya played, the actors in "Boris Godunov", staged by Stanislavsky, the heroes of the films "Aelita", "Alexander Nevsky" ...

Contemporaries were amazed at the posture of Nadezhda Petrovna, admiring "an elegant, strict cream-colored suit trimmed with velvet, a long skirt, but not too long - legs were visible in silk stockings, and, surprisingly for an 80-year-old woman, in high heels." Contrary to "public opinion", she wore rings on her hands. This is what it looked like before the war. When in mid-October 1941, after a breakthrough of the front, a mass evacuation from Moscow began, Lamanova (together with her sister) appeared in Kamergersky Lane to go with the theater, where she had served for forty years, to the station. Came late. She was not expected. The air raid began. I didn't have the strength to go down the subway. The sisters at the Bolshoi Theater sat down on a bench. Nadezhda Petrovna did not get up from her. My heart broke two days before the fateful October 16th. She did not see the panic that gripped the besieged city.

Adjacent to the house of Nadezhda Lamanova was a five-story building of the Nizhny Novgorod-Samara Bank. It was built by the architect Konstantin Bykovsky in 1909 in the neoclassical style. But in front of the main entrance, two openwork lanterns in the Art Nouveau style hang down. Ten years later, the military engineer Ivan Rerberg, not inclined to modernity, the author of the Kyiv railway station and the Central Telegraph, built up the floor. Nine years later, the seventh floor was built on - perhaps then the lanterns appeared.

The building is known for its tenants-martyrs - Solomon Mikhoels and Veniamin Zuskin. The chief director of the Jewish Theater and the head of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were sent with a friend, theater expert Vladimir Golubov, to Minsk under the plausible pretext: to evaluate a performance submitted for the Stalin Prize. From there, both were brought in coffins. (I wrote about them last year, in the essay "King Lear Under the Wheels".)

Solomon Mikhoels as King Lear.

Veniamin Zuskin.

After the death of Stalin, who authorized the massacre, the arrested former Minister of State Security of the USSR Viktor Abakumov testified in writing that he had received an assignment from the Chairman of the Government of the USSR I.V. Stalin. He instructed his deputy, Lieutenant General Sergei Ogoltsov, the Minister of the Ministry of State Security of Belarus, Lavrenty Tsanava, and a group of officers - “special people” who carried out murders without trial or investigation, to carry out the plan. During interrogations, they testified that Mikhoels and his friend were lured under a plausible pretext to a country cottage and there they allegedly ran over both of them with the wheels of a truck. At night, the dead were taken from the scene of the crime to the city and thrown to the side of a sparsely populated street, where passers-by saw them in the morning. General Pavel Sudoplatov in famous memoirs claimed that Mikhoels and Golubov were first injected with poison, and then they were run over by a car. This version, reproduced in various publications, I believed. How could one not believe it if, in the face of death, the generals during interrogations detailed and confirmed it.

Colonel General Viktor Abakumov.

In fact, it didn't happen like that. The leader's daughter Svetlana, while at a dacha in Volynskoye, accidentally witnessed her father's conversation on the phone: “They were reporting something to him, but he was listening. Then, as a summary, he said: "Well, a car accident." I remember this intonation very well - it was not a question, but a statement, an answer, he did not ask, but suggested this, a car accident.

When he hung up, he greeted his daughter and told her: "Mikhoels crashed in a car accident." All the newspapers reported on the car accident.

Stalin's daughter, speaking about this conversation, concluded: “He was killed, and there was no catastrophe. 'Car Crash' was the official version suggested by my father when the performance was reported to him."

There is another weighty proof of what Svetlana Iosifovna said. If the wheels of a truck had run over Mikhoels, they would not have been able to put him in a coffin at a civil memorial service. As Alexander Borshchagovsky, a friend of Mikhoels, writes in Notes of a Minion of Fate, published in 1991: “Alexander Tyshler spent a long January night at the coffin of Mikhoels, drew him and saw him naked, without injuries, without bruises, only with a fractured skull at the temple. Volodya Golubov was also killed. The victims of a collision or a car accident look different.”

