Consumption of materials for plasterboard structures. Calculation of plasterboard partitions (GKL): calculator Important nuances of fastening self-tapping screws: how does this affect consumption

The main attribute of almost any renovation, especially European-quality renovation, is plasterboard structures. And this is not surprising. Indeed, from gypsum board (GVL) it is now possible to “blind” practically any partition or ceiling. For example, plasterboard is most often used to install a multi-level ceiling.

In addition, these structures are quickly erected and are relatively inexpensive. True, there is one drawback here - a rather large range. So, if you decide to independently build partitions and a ceiling from gypsum plasterboard sheets in your apartment, and at the same time comply with all technology, then you will have to stock up on more than one type of profile and screws. You will also need dowels, reinforcing mesh, putty, primer, hangers and connecting elements.

All this must be purchased in the required quantity (or with a small margin) for a given design. And for this you need to calculate required quantity plasterboard and profile for the ceiling or wall (partition). Therefore, for those who want to build similar structures, it was created this page, which shows an example material consumption for the most common plasterboard structures:

  • ceiling;
  • wall structures;
  • partitions.
Ceilings
D 113. Plasterboard ceiling on a single-level metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
2 m 2 1,05
linear m 2,9
linear m perimeter
4. Profile extension 60/110 pcs 0,2
5. Single-level double-sided profile connector (crab) pcs 1,7
6a. Suspension with clip pcs 0,7
6b. Suspension rod pcs 0,7
7. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 23
8. Ceiling dowel (Anchor Bierbach) pcs 0,7
9. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs perimeter*2
10. Reinforcing tape m 1,2
11. Fugenfüller putty. kg 0,35
12. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
13. Primer "Tiefengrund" l 0,1
5th century Straight suspension for CD profile 60/27 pcs 0,7
pcs 1,4

D 112. Plasterboard ceiling on a two-level metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL (GKLV) m 2 1,05
2. Ceiling profile CD 60/27 linear m 3,2
3. Profile extension 60/110 pcs 0,6
4. Two-level profile connector 60/60 pcs 2,3
5a. Suspension with clip pcs 1,3
5b. Suspension rod pcs 1,3
6. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 17
7. Ceiling dowel (Anchor Bierbach) pcs 1,3
8. Reinforcing tape m 1,2
9. Fugenfüller putty. kg 0,35
10. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
11. Primer "Tiefengrund" l 0,1
Possible replacement of material. Instead of a suspension with a clamp and a suspension rod, the following is used: *
5th century Part ES 60/125 for CD profile 60/27 pcs 1,3
5g. Self-tapping screw LN 9 pcs 2,6
* When lowering suspended ceiling from the base floor no more than 125 mm

Suspended ceiling Knauf - AMF or ARMSTRONG
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. AMF plate (Baikal, Filigran) 600x600 mm pcs 2.78
2. Cross profile 0.6 m pcs 1,5
3. Main profile 3.6 m pcs 0,25
4. Cross profile 1.2 m pcs 1,5
5a. Spring suspension with Twist clamp pcs 0,69
5b. Rod with eye pcs 0,69
5th century Rod with hook pcs 0,69
6. Decorative corner profile 3 m pcs perimeter
7. Anchor element pcs 0,69
8. Dowel for attaching the PU profile to the wall pcs perimeter*2
Wall structures

