Horsepower tax calculation. Dependence of transport tax on region and engine power

Practical people, when purchasing a car, understand that the power of its engine will affect not only the speed. The amount of tax on horsepower of a car depends on this indicator.

Let's try to figure out what changes to this part of the tax legislation should be expected in 2017, and what factors are important to consider when calculating the tax described.
No matter how much controversy it may cause among vehicle owners and politicians, all Russians who own a car are still required to pay it. The tax amount is not fixed, it depends on the number of “horses” under the hood, as well as on the time during which the car is owned by the taxpayer.

Features of the 2017 horsepower tax

In the coming year, changes are aimed at increasing the collection of cash receipts.
The tax base will be added to the amount plus a fee for a high-class car, when the car is considered not an ordinary means of transportation, but a luxury.

There is a discussion of lower taxes for owners of environmentally friendly cars, but there is no legislative confirmation of this yet.

Those who are planning to purchase a car need to know that since the beginning of 2017, an amendment to the law on transport tax has come into force, according to which a fine of 20% of the tax amount will be imposed on a car owner who has not reported the purchase of a car to the tax authorities on their own.

Only owners of vehicles weighing more than 12 tons can hope to ease the tax burden: the damage caused by such massive vehicles is paid separately. However, it is not yet clear whether these will be just benefits or a complete elimination of transport tax - amendments are also still in the works.

For most car owners, the 2017 horsepower car tax will remain the same.
There is one more innovation that should not be overlooked.

Calculation of car tax by horsepower

The basis for calculating transport tax is horsepower. In those. In the documents for the car the power is stated in hp. With. But if this is not the case, and it is calculated in kilowatts, they need to be converted into horsepower, given that 1 kW = 1.35962 hp. With.

When calculating taxes, full rubles are used. Rounding occurs as in arithmetic: less than 50 kopecks are discarded, more - rounding goes up.
Today you can find a transport tax calculator on the Internet. To get the result, you just need to enter the data. But it is advisable, of course, to be aware of the basic rules of calculation. In addition, the formulas by which the tax is calculated are not complicated.

Organizations calculate this type of tax on their own, and for individuals the tax amount will be calculated by the tax office. However, it is worth keeping in mind that in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated April 2, 2014 No. 52, when purchasing a new car, all motorists must submit information about its purchase themselves.

How to find out how much horsepower tax you'll pay

There are rules for calculating car tax by horsepower, the same for any region. The actual rate amount may change annually. The decision on the final rate is approved in each region separately on the basis of Chapter 28, Part 2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

To calculate the tax amount you need to have information about:

1. Your tax rate. It has its own size in each region and depends on the year of manufacture and/or environmental class, engine size.
2. Tax base (hp). For vehicles with engines, it is defined as horsepower. You can easily find out this information from the PTS or STS.
3. Number of months of vehicle ownership within one year.
4. Increasing coefficient for expensive cars. It is connected for cars whose cost exceeds 3 million. For cars whose price ranges from 3–5 million rubles, the rate is multiplied by 1.5, for cars priced from 5 to 10 million - by 2, above 10 million - by 3.

The traditional calculation formula is NS * LS, in which LS is horsepower, NS is the tax rate.

If the car was purchased less than a year ago, the formula is supplemented: NS * LS * KMV / 12, (KMV - number of months of ownership).
For owners of luxury cars, NS * LS * PV is used (here the increased coefficient is taken into account).
If a year of NS has not passed since the purchase of a luxury car, the formula looks like this: * LS * KMV/12 * PV.

What is the vehicle horsepower tax used for?

According to the law, the tax amount goes to the subject of the Russian Federation where the car is registered to carry out road repairs in that particular region. True, if earlier (until 2003) all fees went exclusively to the road fund, then after changes on January 1, 2003, the collected funds go to the budget of the subject and can be spent not only on roads, but also on the construction of important facilities for the region, salaries state employees and some other expenses.

In fact, it turns out that from time to time, holes in the budget are patched up due to the transport tax. This is what worries many motorists, becoming a reason for discontent and controversy. Paying a fairly high tax, they cannot have guarantees that they will receive a good road surface.

The burning questions raised by the car horsepower tax

All the numerous discussions around the transport tax boil down to the fact that it needs to be abolished or seriously changed. Car enthusiasts and the Federation of Car Owners of Russia (FAR) consider the tax unfair and are in favor of its abolition.

They explain their position as follows. The tax today equates those who drive a car every day with car owners whose cars sit idle in the garage for months. The last category includes supporters of summer driving, many pensioners who get behind the wheel of their old Zhiguli a couple of times a year. That is, the frequency of road use is not taken into account.

Another controversial point is the accounting of car power. Agree, not every powerful car on Russian roads is new. And if such an old car has a lot of horsepower under the hood, this does not mean that they are all working at full capacity on the track. Over the years, even a car with high power loses the ability to use it to its full potential.

This is interesting

Car enthusiasts point out that in our country, car owners are actually taxed twice. How is this possible? Elementary! Without gasoline, a car will not go far, and its price already includes the excise tax amount.

