Dimensions of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels. Reinforced concrete floors

Reinforced concrete floors strong, durable and fireproof.

Before development and introduction into the practice of building prefabricated structures, reinforced concrete floors were made monolithic.
Monolithic ceilings are reinforced and concreted in place, in the formwork. They are non-industrial, labor-intensive, require the consumption of timber for formwork and a large number become.

IN modern construction monolithic floors are used when they are the main element providing the overall spatial rigidity of the building, in buildings complex shape(in plan), as well as with significant dynamic loads on the floors.

Figure 96 Supporting steel beams and girders:
a - on the outer walls; b - on internal walls; in - on brick pillars; 1 - anchor 50x6; 2 - bolt; 3 - solution; 4 - concrete lining; 5 g beam; 6 - run

Rice. 97. Ceilings on steel beams;

a - interfloor with monolithic filling; b - attic; c - interfloor with a plank run-up and with a prefabricated filling of slabs and blocks; 1 - floor boards 40 mm; 2 - logs; 3 - sand; 4 ~ monolithic reinforced concrete; 5 - plaster; 6 - slag; 7 - parquet; 8 - asphalt; 9 - brick; 10 - grid; 11 - fittings; 12 - batted felt; 13 - box; 14 - peel 20 mm; 15 - contractions from the bars after 1 m, 16 - rolling; 17 - clay lubricant 20-25 mm, 18 - tiled floor. 19 - teams reinforced concrete slabs, 20 - solution; 21- gypsum boards; 22 - only; 23 - gypsum slag block

Rice. 98. Monolithic reinforced concrete floors:
a - ribbed; b - caisson; in - beamless; 1 - main beams (runs); 2-secondary beams (ribs); 3 - plate; 4 - columns; 5 - clean floor; 6 - capital

Depending on the load, spans up to 3 m can be covered with a smooth slab 60-100 mm thick. With spans of more than 3 m, ribbed floors are arranged (Fig. 98, a), consisting of a slab, main beams (girders) and secondary beams (ribs). The distance between the main beams is from 4 to 6 m, and between the ribs with a slab thickness of 70-100 mm - from 1.5 to 3 m. The beams of multi-span floors are a continuous structure. Columns serve as supports for the main beams, girders serve as supports for the ribs.

For a smooth ceiling ribbed ceiling they make plaster on a steel mesh suspended from the ribs from below, or fasten sheets of dry plaster on special hangers. In the upper floor, a smooth ceiling can be obtained by installing a monolithic reinforced concrete floor with the ribs up.

Ribbed ceilings have a rectangular grid of columns. With a square grid of columns (when the distances between the columns in both directions of the overlapped span are the same), the ceilings can be of the coffered type (Fig. 98, b).
If it is necessary to obtain a smooth ceiling, the floors can be base beam structure(Fig. 98, c) with the thickness of the plate.

equal to 1/35 of the span, based on columns having widenings (capitals) in the upper part, which provide the strength of the plate for punching and better mating of the plate with the columns. The grid of columns is allowed 5x5 or 6X6 w.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are divided into floors on reinforced concrete beams and floors from reinforced concrete slabs, decking and large panels.

Rice. 99. Overlapping on reinforced concrete beams:
a - interfloor; b - attic; c - anchoring; 1 - floor boards 37-47 mm; 2 - logs; 3 - hollow cinder-concrete liners; 4 - soundproof gasket 15-20 mm; 5 - solution; 6 - plaster
10 mm; 7 - gypsum concrete slabs 90 mm; 8 - vapor barrier; 9 - insulation 220-260 mm; 10 - peel 20 mm; 11 - beam insulation; 12 - slag concrete; 13 - mounting loop; 14 - anchor

Ceilings on reinforced concrete tee beams (Fig. 99) are simple in design, have a low weight of mounting elements, but are labor-intensive due to the sealing of a large number of joints between the elements of inter-beam filling (rolling) with cement mortar. The step of the beams is assigned depending on the load: 600, 800, 1000 mm. Hollow concrete insert stones, reinforced cinder-concrete or gypsum-concrete slabs are used as inter-beam rolling. Floors are arranged on logs or on a leveled base. Ceilings are covered with a layer of plaster, not more than 10 mm. The connection of the floor with the walls is carried out by anchoring the floor beams (Fig. 99, b).

The beams of the attic floor are insulated (Fig. 99.6).

Ceilings made of large-sized reinforced concrete elements are made in the form of prefabricated slabs, floorings and panels in accordance with the nomenclature of precast concrete products for civil buildings. Depending on the constructive scheme buildings distinguish between floors of long reinforced concrete slabs (flooring) laid on longitudinal bearing walls or for longitudinal runs; from slabs, panels or floorings laid on transverse load-bearing walls or on transverse girders; from panels resting on four sides or at four corners on the frame columns (Fig. 100). For the latter scheme, ribbed and hipped panels are used - reinforced concrete slabs with dimensions per room, weighing up to 5 tons. The main types of long slabs, floorings and the design of their ceilings are shown in Fig. 101.
Hollow slabs with round, oval and vertical voids are widely used, forming smooth ceilings of rooms.