Who broke the skull of the great artist and his friend? On April 30, 1948, Minister of State Security of the USSR Viktor Abakumov presented a list of executors of the operation with a request to be awarded the “Order of the Red Banner: Lieutenant General Ogoltsov S.I. and Lieutenant General Tsanavu L.F.; Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree: Senior Lieutenant Kruglov B.A., Colonel Lebedev V.E., Colonel Shubnyakov F.G.; Order of the Red Star: Major Kosyrev A.Kh., Major Povzun N.F.

Some of the lower ranks, I think, were entrusted with the role of the executioner - not the generals and officers to do the dirty work. After Stalin's death, everyone's awards were taken away. Viktor Abakumov was shot. Lavrenty Tsanava died in the Butyrka prison.

It is strange: on Tverskoy Boulevard, 12, there is still no memorial plaque on the house where the People's Artists of the USSR Mikhoels and Zuskin, who died a painful death, lived.

Becoming a supplier of goods for the king was not easy. The candidate had to prove the dignity of his product for 8 years of "trial period". Many brands became famous due to the fact that their quality was appreciated by the emperor and his family.

The title of the court "Supplier" and the form of the badge were introduced at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander II in 1856. Since 1862, selected manufacturers, artists and artisans have been allowed to use the state emblem on their signboards and products.

Partnership A.I. Abrikosov and sons

This is one of the oldest Moscow enterprises, now - the confectionery factory named after. P.A. Babaev. In 1804, the former serf Stepan Nikolaev, nicknamed Obrokosov, appeared in Moscow, where he founded a confectionery establishment. The partnership became the supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty in 1899. Abrikosov paid special attention to advertising. In 1891 alone, 300 thousand rubles were spent on it. The confectioner filled the whole city with his leaflets.

Cars Russo-Balt

By May 1913, the fleet of Nicholas II consisted of 29 cars. Among them were cars "Russo-Balt", the quality of which was confirmed by participation in numerous rallies.

Since 1909, the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works in Riga began to produce them. Soon "Russo-Balt" made its debut in the rally St. Petersburg - Berlin - Prague - Rome - Naples - Vesuvius. In January 1912, a special sports modification C 24-50, driven by Andrey Nagel and Vadim Mikhailov, took the "First Prize for Distance Routes" and the "First Prize for Tourism for Endurance" at the Monte Carlo Rally, covering 3,500 km on winter roads.

"Russo-Balts" were famous for their reliability, and large orders for them came from the military department. Soon, the automobile department of the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works was named the Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty.

Singer sewing machines

The American company Singer entered our market back in the 1860s through the general European distributor of the German Georg Neidlinger - with a head warehouse in Hamburg and 65 "dealer" centers in Russia. In 1897, the Singer Manufactory Joint-Stock Company was founded. And then the success of Russian sales prompted Singer management to think about creating their own production in Russia.

In 1902, a plant was launched in Podolsk that produced cars with the Russified Singer logo (to which the then “quality mark” was soon added - the inscription “Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty”). These machines were not only widely distributed throughout Russia, but were also exported to Turkey and the Balkans, as well as to Persia, Japan and China. By the beginning of the First World War, the plant annually produced 600 million cars. They were sold directly in 3,000 company stores, as well as through the "goods by mail" system.
One remarkable fact speaks about the breadth of coverage of the pre-revolutionary Russian market. One of the sons of the famous jeweler Faberge, Agafon Karlovich, was a passionate philatelist.

Upon learning that the St. Petersburg representative office of Singer was moving to a different address, he figured out how to become the owner of one of the most complete collections of rare Zemstvo stamps in the world. Faberge Jr. offered the company to take out for free its huge and seemingly useless archive, which occupied two railway cars. Its basis, as you might guess, was letters of order from Russian cities and villages with stamps pasted on envelopes. Later, Agathon's son Oleg Faberge lived comfortably on interest from his father's collection pledged in one of the Swiss banks, which eventually left the auction for 2.53 million Swiss francs.

Producer alcohol Shustov N.L.