W 611. Plasterboard cladding using PERLFIX mounting adhesive
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
m 2 1,05
2. Seam tape m 1,1
3. Putty "Fugenfüller" (Uniflot) kg 0,3
4. Uniflot putty (without tape) kg 0,3
5. Gypsum assembly adhesive KNAUF-Perlfix kg 3,5
8. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,69
9. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
W 623. Plasterboard cladding on a frame made of ceiling profile CD 60
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
m 2 1,05
2. Ceiling profile CD 60/27 linear m 2
3. Guide profile UD 28/27 linear m 0,8
4. Straight suspension 60/27 (Part ES) pcs 1,32
5. Sealing tape m 0,85
6. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 2,2
7. Self-tapping screw LN 9 pcs 2,7
8a. Self-tapping screw TN 25 pcs 1,7
10. Profile extension pcs 0,2
11. Reinforcing tape m 1,1
12. Putty "Fugenfüller" ("Unflot") kg 0,3
13. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,1
14. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
15. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
W 625. Single-layer plasterboard cladding on a frame made of CW and UW profiles
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL (GKLV) (with single-layer sheathing) m 2 1,05
2. Guide profile UW 75/40 (100/40) linear m 1,1
3. Rack profile CW 75/50 (100/50) linear m 2
4. Self-tapping screw TN 25 pcs 17
kg 0,45
6. Reinforcing tape linear m 1,1
7. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 1,6
8. Sealing tape pcs 1,2
l 0,1
10. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
kg 1,2
Partitions
Profile used Partition thickness
1-layer sheathing 2-layer sheathing
UW 50, CW 50 75 mm 100 mm
UW 75, CW 75 100 mm 175 mm
UW 100, CW 100 150 mm 200 mm
W 111. Partition made of KNAUF plasterboard with single-layer cladding on a metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL (GKLV) m 2 2,1
linear m 0,7
linear m 2
4. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 34
5. Putty "Fugenfüller" ("Uniflot") kg 0,9
6. Reinforcing tape linear m 2,2
7. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 1,5
8. Sealing tape linear m 1,2
9. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,2
10. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
11. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
12. Angular profile linear meters according to need
W 112. Partition made of KNAUF plasterboard with two-layer cladding on a metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL(GKLV) sq.m 4,05
2. Guide profile UW 50/40 (75/40, 100/40) linear m 0,7
3. Rack profile CW 50/50 (75/50, 100/50) linear m 2
4a. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 14
4b. Self-tapping screw TN 35 pcs 30
5. Putty "Fugenfüller" ("Uniflot") kg 1,5
6. Reinforcing tape linear m 2,2
7. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 1,5
8. Sealing tape linear m 1,2
9. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,2
10. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
11. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
12. Angular profile linear m according to need

The main attribute of almost any renovation, especially European-quality renovation, is plasterboard structures. And this is not surprising. Indeed, from gypsum board (GVL) it is now possible to “blind” practically any partition or ceiling. For example, plasterboard is most often used to install a multi-level ceiling.

In addition, these structures are quickly erected and are relatively inexpensive. True, there is one drawback here - a rather large range. So, if you decide to independently build partitions and a ceiling from gypsum plasterboard sheets in your apartment, and at the same time comply with all technology, then you will have to stock up on more than one type of profile and screws. You will also need dowels, reinforcing mesh, putty, primer, hangers and connecting elements.

All this must be purchased in the required quantity (or with a small margin) for a given design. And to do this, you need to calculate the required amount of drywall and profile for the ceiling or wall (partition). Therefore, for those who want to build similar structures, this page was created, which presents an approximate material consumption for the most common plasterboard structures:

  • ceiling;
  • wall structures;
  • partitions.
Ceilings
D 113. Plasterboard ceiling on a single-level metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
2 m 2 1,05
linear m 2,9
linear m perimeter
4. Profile extension 60/110 pcs 0,2
5. Single-level double-sided profile connector (crab) pcs 1,7
6a. Suspension with clip pcs 0,7
6b. Suspension rod pcs 0,7
7. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 23
8. Ceiling dowel (Anchor Bierbach) pcs 0,7
9. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs perimeter*2
10. Reinforcing tape m 1,2
11. Fugenfüller putty. kg 0,35
12. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
13. Primer "Tiefengrund" l 0,1
5th century Straight suspension for CD profile 60/27 pcs 0,7
pcs 1,4

D 112. Plasterboard ceiling on a two-level metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL (GKLV) m 2 1,05
2. Ceiling profile CD 60/27 linear m 3,2
3. Profile extension 60/110 pcs 0,6
4. Two-level profile connector 60/60 pcs 2,3
5a. Suspension with clip pcs 1,3
5b. Suspension rod pcs 1,3
6. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 17
7. Ceiling dowel (Anchor Bierbach) pcs 1,3
8. Reinforcing tape m 1,2
9. Fugenfüller putty. kg 0,35
10. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
11. Primer "Tiefengrund" l 0,1
Possible replacement of material. Instead of a suspension with a clamp and a suspension rod, the following is used: *
5th century Part ES 60/125 for CD profile 60/27 pcs 1,3
5g. Self-tapping screw LN 9 pcs 2,6
* When lowering the suspended ceiling from the base floor no more than 125 mm

Suspended ceiling Knauf - AMF or ARMSTRONG
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. AMF plate (Baikal, Filigran) 600x600 mm pcs 2.78
2. Cross profile 0.6 m pcs 1,5
3. Main profile 3.6 m pcs 0,25
4. Cross profile 1.2 m pcs 1,5
5a. Spring suspension with Twist clamp pcs 0,69
5b. Rod with eye pcs 0,69
5th century Rod with hook pcs 0,69
6. Decorative corner profile 3 m pcs perimeter
7. Anchor element pcs 0,69
8. Dowel for attaching the PU profile to the wall pcs perimeter*2
Wall structures