Rice. 100. Schemes of floors from large panels:
a - from reinforced concrete slabs supported by walls or longitudinal runs; b - the same, along transverse walls or girders; c - from plates supported along the contour; d - the same, based on four points; 1 - slabs and floor panels; 2 - longitudinal walls; 3 - transverse walls or girders; 4 - frame columns

and a flat surface under the base of the floors. Width hollow slabs ranges from 80 to 240 cm, length is 4.8; 6.0 and 6.4 w and a height of 22 cm. In order to avoid the destruction of the slabs under the load from the weight of the walls in the places where they are embedded in the walls, the upper shelf (slab) has cutouts on the supports laid by solid concrete inserts. The slab must be embedded in the wall - at least 10 cm and connected to other slabs and walls with steel anchors. The seams between the plates are tightly filled with cement mortar and embroidered from the side of the ceiling.

Rice. 101. Prefabricated floors from slabs (flooring):
a - types of reinforced concrete slabs; b - support and mating of plates in brick building; a - the same, in large-block; 1 - flooring with oval voids; 2 - flooring with round voids; 3 - ribbed plates; 4 - anchor; 5 - solution; 6 - masonry; 7- inner wall; 8 - outer wall; 9 - cutouts (filled with masonry or concrete liners); 10 - jumper blocks; 11 - embedded parts

Rice. 102. Prefabricated floors by runs:
1 - ribbed plates; 2- hollow core slabs; 3 - run; 4 - concrete pad; 5 - anchor 0 16 mm; 6 - transverse and longitudinal walls; 7 - twisting from 4 - 5 mm; 8 - reference glass; 9- concrete M150; 10 - brick pillar

Ribbed floorings are less common, as they require backfilling of the trays and complicate the floor construction. Due to the complexity of manufacturing and high weight, one-, two- and three-layer solid floorings are even less common.
In the ceilings along the transverse runs (Fig. 102), ribbed, hollow or solid slabs up to 3.20 long and 0.80-1.60 m wide are used. The plates are interconnected by wire twisting for mounting loops, and the floors with walls are anchored . Under the girders leaning on brickwork, lay support cushions.

The most progressive are the ceilings of large panels the size of a room (Fig. 103), spanning spans up to 3.2 m. Such panels are a part with full factory readiness, completely eliminating the need for plastering or grouting the ceiling. The absence of seams on the ceiling enhances the soundproofing and architectural qualities of the room.

Separate type ceilings made of rolled often ribbed slabs laid in pairs have good soundproofing qualities (Fig. 103, b). This floor construction provides a simple flooring solution and gives a smooth ceiling. To ensure sufficient sound insulation between the ribbed floor slabs and wall panels, soundproof gaskets (hardboard strips) are laid. Hip panels are a reinforced concrete slab 45-60 mm thick, bordered by ribs 135-210 mm high. For better sound insulation such ceilings on the slabs of the panels are laid soundproof material(slag, expanded clay, foam keralite chips, fibreboard, etc.).

Rice. 103. Ceilings from panels the size of a room:

a - types of panels; b - floor structure made of vibro-rolled ribbed panels; 1-solid; 2 - often ribbed; 3 - tent; 4 - mounting loops; 5 - ceiling panel; 6-bearing panel; 7 - soundproof gaskets; 8 - solution; 9 - anchor 8 mm, l=160 mm; 10 - semi-rigid hardboard; 11 - mastic; 12 - clean floor; 13 - transverse walls; 14 - embedded parts

In addition to the types of floor slabs considered, in some areas rich in deposits of high-quality clay (for example, in Ukraine), narrow hollow flooring is used for floors. ceramic stones. In areas rich in sand and lime, reinforced concrete floor slabs are used, which do not require cement and are not inferior in strength to reinforced concrete floors. The dimensions of such slabs and floor structures are similar to those of reinforced concrete.

Prefabricated-monolithic floors (transitional type of floors from monolithic to prefabricated) are made of ceramic, concrete stones, double-hollow concrete blocks embedded in concrete. Stones or blocks are laid in rows along the formwork boards. Reinforcement is placed in the gap between the rows and concrete is laid, forming reinforced concrete ribs. During the reconstruction of buildings or the presence of only small means of mechanization, spans up to 4 m can be covered with prefabricated monolithic ceilings.

Monolithic reinforced concrete slabs consist of a flat slab resting on walls and a system of beams (ribbed and coffered slabs) or on walls and directly on columns (beamless slabs).

Ribbed floors are a structure consisting of interconnected slabs and beams. The span of the slab (the distance between the axes of the ribs) is taken from 1.5 to 3.0 m, with a thickness of 60 to 100 mm.

Beams (or ribs) usually point downward, but if you want a smooth ceiling, they can be placed on top.

A coffered floor is obtained by crossing ribs of the same height evenly spaced in two directions; it is used for aesthetic reasons in interiors public buildings, and also as a means of lightening the large mass of the slab with large spans.

Beamless ceilings rest on columns through widened capitals.

The listed floors are made at a construction site in a specially made formwork.

Recently, instead of monolithic structures, promising constructive building systems of prefabricated-monolithic buildings erected in the inventory formwork of the Grazhdanstroy type have been used.

Rice. 47.

FLOORS

ATTIC FLOORINGS

INSTALLATION OF PARTITIONS OF THE 2ND FLOOR

Rice. 48.

Rice. 49.

FLOORS

IN RESIDENTIAL ROOM

CERAMIC TILE FLOOR

(IN SANITATIONS)

ATTIC FLOORINGS

Rice. 50.

FLOORS

FLOOR (BOARD, PARQUET, LINOLEUM)

IN RESIDENTIAL ROOM

* the components and dimensions of the ceiling above the cold basement are indicated

Fig.53.