Nikolai Leontievich Shustov achieved this title for a total of 38 years. He went down in history as the creator of Russian cognac of the highest quality. For 20 years of service, the entrepreneur accumulated a fortune that allowed him to open a small vodka distillery in 1863. In 1880, he bought a plot of land on Bolshaya Sadovaya, where he transferred his enterprise.

By the end of the 19th century, the range of products began to differ in variety - bison, tangerine liqueur, Caucasian mountain herbalist, liqueurs of Russian steppe herbs and Crimean. The Shustovs' unique view of promoting their products turned the minds of the Russian consumer market in the 19th century.

Before him, advertisers turned to society as petitioners, while Shustov taught his sons to demand. Through his acquaintances, Nikolai Leontievich found several students who went to taverns for a good fee and demanded that “Shustov vodka” be served everywhere. Students were even allowed to rumble a little - in the amount of no more than 10 rubles.

Their earnings were a percentage of the orders received by the company from the public catering and drinking establishments they had "shoveled". Thus, in a short time, all Moscow tavern-keepers learned about the existence of very good and relatively cheap vodka.

Einem associates

In 1850, a German citizen Theodor Einem appeared in Moscow, who opened a candy making workshop on the Arbat. Julius Geis became his companion. Entrepreneurs made good money supplying syrups and jams to the Russian army during the Crimean War, which allowed them to build a factory building on Sofiyskaya Embankment, opposite the Kremlin, in 1867.

In 1878, after the death of the founder, Geiss inherited the factory, but retained the name "Einem" (now "Red October"). The company produced about 20 types of products, "sweet baskets" for brides were especially popular. In 1913, the company received the title "Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty".

Vodka tycoon Smirnov

The company of Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov, who in 1862 started his own production of alcoholic beverages at a small vodka factory on Pyatnitskaya Street, was especially famous.
Table wine "N 21", as well as tincture "Nezhinskaya ashberry" gained the greatest popularity among consumers. These products helped the company acquire the right to depict the State Emblem and the title of "Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich."

The cost of products produced during the year reached 17-20 million rubles. The tax that went to the treasury from the Smirnov enterprise was equal to half of the pre-war budget of the Russian army.

Trading House "Eliseev Brothers"

The Eliseev Brothers trading house was established in 1857, and in 1874 it became a supplier to the Court of His Imperial Majesty. The bold idea of Grigory Eliseev was to create a network of stores offering customers a full range of quality food products and wines.

The first large "Eliseevsky" stores appeared in St. Petersburg and Kyiv by the end of the 19th century. Five departments were opened in the Moscow "Eliseevsky": grocery, confectionery, colonial gastronomic goods, Baccarat crystal and the largest fruit department. The grocery store introduced the residents of the capital to overseas delicacies: special olive oil was brought from Provence, French truffles, oysters, coconuts, and bananas were sold there.

In addition to overseas products, delicacies from all over Russia were sold here: hams, balyks from white and sturgeon fish, the best caviar. The "Eliseevsky" presented a huge selection of tea and coffee. "Eliseevsky" was not a store exclusively for wealthy buyers; in addition to delicacies, one could buy products here at regular prices.

The grocery store is very strict about the quality of products. The salaries of the employees were very high, but the requirements were appropriate. In addition to a huge selection of goods, "Eliseevsky" was distinguished by a huge range of its productions. There were bakeries, oil-pressing, salting and smoking shops, as well as the production of jams, marmalades, roasting coffee beans, bottling wines, drinks, etc.

Keywords

INSTITUTIONS / SUPPLIER OF THE COURT OF HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY / PARTNERSHIP "A. I. ABRIKOSOV SONS" / CONFLICTS OF INTEREST / CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY/ DIVIDENDS / INSTITUTIONS / HIS EMPEROR"S MAJESTY COURT SUPPLIER / PARTNERSHIP OF A. I. ABRIKOSOV AND SONS/ CONFLICTS OF INTEREST / CONFECTIONARY INDUSTRY / DIVIDENDS

annotation scientific article on history and archeology, author of scientific work - Bessolitsyn Alexander Alekseevich