W 611. Plasterboard cladding using PERLFIX mounting adhesive
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
m 2 1,05
2. Seam tape m 1,1
3. Putty "Fugenfüller" (Uniflot) kg 0,3
4. Uniflot putty (without tape) kg 0,3
5. Gypsum assembly adhesive KNAUF-Perlfix kg 3,5
8. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,69
9. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
W 623. Plasterboard cladding on a frame made of ceiling profile CD 60
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
m 2 1,05
2. Ceiling profile CD 60/27 linear m 2
3. Guide profile UD 28/27 linear m 0,8
4. Straight suspension 60/27 (Part ES) pcs 1,32
5. Sealing tape m 0,85
6. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 2,2
7. Self-tapping screw LN 9 pcs 2,7
8a. Self-tapping screw TN 25 pcs 1,7
10. Profile extension pcs 0,2
11. Reinforcing tape m 1,1
12. Putty "Fugenfüller" ("Unflot") kg 0,3
13. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,1
14. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
15. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
W 625. Single-layer plasterboard cladding on a frame made of CW and UW profiles
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL (GKLV) (with single-layer sheathing) m 2 1,05
2. Guide profile UW 75/40 (100/40) linear m 1,1
3. Rack profile CW 75/50 (100/50) linear m 2
4. Self-tapping screw TN 25 pcs 17
kg 0,45
6. Reinforcing tape linear m 1,1
7. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 1,6
8. Sealing tape pcs 1,2
l 0,1
10. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
kg 1,2
Partitions
Profile used Partition thickness
1-layer sheathing 2-layer sheathing
UW 50, CW 50 75 mm 100 mm
UW 75, CW 75 100 mm 175 mm
UW 100, CW 100 150 mm 200 mm
W 111. Partition made of KNAUF plasterboard with single-layer cladding on a metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL (GKLV) m 2 2,1
linear m 0,7
linear m 2
4. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 34
5. Putty "Fugenfüller" ("Uniflot") kg 0,9
6. Reinforcing tape linear m 2,2
7. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 1,5
8. Sealing tape linear m 1,2
9. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,2
10. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
11. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
12. Angular profile linear meters according to need
W 112. Partition made of KNAUF plasterboard with two-layer cladding on a metal frame.
Name Unit change Consumption rate
per 1 m 2
1. Plasterboard sheet KNAUF-GKL(GKLV) sq.m 4,05
2. Guide profile UW 50/40 (75/40, 100/40) linear m 0,7
3. Rack profile CW 50/50 (75/50, 100/50) linear m 2
4a. Self-tapping screw TN25 pcs 14
4b. Self-tapping screw TN 35 pcs 30
5. Putty "Fugenfüller" ("Uniflot") kg 1,5
6. Reinforcing tape linear m 2,2
7. Dowel "K" 6/40 pcs 1,5
8. Sealing tape linear m 1,2
9. Deep universal primer KNAUF-Tiefengrund l 0,2
10. Mineral wool plate m 2 1
11. Puttying the surface of Multi-finish sheets kg 1,2
12. Angular profile linear m according to need

One of the integral elements of almost any modern renovation are plasterboard structures. This is nothing surprising, because this material allows you to build a wide variety of partitions, support certain functional areas, arrange original multi-level ceilings and quickly create an even formation for wall finishing.

Among the main advantages of plasterboard structures, it makes sense to highlight:

  • light weight and ease of installation;
  • good flexibility of the material for processing;
  • minimal amount of waste generated during the work process;
  • high heat and sound insulation characteristics;
  • environmental friendliness, safety for health;
  • not subject to combustion;
  • low cost.

One of the few disadvantages of using drywall is the essential nature of the application. various types profile and screws, as well as dowels, mesh for reinforcement, putty and primer, hangers and connecting elements. Moreover, all this must be purchased in sufficient quantities, for which it is also necessary to determine the amount of drywall required for the construction of a certain partition, wall or ceiling. It is easier to calculate this if you know the approximate consumption of drywall and materials, take 1 m2 of certain structures.

The tables below show the consumption rates of plasterboard per 1 m2 of partition structures, wall and ceiling decoration.

Table 1. The consumption rate of plasterboard is 1 m2 of ceiling on a single-level metal frame.

Table 2. Consumption rate for drywall, obtain and sign 1 m2 of ceiling on a two-level metal frame.

Table 3. Consumption rate of plasterboard per 1 m2 of Knauf ceiling - AMF or ARMSTRONG.

Wall decoration

Table 4. How much drywall is needed for 1 m2 of wall finishing using PERLFIX mounting adhesive.