1 - wall; 2 - overlap; 3 - steel anchor; 4 - cement - sand mortar; 5 - concrete grade M 200; 6 - reinforcing concrete

Rice. 51.

SUPPORT OF MULTIPLE HOLLOW FLOORS ON WALLS

a,b - external large-block; c - internal large-block; g - external brick; d - internal brick; e - the same with channels

Rice. 52.

FLOORS OF LARGE-PANE BUILDINGS AND THEIR PARTS

a, b, - wiring diagrams of the floor with a small (a) and a large step of the walls (b); c - joint and fastening of floor panels by welding loops to each other while resting on internal walls; d, e - the same with the help of connecting rods

Rice. 54.

SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR PANELS OF LARGE-PANE BUILDINGS

a, h - lifting loops; f, i - embedded parts for welded fastenings of panels; g = reinforcing outlet at the corner of the panel; k = loop for attaching mounting struts.

Rice. 55.

SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH SMALL (2.7÷3.6 m) BEARING WALL PITCH (SERIES 1.143-2)

Rice. 56.

SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH LARGE (≤6.3m) BEARING WALL PITCH (ON SERIES 108)

Rice. 56.

RIBBED PRESTRESSED DECKING

SPAN 9 M

PRESTRESSED DECKING

TYPE TT-12 (12 M) TT-15 (15M)

1 - mounting loops; 2 - longitudinal ribs; 3 - transverse ribs

Rice. 58.

REINFORCED CONCRETE RIBBED PLATES OF TT- AND T-SHAPED SECTION FOR WALL PITCH UP TO 15 M (SERIES 1.242-1)

APPLIED IN FLOORS AND ROOFS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

LEAKED CONCRETE VENTILATED SLABS FOR COMBINED ROOFS WITH EXTERNAL DRAIN

Rice. 59.

MONOLITHIC REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS

When building a house, any developer faces the question of choosing an interfloor overlap. The most common are three types of floors - wooden, monolithic reinforced concrete and prefabricated reinforced concrete, mounted from flat hollow core slabs. It is about this type of overlap, as the most popular and practical for low-rise construction, that will be discussed in this material. From this pro interfloor ceilings in a private house you will learn:

• What is the difference between hollow-core floor slabs (PC) and floor slabs made by formless molding (PB).
• How to properly lay floors.
• How to avoid installation errors.
• How to store floor slabs.

How to choose a hollow core slab

At first glance at hollow floors it may seem that they differ only in length, thickness and width. But specifications hollow core slabs are much wider and are described in detail in GOST 9561-91.

Hollow core slab, private house.

Hollow interfloor slabs differ from each other by the method of reinforcement. Moreover, reinforcement (depending on the type of slabs) can be performed using prestressed reinforcement or without prestressed reinforcement. Most often, ceilings with prestressed working reinforcement are used.

When choosing floor slabs, you should pay attention to such important point, as the allowable number of sides on which they can be leaned. . Usually you can only support on two short sides, but some types of plates allow support on three and four sides.

• PB. Provides support on two sides;
• 1pc. Thickness - 220 mm. The diameter of the round voids is 159 mm. Allows support only on two sides;
• 1PKT. Having similar dimensions, it allows support on three sides;
• 1PKK. Can be leaned on four sides.

Also, floor slabs differ from each other by the method of manufacture. Often there is a dispute about what to prefer - PC or PB.

Andrey164 FORUMHOUSE user

It's time to cover ground floor buildings with floor slabs, but I just can’t decide what to choose - PC or PB, PB has a better surface finish than PC, but I heard that PBs are used only in monolithic-frame houses and country houses, and the end of such a plate cannot be loaded with a wall.

Sasha1983 FORUMHOUSE user

The main difference between the plates lies in the technology of their manufacture.

PC (thickness from 160 to 260 mm and a typical bearing capacity of 800 kg / sq.m.) is cast in the formwork. Panels of the PB brand (thickness from 160 mm to 330 mm and typical load capacity from 800 kg/sq.m.) are produced by the formless continuous casting method (this makes it possible to obtain a smoother and even surface than PC panels). PB is also called extruder.

PB, at the expense prestressing compressed and stretched zones (prestressing of the reinforcement is done at any length of the slab), are less prone to cracking than PC. PC with a length of up to 4.2 meters can be produced without prestressed reinforcement and have a greater free deflection than PB.

At the request of the customer, the PB can be cut to individual specified dimensions (from 1.8 to 9 meters, etc.). They can also be cut lengthwise and into separate longitudinal elements, as well as bevel cuts at an angle of 30-90 degrees, without losing its load-bearing capacity. This greatly simplifies the layout of such floor slabs at the construction site and provides greater freedom to the designer, because. the dimensions of the building box and load-bearing walls are not tied to standard sizes PC.

When choosing interfloor PC slabs (more than 4.2 meters long), it is important to remember this feature - they are prestressed with special stops at the ends of the slab. If you cut off the end of the PC, then the stop (cut off together with the end of the PC and vertical reinforcement) will not work. Accordingly, the working reinforcement will cling to concrete only with its lateral surface. This will greatly reduce bearing capacity plates.