The purpose of this article is an attempt to consider the process of formation of the Institute of Suppliers of the Imperial Courts, which began to really develop in Russia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the help of this institution, the state, using methods of indirect influence on the market spheres of management, managed not only to form a mechanism for providing high-quality goods and services to representatives of the highest nobility, but also generally contributed to the development of various forms of private entrepreneurship. As an example of the successful operation of an enterprise that received the title Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty the activity of the joint-stock company "A. I. Abrikosov's Sons Partnership", which received this title at the very end of the 19th century, was considered. managed until 1917 to significantly strengthen its position in the market. Even during the First World War, the company of A. I. Abrikosov, despite the fact that the purchasing power of the population objectively decreased during the war, worked at a profit and managed not only to maintain, but even increase the capitalization of the enterprise, while paying significant dividends to shareholders. In the conditions of the highest competition, this title was earned, first of all, by the highest quality of the supplied products, goods and services, impeccable business reputation and became the trademark of the elite of the commercial and industrial world of pre-revolutionary Russia. Rank Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty It was also a kind of quality mark for mass consumers, which, in turn, increased competition and stimulated the production of these goods and services.

Emerging and Development of the Institution of His Emperor's Majesty Court Suppliers

The purpose of this article is the attempt to consider the process of formation of the institution of Emperor’s Courts suppliers that began to develop in Russia during the second half of the 19th beginning of the 20th centuries. With the help of this institution the state, using the methods of indirect influence on the market spheres of economy, not only managed to form a mechanism of providing high-quality products and services to the representatives of the supreme nobility, but also contributed to the development of various forms of private entrepreneurship as a whole. The activity of joint-stock company Partnership of A. I. Abrikosov and Sons” that received the above mentioned status at the end of the 19th century and managed to significantly strengthen its position on the market up to 1917, is used as an example of successful activity of the company that received the status of His Emperor’s Majesty Court supplier. Even during the First World War when the purchasing ability of the population objectively declined the firm of A. I. Abrikosov was making profit and managed not only to save, but also to increase the capitalization of the company and pay significant dividends to its shareholders. In the conditions of the highest competition, this status was earned mostly due to the highest quality of the provided products, goods and services, excellent business reputation and became a brand of the elite of trade and industrial world of pre-revolutionary Russia. The status of His Emperor's Majesty Court supplier served also as a certain quality mark for mass consumers, which, in its turn, strengthened the competition and stimulated the production of the respective products and services.