Table 5. How much plasterboard is needed in 1 m2 of wall cladding on a frame made of CD 60 ceiling profile.

Table 6. (you need plasterboard per 1 m2 of wall cladding on a frame made of CW and UW profiles, single-layer.

Partitions

Table 7. Consumption of KNAUF plasterboard per 1 m2 of partition with single-layer sheathing on a metal frame.

Frame 8. Consumption of KNAUF plasterboard per 1 m2 of a partition with two-layer sheathing on a metal frame.

Hit your pocket with putty and primer for drywall

The main purpose of applying a primer to a ceiling or wall surface is to increase the strength of the base and improve adhesion for stronger quality adhesion finishing material with plasterboard surface. As a rule, drywall is treated with an alkyd primer. About 100 milliliters of substance are consumed per 1 square meter of surface. If the primer is made on top of the putty, it is advisable to use façade primer, the consumption of which is set at 130-150 milliliters per 1 square meter.

How much putty comes out (of money) largely depends on the thickness of the tropopause applied during the work. As a rule, intermediate level consumption per 1 square meter is at the level of 1 kilogram of material. So, if you are treating a suspended ceiling in a room in addition to high humidity, then you will have to spend 1.15 kilograms per individual square meter. When filling cracks and other minor defects, you can use a gypsum-based material, which will require 850 grams per square meter. At the final stage, adhesive-type putty is often used, the consumption of which is 500 grams per square meter.

Often, the plasterboard manufacturers themselves supply the market with special materials intended for the purpose of finishing it. As a rule, the consumption of putty and primer for drywall produced by one brand is slightly lower than when using materials from other companies.

Consumable item for self-tapping screws for drywall

Fastening plasterboard sheets to the profile, as a rule, is done using self-tapping screws, the step between which should be 30 centimeters. Sometimes, in order to increase the strength of the structure, they resort to reducing the pitch to 10 centimeters.

It is extremely important to remember that fastening screws closer than 10 mm to the edge of the sheet is impossible, as this may cause cracking.

In order to determine the approximate consumption of self-tapping screws, it is necessary to take into account several different parameters:

  • Size of plasterboard sheet. Its standard measurement is 1200 by 2500 millimeters. Non-standard panels are also produced, ranging in size from 600 to 2000 millimeters. But, since the first option is more common, it is, as a rule, what is taken as the basis when making calculations.
  • Mounting distance. According to experts, plasterboard sheets should be fastened in 35-centimeter increments. This is what allows finished design have high level strength, reliability and durability.
  • Composition of plasterboard layers. If plasterboard is installed in several layers, fastening should be done in different increments. For example, the first layer is attached with 60-centimeter increments, and the other with 35-centimeter increments.

Once the required indicators have been determined, you can easily calculate the consumption of self-tapping screws on drywall for fastening the sheet. One sheet will require approximately 70 pieces, while two layers will require at least 110 pieces.

Drywall adhesive consumption

When implementing interior decoration With the use of plasterboard, planting sheets can be done not only with self-tapping screws, but also with glue. In this regard, it is necessary to know the consumption of drywall adhesive. In the case of using the popular Perlifix mounting mixture, how much money comes out will be at the level of 5 kilograms per square meter (plus it is good to add a certain amount for inevitable losses).

In order for the mixture to be used more economically, it is necessary to carry out proper preparation base for the sake of using glue. First of all, you should make sure that it is dry and has a temperature of less than plus 5 degrees. The surface must be cleaned of dirt and dust deposits, peelings, form lubricant residues and other contaminants; if necessary, it can be washed. After this, any protrusions should be eliminated.

When working with highly absorbent surfaces, such as sand-lime brick, aerated concrete, plaster, it is necessary to apply a primer using a roller, brush or sprayer. In the case of highly saturated surfaces, priming provides increased adhesive properties, as a result of which the mounting pulp will adhere more reliably to the wall or ceiling. While the primed surface is drying, there is nothing you can do to ensure that no dust gets on it.

The adhesive pulp is prepared as follows:

Plastic tank being filled clean water based on fifteen to sixteen liters per 30-kilogram bag of dry mixture. Afterwards, the installation adhesive is poured into the water and thoroughly mixed using construction mixer until a homogeneous porridge-like mass is formed. There is no need to add any other components to this mixture, as this may negatively affect its strength. It is impossible to work with the resulting solution at a fast pace, since after about half an hour after preparation, the beloved will begin to harden.