Despite the higher quality smooth surface, good geometry, lower weight and high load-bearing capacity, this point should be taken into account when choosing a PB. Hollow holes in the PC (depending on the width of the slab, with a diameter of 114 to 203 mm) allow you to easily punch a hole in it for sewer riser, with a diameter of 100 mm. While the size of the hollow hole in the PB is 60 mm. Therefore, in order to punch a through hole in a PB brand panel (so as not to damage the reinforcement), you should check with the manufacturer in advance how best to do this.

Floor slabs for a private house: installation features

The PB (unlike the PC) does not have mounting loops (or you have to pay extra for their installation), which can complicate their loading, unloading and installation.

It is not recommended to use the "folk" method of installing the PB, when the mounting hooks cling to the end of the hollow hole. In this case, there is a high probability that the hook will pull out of the hole due to the destruction of the end of the plate, or the hook will simply slip off. This will cause the plate to fall. Also, at your own peril and risk, you can apply a method in which a crowbar is inserted into the hollow holes of the PB (two crowbars on one side of the plate) and hooks cling to them.

Installation of PB plates is allowed only with the use of soft chocks or a special traverse.

ProgC FORUMHOUSE user

To pull the chalk out from under the slab, laying it down, leave a gap of 2 cm to the adjacent slab. Then we shift the already laid slab with a crowbar to the next one.

Max_im FORUMHOUSE user

Personal experience: I laid slabs at my construction site using this method. The gap left 3 cm. The plates lay on cement-sand mixture 2 cm thick. The mixture acted as a lubricant, and the plates were easily moved with a crowbar to the distance I needed.

Also, when installing floor slabs, it is necessary to observe the calculated values ​​​​of the minimum support depth of the slab. The following numbers can be used as a guide:

• brick wall, minimum support depth is 8 cm, maximum support depth is 16 cm;
• reinforced concrete - 7 cm, maximum support depth - 12 cm;
• gas and foam concrete blocks- minimum 10-12 cm, optimal support depth - 15 cm;
• steel structures- 7 cm.

It is not recommended to support the floor slab more than 20 cm, because with an increase in the depth of support, it begins to “work” like a pinched beam. When laying floor panels on walls built from gas and foam concrete blocks, it is necessary to install a reinforced concrete armored belt, which is described in detail in the article:. Read also our article, which details,. We wish you to successfully apply the acquired knowledge on your construction sites!

Before starting the installation of the plates, it is recommended to seal the ends of the hollow holes. The voids are sealed so that water does not get inside the panel. It also increases the strength at the ends of the slabs (this applies to a greater extent to PC than to PB) in case of bearing partitions resting on them. The voids can be sealed by inserting a half brick into them and “throwing” the gap with a layer of concrete. Usually voids are sealed to a depth of at least 12-15 cm.

If water does get inside the plates, it must be removed. To do this, in the panel, in the "void", a hole is drilled from below through which water can flow out. This is especially important to do if the floors have already been laid, and the house went into the winter without a roof. Water in frost can freeze inside the hollow hole (because there is nowhere for it to flow out) and break the slab.

Sergey Perm FORUMHOUSE user

I had slabs laid on the ceiling for a whole year. I specially drilled holes in the "voids" with a perforator, a lot of water leaked out. Each channel must be drilled.

Before laying the floor slabs, it is necessary to select a truck crane of the required load capacity. It is important to take into account the accessibility of access roads, the maximum possible outreach of the crane and the permissible weight of the load. And also calculate the possibility of laying floor panels not from one point, but from two sides of the house.

zumpf FORUMHOUSE user

The surface on which the floor slab is laid must be flat and free of debris. Before laying the panel "spreads" cement mixture, so-called mortar "bed", 2 cm thick. This will ensure its reliable adhesion to the walls or armored belt. Also, before installing the panels and before applying the mortar to the wall, you can lay a reinforcing bar with a diameter of 10-12 mm.

A similar method will allow you to strictly control the verticality of mixing of all plates during their laying (since the panel will no longer fall below the rod). The rod will not allow her to completely squeeze out the cement mortar from under her and lie down “dry”. It is not allowed to put the plates "steps". Depending on the length of the plates, the divergence of the ends should not exceed 8-12 mm.

A serious mistake during laying is the overlapping of two spans with one slab at once, i.e. it rests on three walls. Because of this, loads unforeseen by the reinforcement scheme appear in it, and under certain, unfavorable circumstances, it can crack.

If such a layout cannot be avoided, to relieve tension, on the upper surface of the panels, just above the middle partition (wall), a cut is made with a grinder.

Another point that should be focused on is how to block the flight of stairs between the floor slabs, if there is nothing to support them on. In this case, two channels can be run parallel to the plates, and one can be placed across, along the edge of the opening, to tie the reinforcing cage in the form of a mesh with a cell of 20 cm and a bar diameter of 8 mm, etc. Place formwork and pour monolithic section. It is not necessary to tie the channel to the floor slabs. In this case, they rest on two short sides and are not subjected to loads from the support node of the flight of stairs.

How to properly store floor slabs on the site

Ideally, if the panels were brought to the site, they should be installed immediately. If for some reason this is not possible, the question arises: how to properly store them.

For storage of plates, it is necessary to prepare in advance a solid and flat area. You can't just lay them on the ground. In this case, the lower plate can rest on the ground, and, due to the uneven load, it will break under the weight of the upper plates.

Products should be stacked in a stack of no more than 8-10 pieces. Moreover, gaskets are placed under the bottom row (from a beam of 200x200 mm, etc.), and all subsequent rows are placed through gaskets - an inch board 25 mm thick. Gaskets should be located no further than 30-45 cm from the ends of the plates, and they should be set strictly vertically one above the other. This will ensure an even redistribution of the load.