Christ seller! Why are you slurping the blood of Christian babies again, monster? Who asked you to write the Deer Breeder's Handbook, I ask you? And even dedicate it to the custodian of the age-old traditions of the Small Peoples of the North, Nibelung Karenovich Avanesyan?
You, two big-nosed representatives of the Small Peoples of the North, will now definitely be exposed and the certificates of the representatives of the Small Peoples of the North will be taken away. Well, then what will you feed on, backbones? Nibelung's Natasha, as soon as she saw this book in the store, she immediately burst into tears.
- We live, - he says, - we ride like cheese in butter. Two crafts of the Nibelung from mammoth tusks were even placed in the Solomon Guggenheim Museum. And here you write, insinuator, that the glorious family of mushers Avanesyanov has its roots in a time when herds of mammoths plied the tundra.
They will expose you - crooks, and throw everything out of the Guggenheim Museum as a fake. There will also be a criminal case. Are you getting it!? Nurse, well, I please you as best I can, even in the kitchen, even in the bedroom ...
- Doll Lena, I have long wanted to tell you: “You don’t work in the hallway” ...
- Gad! Mason and the world behind the scenes. Torturer and sexual slave owner overindulged in matzah.
- Stop crying, Lena doll. Each half-liter tear rolling down your ruddy cheek hurts my already not very healthy heart. Nobody will expose us. We, me and Avanesyan, are patriarchs, keepers of weights and measures of the Small Peoples of the North. A kilogram or a carat cannot be canceled - this is a conditional standard.
But at the expense of matzah, you guessed right. Let's say I again have a problem with the national question, and I will be expelled from the Small Peoples of the North. It's OK. Let's move to Jerusalem, where I will sell matzah.
- Who will buy from you? Yes, there are…
- There are such, doll Lena, I will be the only one. Because only I have a document stating that I come from the family of the official supplier of matzah to the Court of His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II.
And the suppliers of the Court of His Majesty, the Len doll, by the Highest Decree of 1862, were allowed to use the state emblem on signs and products. Moreover, the Title of Supplier of the Yard was assigned not to the company, but to the owner personally.
Moreover, since 1901, the image of the Supplier's sign was introduced. A ribbon was placed under the shield, which indicates what exactly the owner of this ribbon supplies to the imperial court.
In this case, the ribbon was inscribed "Supplier of matzah to the Court of His Imperial Majesty, as well as the Grand Dukes and Princesses."
This certificate was issued to my great-grandfather directly by the Chancellery of the Ministry of the Imperial Court. And on it there is a corresponding color image of the sign.
- Did you buy it in the underpass? Or did Nibelung Avanesyan sculpt on a moonless polar night?
- Original museum quality document. In it, only “merchant of the 2nd guild Aristarkh Dormidontovich Mudrozhenov” was corrected to “merchant of the 1st guild Moshe-Khaim Girshovich Makovetsky” and “sterlet” to “matzo”. The rest is authentic.
- And where did you get such a non-Russian surname, infidel?
- I have to ask you, Lena doll. Because Jewish surnames are purely Russian intrigues. The obligation of Jews to take a hereditary surname was legally established by the “Regulations on the Jews”, developed specifically for this by the Committee created in 1802 and approved by Alexander I of the Nominal Decree of December 9, 1804. Until that moment, Jews in the Russian Empire did not have surnames.
- And why Moshe-Chaim? Those are two names.
- Among the Ashkenazim, it is customary to replace any name with Chaim or give the name Chaim as an additional one if a person is dangerously ill. The people believed that the bearer of the name Chaim (life) would be more likely to survive. Usually seriously ill young children became Khaims in this way, adults rarely changed their names.
In the case of a girl, she was called Khava. The European version of this Hebrew name is "Eve". Hava is translated in the same way - "life".
- How is Elena in Hebrew? After all, you were going to transfer me to Jerusalem.
- Ilana. But it's in harmony. Actually, "Elena" is a Greek name, translated "luminous, brilliant." And Ilana in Aramaic and in Mishnaic Hebrew is “tree”, but in the good sense of the word. Like, stupid, of course, but so round, plump, strong.
This name is usually used by the Lenas who moved to Israel. Because in any case, a native Hebrew speaker will call Elena Ilana. No one will break the language of "Elena".
But let's get back to the document I have. Honored by the supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty was a document of special importance. Therefore, the Autocrat of All Russia signed it with a full title.
Nicholas II by title was the Tsar of All Russia, and by office he was God's hastening mercy “Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod; Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauride Chersonis, Tsar of Georgia, Grand Duke of Finland, and so on, and so on, and so on.
Moreover, “and others, and others, and others” was great and diverse. In particular, there was also “the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsen and Oldenburg”, and something else related to Malta.
To be the official supplier of matzah to such a respected person is highly honorable. So in Jerusalem people will buy matzah from me, I am deeply convinced. Religious Jews are very conservative and use only what has been tested for centuries. Moreover, here we are not talking about something secondary, but about matzo.
- They will split you, Mason. The Jews, I suppose, are not as gullible as the Small reindeer herders of the North. The deeper the Jew is ignorant, the more assertive he calls himself "intellectual." You are a typical case. Anyway, I know everything about you, my mother told me.
It turns out that you have been taking revenge on the British for more than seven centuries for the expulsion of the Jews from Foggy Albion in 1290. In particular, Jewish bankers financed Oliver Cromwell, which ultimately led to a revolution and the execution of the rightful king, Charles I Stuart. And the tragic fate of Marie Antoinette!? What is it for, bitches??
- Antoinette is really sorry to tears. Like Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. But I won't be split. Because from childhood he was cunning and cunning. And he always paid a lot of attention to details (see the picture above the text).
This has always helped me out.