Paint consumption for drywall

When coating plasterboard sheets with paint, water-based emulsion is usually used. Most often it is sold in white color; tea, if desired, you can add special dyes to it, which will give it the required blueness. This type of paint is suitable for use in any premises, and allows you to obtain a glossy or matte surface. This point should be taken into account in advance when purchasing paint. The advantage of the matte version is that it allows you to hide various types of defects, while gloss, on the contrary, will further emphasize possible sins, so in this case extreme caution and accuracy is required at the preparation stage.

Hopefully, one of the main distinctive features water-based paint It is possible to quickly and easily give it the required texture, for which rollers with long pile or special curly ones can be used.

The approximate paint consumption for drywall is 1 liter on top every 5 square meters area. Precise information about this can be found on the packaging of the material.

In addition to water-based paint, you can also use acrylic paint for water based. It is especially recommended to use it in rooms characterized by high moisture content, since this paint is able to retain its original appearance when exposed to moisture.

Acrylic paint also allows you to give the surface a dull or glossy look. As for the texture, it is more difficult to achieve it than when using a water-based emulsion. Approximate consumption acrylic paint Keep 1m2 of drywall the same as the previous option, that is, equal to approximately 0.2 liters per 1 square meter.

The cost of materials will be: 0 rub.

* the cost is indicated for a partition with a thickness of 100 mm from ordinary ones Knauf sheets(12.5 mm) on a frame made of Knauf profiles.

The cost of delivery within the Moscow Ring Road will be 0 rubles. ( Total weight materials 0 kg)

Delivery beyond the Moscow Ring Road +30 rub./km

Cost of unloading and lifting (if there is a working freight elevator): 0 rub.

Profile used Thickness of a single-layer partition Thickness of two-layer partition
PN 50*40, PS 50*50 75 mm 100 mm
PN 75*40, PS 75*50 100mm 125 mm
PN 100*40, PS 100*50 125 mm 150 mm

Question of calculation consumables very important when installing gypsum board partitions. In order to correctly and quickly calculate the amount, you will need our calculator. GCR calculator for partitions has a simple interface and requires a minimum of data for accurate calculation of building materials. Let's look at how to use this calculator correctly and measure surfaces for installing a partition.

We take measurements.

It is impossible to calculate the material without first knowing the parameters of the partition. To determine them you will need a regular tape measure. To calculate the gypsum board, only two quantities are needed - the length and height of the future partition. We measure them using a tape measure and write them down on a piece of paper.

We make a calculation.

Calculation of plasterboard partitions calculator performs according to three main parameters:

  • length;
  • height;
  • type of cladding (single-layer or two-layer).

Note:

If the height of the room is greater than the maximum height of the drywall sheet (3 meters), then the calculator calculates the materials according to the consumption, which is indicated in square brackets. This is due to the fact that there is a need to create jumpers from the profile at the joining points, as well as its subsequent finishing.

If the ceiling height of the room is up to 2.5 meters, then the calculator counts plasterboard sheets in pieces measuring 1.2x2.5 m (S=3m2), and if the height is over 2.5 m - sheets of 1.2x3 m (S=3.6m2 ).

Having made preliminary measurements, you can enter the data into the form. Our calculator allows you to calculate not only the amount of drywall, but also other materials needed for the construction of the partition - guides, screws, putty, primer, etc. Thus, you are already at the first stage preparatory work You will be able to see how much money will be needed to build the partition and what you can save on.

Online calculator for calculating plasterboard for the ceiling. Ceiling plasterboard consumption calculator. Calculation of components for installing drywall on the ceiling.

Due to a number of its positive properties, such as good sound and thermal insulation, plasterboard today is in high demand as a material for overhaul premises. Simple and easy to process, this type The material is well suited for facing work on wood, brick or foam block.

Convenient tool for repairs

A reasonable calculation of the amount of drywall will help not only to manage money correctly, but also to simplify and speed up the work, and also significantly improve the quality of the finished object. Ceiling plasterboard consumption calculator, which is available online, can quickly solve any of your repair problems, immediately providing the best option.

Working with this tool comes down to simple measurements which even a person who does not understand repairs can handle, and putting them into a simple form.

The advantage of remote settlement

Calculation of a plasterboard ceiling using a calculator does not require any special skills, is easy and understandable for anyone common man who decided to start renovating his apartment. Those who have the opportunity to use the calculation can at any time convenient time change parameters and generate results by pressing the calculate button.

The vast majority today use ceiling plasterboard calculator when solving repair problems. This choice is very justified, since contacting a specialist requires time and money, but with a calculator you get the finished result instantly.

That is why the decision to use such a tool for calculation will be more than correct, accessible to everyone.