, and read about e. The video reveals everything

Reinforced concrete floors are strong, durable and fireproof. Prior to the development and introduction into the practice of building prefabricated structures, reinforced concrete floors were made monolithic.

Monolithic the ceilings are reinforced and concreted on the spot, in the opal-lubka. In modern construction, monolithic floors are used when they are the main element that provides the overall spatial rigidity of the building, in buildings of complex shape (in plan), as well as with significant dynamic loads on floors.

Depending on the load, spans up to 3 mm can be covered with a smooth slab 60-100 mm thick. With spans of more than 3, ribbed ceilings are built up (Fig. 6.6, a ), consisting of a slab, main beams (purlins) and secondary beams (ribs). Distance between the main beams - from 4 to 6 m , and between the ribs with a plate thickness of 70-100 m m— from 1.5 to 3 m . Beams of multi-span floors are a continuous structure. Columns serve as supports for the main beams, girders serve as supports for the ribs.

To obtain a smooth ceiling with a ribbed ceiling, plaster is made on a steel mesh suspended from the bottom of the ribs, or sheets of dry plaster are attached to special hangers. In the upper floor, a smooth ceiling can be obtained by installing a monolithic reinforced concrete floor with the ribs up.

Ribbed ceilings have a rectangular grid of columns. With a square grid of columns (when the distances between the columns in both directions of the overlapped span are the same), the floors can be of the coffered type (Fig. 6.6, b).

Rice. 6.6. Monolithic reinforced concrete floors:

a - ribbed; b - caisson; in - beamless; 1 - main beams (runs); 2 - secondary beams (ribs); 3 - plate; 4 - columns; 5 - clean floor; 6 - capital.

If it is necessary to obtain a smooth ceiling, the floors can be of a beamless structure (Fig. 6.6, c) with a slab thickness equal to 1/35 of the span, supported by columns having broadenings (capitals) in the upper part, which provide the slab with punching strength and better mating slabs with columns. The grid of columns is allowed 5x5 or 6X6 m .

prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are divided into floors:

On reinforced concrete beams;

From reinforced concrete slabs;

decking;

Large panels.

Ceilings along reinforced concrete tee beams (Fig. 6.7-6.8) are simple in design, have a low weight of mounting elements, but are laborious due to the sealing of a large number of joints between the elements of inter-beam filling (rolling) with cement mortar. The step of the beams is assigned depending on the load: 600, 800, 1000 mm. As an inter-beam reel, hollow lightweight concrete stones-inserts, reinforced cinder-concrete or gypsum-concrete slabs are used.

Floors are arranged on logs or on a leveled base. Ceilings are covered with a layer of plaster, not more than 10 mm . The connection of the floor with the walls is carried out by anchoring the floor beams (Fig. 6.8, c).

Attic floor beams are insulated (Fig. 6.7.6).

Rice. 6.7. Interfloor ceilings on precast concrete beams:

a - with a roll of plates; b - with filling with liners; 1- gypsum concrete

plates; 2 - lightweight concrete liners; 3 - slag; 4 - soundproof

pad; 5 - lag; 6 - plank floor; 7 - hardboard; 8 - only; 9 - light

concrete; 10 - clean floor; 11 - grout.

Floors from large-sized reinforced concrete elements are made in the form of prefabricated slabs, floorings and panels in accordance with the nomenclature of prefabricated reinforced concrete products for civil buildings.

Rice. 6.8. Overlapping on reinforced concrete beams (anchoring):

5 - solution; 12 - slag concrete; 13 - mounting loop; 14 - anchor.

Depending on the structural scheme of the building, there are floors made of long reinforced concrete slabs (on-styles) laid on longitudinal load-bearing walls or on longitudinal runs; from slabs, panels or floorings laid on transverse load-bearing walls or on transverse girders; from panels resting on four sides or at four corners on the columns of the frame (Fig. 6.9). For the latter scheme, ribbed and hipped panels are used - reinforced concrete slabs with dimensions per room, weighing up to 5 tons . The main types of long-length slabs, floorings and the construction of floors from them are shown in Fig. 6.10.

Hollow slabs with round, oval and vertical voids are widely used, forming smooth ceilings of rooms and a flat surface under the base of the floors. Width of hollow core slabs from 1200 to 3600 mm , length is from 2.4 m to 12 m and height is 220 mm . In order to avoid the destruction of the plates under the load from the weight of the walls in the places where they are embedded in the walls, the upper shelf (slab) has cutouts on the supports, which are laid with solid concrete inserts. The slab must be embedded into the wall for at least 10 cm and connected to other slabs with steel anchors. The seams between the plates are tightly filled with cement mortar and embroidered from the side of the ceiling.

Ribbed floorings are less common, as they require backfilling of the trays and complicate the floor construction. Due to the complexity of manufacturing and high weight, one-, two- and three-layer solid floorings are even less common.

Rice. 6.9. Scheme of overlappings from large panels:

a - from reinforced concrete slabs supported by walls or longitudinal runs; b

The same, with transverse walls or girders; in - from plates supported on

contour; d - the same, based on four points; 1 - plates and panels

floors; 2 - longitudinal walls; 3 - transverse walls or girders; 4 -

frame columns.

Rice. 6.10. Prefabricated floors from slabs (flooring):

a - types of reinforced concrete slabs; b - support and conjugation of reinforced concrete

slabs in a brick building; in - the same, in large-block; 1 - flooring with oval

voids; 2 - flooring with round voids; 3 - ribbed plates; 4 - anchor; 5 -

solution; 6 - masonry; 7 - inner wall; 8 - outer wall; 9 - cutouts

(filled with masonry or concrete liners); 10 - jumper blocks; eleven-

embedded details.

In the ceilings along the transverse runs (Fig. 6.11), ribbed, hollow or solid slabs are used.

Rice. 6.11. Prefabricated floors by runs:

1 - ribbed plates; 2 - multi-hollow slabs; 3 - run; 4 - concrete

pillow; 5 - anchor with a diameter of 16 mm; 6 - transverse and longitudinal walls; 7-

twist; 8 - reference glass; 9 - concrete; 10 - brick pillar.

The slabs are connected to each other by wire twisting for mounting loops, and the ceilings to the walls - by anchoring the runs. Support pads are laid under the girders resting on the brickwork.

The most progressive are the ceilings of large panels the size of a room (Fig. 6.12). Such panels are a part with full factory readiness, completely eliminating the need for plastering or grouting the ceiling. The absence of seams on the ceiling increases the soundproof and architectural advantages of the room.

Separate type ceilings made of rolled often ribbed slabs laid in pairs have good soundproofing qualities (Fig. 6.12, b). This ceiling design provides a simple solution for floors and gives a smooth ceiling. To ensure sufficient sound insulation between the ribbed floor slabs and wall panels, soundproof gaskets (hardboard strips) are laid. Hip panels are a reinforced concrete slab 45-60 mm thick, bordered with ribs 135-210 mm high . For better sound insulation of such ceilings, sound-proofing material (slag, expanded clay, foam-keralite chips, fiberboards, etc.) is laid on the slabs of the panels.

Rice. 6.12. Ceilings from panels the size of the room:

a - types of panels; b - arrangement of often ribbed plates.

In addition to the types of floor slabs considered, in some areas rich in deposits of high-quality clay, narrow floorings of hollow ceramic stones are used for floors. In areas rich in sand and lime, reinforced concrete floor slabs are used, which do not require cement and are not inferior in strength to reinforced concrete floors. The dimensions of such slabs and floor structures are similar to those of reinforced concrete.

Prefabricated-monolithic floors (transitional type of floors from monolithic to prefabricated) are made of ceramic, concrete stones, double-hollow concrete blocks embedded in concrete. Stones or blocks are laid in rows along the formwork boards. Reinforcement is placed in the gap between the rows and concrete is laid, forming reinforced concrete ribs. During the reconstruction of buildings or the presence of only small means of mechanization, spans up to 4 mm can be covered with prefabricated monolithic ceilings.

Floors. Floors are an integral part of floors. Rational Decision floor construction requires special attention, since their cost is close to the cost of the non-existent part of the overlap, and the labor costs for their installation are 2-4 times higher. The design of the floor depends on the purpose and nature of the premises where it is arranged.

Strict requirements are imposed on interfloor ceilings in terms of their soundproofing ability. From the point of view of sound insulation, acoustically homogeneous and inhomogeneous floors are distinguished (Fig. 6.13-6.14).

Rice. 6.13. Acoustically homogeneous overlap:

1 - ceiling; 2 - carrier plate; 3 - rolled floor on an elastic substrate.

Acoustically homogeneous ceilings consist of one-two and three-layer decking and panels, with a mass that ensures the repayment of airborne noise energy to the standard level. At the same time, the mass of the supporting structure of the interfloor overlap in residential buildings must be at least 400 kg/sq.m.

The floor covering (clothing) consisting of resiliently soft materials (soft-based linoleum, fleecy carpet, etc.) is directly glued to the supporting structure and ensures impact noise damping.

Rice. 6.14 . Acoustically inhomogeneous floors:

a, b - type of "floating" floor on an elastic gasket; in - with suspended

ceiling; 1 - ceiling; 2 - carrier plate; 3— elastic gasket; 4 - floor plate;

5 - rolled floor; 6 - coupler; 7 - floor on an elastic substrate; 8 - under-spring

ceiling; 9 - ceiling suspension

Acoustically inhomogeneous constructions provide for the installation of floors along the bearing part of the floor from several layers of rigid materials separated by air gaps or elastic materials. Sound insulation of such ceilings from airborne and impact noise is provided by the entire complex of structural layers.

There are four main types (Fig. 9.4) of acoustically heterogeneous structures of interfloor floors:

With layered floor;

- with a separate floor;

With split ceiling

With separate floor and ceiling.

The first two types of acoustically inhomogeneous floors are used in residential buildings. Ceilings with a split ceiling are used in civil buildings if wiring is required engineering communications in the space between the floor and the ceiling. This solution not only allows you to hide the pipe and cable wiring system, but also increases the sound insulation index up to 60 dB.

Overlappings with a separate floor and ceiling are arranged in buildings with high requirements for sound insulation (sound recording and television studios)

The construction of a layered floor is a successive series of layers laid on load-bearing structure overlays:

Floor clothing;

Leveling layer;

soundproof layer.

When constructing a separate floor, its coating is arranged on a base (prefabricated or monolithic), laid on solid or tape soundproof pads, which ensure the repayment of shock and airborne noise.

Special attention for any constructive solution floors must be given to the adjoining of its layers to walls and partitions (Fig. 6.15).

Some ceilings that play the role of external fences (attic, over driveways, cold rooms, etc.) are subject to requirements for their thermal insulation. In this case, the composition of the ceiling includes heat-insulating and vapor barrier layers (Fig. 6.16).

The vapor barrier layer must precede the thermal insulation layer in the path of the heat flow.

Rice. 6.15. Floor construction details :

L - adjoining to walls and partitions; K - interfaces in doorways; 1- plinth wooden; 2 - soundproof gasket; 3 - nail; 4 - wooden gasket; board; 6 - cement-sand mortar; 7 - cushioning roofing material; B - concrete cutting; 9 - plinth from cement-sand solution; 10- putty; I - asbestos cardboard; 12 - plastering or facing with ceramic tiles; 13 - plinth made of shaped ceramic tiles; 14 - waterproofing.

Floors are arranged along the bearing elements of the floors or along the ground. Floors on the ground are carried out in basements, in some premises of the first floors, mainly in public buildings

destinations (lobbies, gyms, in premises for cultural and community purposes, etc.), and are also possible for use in the first floors of low-rise residential buildings (Fig. 6.17).

The floor structure consists of a covering (clothing) and a base under it.

Fig.6.16. Floor insulation schemes:

a - attic; 6 - basement; O, E - heat fluxes (0) and steam (E); 1 - bearing element; 2 - vapor barrier layer; 3 - insulation; 4 - leveling screed; 5 - floor covering.

For floor coverings of civil buildings, various products made of wood, rolled and slab are used. synthetic materials, ceramic and natural stone tiles.

Fig.6.17. Ground floors:

a - boardwalk along the lags; b - from a parquet board; c, d - parquet on the screed; e, e - from polymer materials and linoleum on the base plate; f, k, m - from ceramic tiles; h, i, l - cement; n - from heat-insulating linoleum; 1 - parquet boards; 2- grooved boards; 3- logs; 4 - gaskets from the board along the roofing layer; 5 - concrete (brick column); 6 underlying layer of concrete; 7 - compacted soil; 8 - parquet on mastic; 9 - cement strainer: 10 - waterproofing; 11 - linoleum; 12 - floor base panel; 13 - ceramic tile; 14 - cement mortar; 15 - layer of concrete: 16 - pasting waterproofing; 17 - heat-insulating linoleum.

The base of the floors is a flat hard surface made of bulk materials (concrete, cement, etc.) or prefabricated slabs (fibreboard, gypsum concrete, etc. Fig. 6.18).

Rice. 6.18. Floors on ceilings:

a - from tongue-and-groove boards along the lags; b - from board shields; in-d - from parquet; e-g - from linoleum; h, i - from ceramic tiles; to - from parquet; l - out thermal insulation boards; 1 - grooved boards; 2- cushioning roofing material; 3- logs; 4 - mounting soundproof gaskets; 5 floor panel; 6 - board shield; 7 - parquet on mastic; 8 - cement mortar screed: 9 - solid soundproof gasket; 10 - cast asphalt; 11 - lightweight concrete; 12 - floor base panel; 13 - linoleum on mastic; 14 - heat-insulating linoleum; 15 - ceramic tiles on cement mortar; 16 - pasting waterproofing; 17 - base panel; 18 - thermal insulation.

Ceilings over basements, driveways and attic floors differ from interfloor by the presence of a layer of insulation and vapor barrier. Vapor barrier that protects the insulation from possible condensation of water vapor penetrating from warm air placement in the thickness of the ceiling, carried out with a sticker of 1-2 layers roll material or smearing with hot bitumen. In the ceilings above the driveways, the vapor barrier is laid above the insulation, and in the attic under the insulation.

In the floors of bathrooms between the waterproof clothing of the floor and its base, waterproofing is laid from two layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic and bending the insulation by 50-100 mm on walls and partitions. The top element of the floor is the covering (clothes). The floor covering must be strong, durable, hygienic.

According to the type of materials and method of execution, the floor covering is divided into monolithic solid) and piece - small-sized, panel and sheet. Under the coating there is usually a layer that glues the clothes of the floor with a screed.

According to the uniformity of the use of floor coverings, the premises of civil buildings are divided into eight groups;

I- living rooms in apartments, hostels, boarding schools, hotels, sanatoriums, rest houses, etc.;

II - chambers and medical premises in health care institutions, sanatoriums, rest homes, children's rooms and corridors in kindergartens;

III - office premises of administrative, design and scientific organizations, classrooms, classrooms, laboratories and other premises of educational institutions, sports halls, assembly halls, visual reading rooms, etc.;

IV - corridors of civil buildings of all kinds and foyers are spectacular) buildings remote from entrance doors more than 20 m;

V kitchens of residential buildings;

VI - children's toilets in nurseries, kindergartens and hospitals;

VII- trading floors shops and catering establishments

the first floor, more than 20 m away from the entrance doors, as well as halls located on the upper floors;

VIII - corridors of civil buildings, as well as foyers of spectacular buildings and trading floors located at a distance of less than 20 m from the entrance doors, lobbies, latrines, showers, bathrooms, washrooms of all types of buildings.

The main types of floor coverings (clothes) of the premises are presented in Table 6.2

Table 6.2.

The main types of floor coverings.

When erecting brick, stone, concrete and cinder-concrete structures, reinforced concrete floors are used. This is due to their durability, strength, relative ease of installation, as well as short construction time (if prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are used). Next, we will take a closer look at what their types are, and how you can perform the overlap yourself.

Types of structures

All existing reinforced concrete floors can be divided into two types:

• prefabricated;
• Monolithic.

Now let's take a closer look at each type of structure.

Monolithic

Reinforced concrete monolithic floors, unlike prefabricated ones, are poured at the facility, directly at their location.

They are of several types:

• Ribbed- are a system of interconnected intersecting monolithic beams and slabs.
  These floors consist of the following elements:
  • Purlins (main beams)
  • Ribs (beams located perpendicular to the girders).
• coffered- are intersecting beams of the same section, which are monolithically connected to the slab. The recesses between these beams are called caissons.
• Beamless- are solid monolithic slabs laid on columns. In the upper part of the plates there is a thickening (capitals). Reinforcing bars are located at the bottom of the slab.
  The frame of the slab is placed at a distance of several centimeters from the formwork so that this space is filled with concrete. Such structures are used only in cases where the span does not exceed three meters.

• Beam reinforced concrete floor- used if the span is more than three meters. In this case, the wall is laid reinforced concrete beams with a step of about 150 centimeters. The beams are connected to the reinforcement of the slab.
  I must say that there are 16 types of reinforced concrete floor beams according to GOST 20372-90. Their largest standard length is 18 meters.
• Ribbed- can be used if the span does not exceed 6 m. If the length is longer, then reinforcement is performed with a transverse beam. Usually, given type structures are used in cases where it is necessary to obtain an even ceiling. The distance between the beams should be no more than a meter.
  When installing such a structure, reinforcing cage attach embedded elements, which allows you to hem the ceiling with boards. The disadvantages of this system include the complexity of its design.

prefabricated

Reinforced concrete prefabricated floors are knitted and welded. The welded frame is made of straight reinforcement, which is connected by electric or gas welding. Making a knitted frame is more difficult. For these purposes, a special knitting wire with a thickness of not more than 2 mm is used.

Prefabricated structures are divided into the following groups:

• Made of decking, weighing up to 0.5 tons.
• Ceilings on reinforced concrete beams with small-sized filling.
• Wide floor elements weighing 1.5-2 tons.
• Large-panel structures, which consist of elements made according to the size of one room.

Prefabricated structures include reinforced concrete multi-hollow floor panels, which are very popular. They are monolithic reinforced concrete slabs reinforced with a reinforcing cage.

Cylindrical voids are made inside the panels, which run along the entire length of the plates. They can significantly reduce the weight of products, as well as increase the resistance to deformation of the plates for fracture. These panels come in different lengths and widths.

Production of reinforced concrete slab

Now let's look at how to perform a beamless overlap. I must say that do-it-yourself reinforced concrete floor beams are very rarely made.

Materials and tools

So, for the construction of the structure, you need to prepare the following materials and equipment:

• steel fittings;
• Cement brand not lower than M400;
• Sand;
• Crushed stone or gravel;
• Welding machine;
• Boards, timber;
• Concrete mixer;
• Various power tools.

Formwork and frame manufacturing

First of all, you need to do the formwork with your own hands. For the bottom of the slab, you can use plywood boards with a thickness of at least 2 cm, reinforced with bars, or plank boards with a thickness of 4-5 cm.

Suitable for side walls ordinary boards 2-3 cm thick, you can, of course, use plywood, but its price is higher.

Formwork is assembled in the following order:

• First of all, the bottom shields are laid. For their installation, supports and cross beams should be used.
• Then the sides are installed.
• The inner part of the formwork is covered with roofing material. For these purposes, you can also use a synthetic film.
• The next step is to assemble the frame, which should be located at a distance of 2-3 cm from the bottom of the formwork. To do this, you can use special liners, or use bars. The diameter of the reinforcement should be at least 10-12 mm, and the size of the mesh cell should be 150x150 or 200x200 mm.
  The thickness of the frame is calculated in such a way that the protective layer of the solution is at least 2 cm from the bottom and top. Those. its thickness should be thinner than the thickness of the plate by 4 cm.

fill

To fill the slab, you should perform the solution in the following proportion:

• One part of M400 cement;
• Two parts of sand;
• Four parts with a diameter of fractions not more than 20 mm;
• Water until the desired consistency is obtained.

Filling is performed without interruption, starting from one corner and ending with the opposite. In this case, the solution is tamped with a deep vibrator.

After pouring, the concrete is protected from rapid drying. To do this, it is covered with wet burlap and sawdust. The first 8-10 days the surface is periodically moistened.

After 2-3 weeks, after the solution has gained about 80 percent of its own, it is removed. However, the plates can only be used after 28 days.

Advice!
After the slab has been completed, it may need to be machined.
It is most effective to perform procedures with a diamond tool.
In particular, cutting of reinforced concrete with diamond wheels, grinding with diamond cups or diamond drilling of holes in concrete can be carried out.

I must say that in some cases it may be necessary not to build a slab from scratch, but to repair iron concrete floors. It consists in strengthening the structure additional elements in the form of plates, beams, shells, etc. The procedure is quite complicated, so it should be handled by specialists.

Conclusion

As we found out, there are many types of concrete floors that are designed to different cases. Therefore, in each individual case, you need to choose the right type of construction. In private construction, you can make reinforced concrete floors with your own hands, using the technology indicated above.

See the video in this article for more information on this topic.