This is a unique, purely Russian system, not practiced anywhere in the world: funds for the road fund are collected both from the horsepower tax and from the sale of petroleum products. It is to the latter source of tax revenue that car enthusiasts propose to transfer the full load, eliminating car tax collections based on horsepower.
Motorists believe that this is much fairer: a greater financial burden will fall on the shoulders of those who really often use personal transport and, accordingly, use the roads more actively.

Many proponents of this approach refer to the experience of other countries. For example, in China, a similar system has been successfully operating since 2007. It is also practiced in the West, ensuring full collection through the implementation of the principle of social justice.

All these facts were taken as the basis for the bill proposed by deputies from the LDPR. According to this project, from the beginning of 2017, motorists should have been exempt from paying the hp tax. But that did not happen. The initiative was not supported by the government, and at the moment the rules for collecting the tax described have undergone only minor changes. This is explained by simple statistics: if the transport tax is eliminated, regional budgets will lose about 146 billion rubles, which will significantly hit road funds. In such a situation, the not always ideal road surface can pay for its quality.

Who is entitled to benefits when paying HP tax?

A number of citizens have the right to preferential taxation. The tariff in this case is clarified at the regional level.
Owners of some cars may not pay tax at all.

• Owners of vehicles converted to meet the needs of disabled people;
• Those who received a car from social services, provided that its power is less than 100 hp;
• Owners of special equipment used in agriculture.

Benefits available to one or another category of citizens in one subject may not apply in another.

But there is also a common list of privileged persons for the whole of Russia. These include:

• WWII participants;
• persons who have been awarded the Order of Glory 1-3 degrees;
• heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia;
• WWII veterans;
• veterans of military operations that took place in other periods;
• disabled people (except group 3);
• persons transporting incapacitated citizens, if the car belongs to the latter;
• owners of vehicles whose engine capacity does not exceed 70 liters. With.;
• liquidators of the consequences of accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Mayak PA, etc.

What are the consequences of delaying payment of taxes on cars by horsepower?

Payment of transport tax must be made before October 1 of the year following the tax period. So, in 2017 the tax for 2016 is paid.
For legal entities, payment terms are set by reporting periods (quarters, for example). Regional legislative bodies may not establish reporting periods, which allows organizations to make payments once a year (for legal entities - until February 1).

As a result, the tax period for individuals is a year, for organizations it depends on regional characteristics - either yearly or quarterly.

What happens to those who delayed or missed paying taxes? First of all, penalties begin to accrue on the tax amount. Its size is small, but this is unnecessary attention from the Federal Tax Service. Plus, if the tax remains unpaid or partially unpaid, it will be collected in court if the amount to be collected exceeds 3,000 rubles.

Collection procedure:

• A demand for payment of the debt and penalties is sent to the debtor.
• Within six months from the date of expiration of the execution period, an application for recovery of the technical liability is submitted to the court.

If the tax is not paid by a legal entity, a large fine will also follow.
As they say, the miser pays twice. To avoid unnecessary hassle, it is better to pay all taxes on time.

Transport tax is a regional tax, unlike property and land taxes.

All money for it goes to the budget of the corresponding constituent entity of Russia. This is a fairly common payment for Russian citizens, because many of them have cars and know that once a year they will receive a letter from the tax office urging them to pay.

However, not everyone knows the many nuances that accompany this type of government fee.

What is the auto tax on cars in 2019 and what are car owners required to pay for? The answer to these and many other questions can be found by reading this article.

Before putting a car up for sale, the future seller needs to find out in advance whether he needs to pay tax and calculate how much money from the transaction will have to be given to the state. This amount will be the transport tax. It is more important to know whether he will be required to file taxes in connection with the sale of the car.

This type of fee is subject to payment by citizens on whom the vehicle is registered.

And this list, in addition to cars, also includes many other means of transportation.

For example, scooters, motorcycles, buses, airplanes, yachts, snowmobiles. However, situations where transport tax is collected from car owners are more common.

That is, the obligation to pay transport tax arises for a person from the moment a particular transport vehicle is registered with a government agency.

And the tax for the car begins to be collected after the driver officially registers it with the traffic police.

It does not matter at all whether the driver uses a registered car. It may also be that the car has been sitting in his garage for a long time because it is broken. Or the car was stolen. In any case, you will have to pay tax. In such a situation, we can advise one thing: as soon as some problems occur with the car (serious accident that led to breakdown, theft, etc.), it is better to immediately deregister it with the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate, so as not to pay tax in vain.

There are also opposite cases. This is when the payment amount should increase due to an increase in the number of horsepower of the car engine.

But some car owners prefer not to notify the tax office at all about increasing the power of their car.

This behavior does not correspond to the letter of the law, and for failure to inform the traffic police about replacing a part with a larger capacity, the driver will face a fine, which can seriously hit his wallet.

In order to notify the State Traffic Inspectorate about this, you must immediately write a corresponding statement to this body. And the traffic police, in turn, will make changes to the register and registration certificate of the car. This will be the basis for increasing the amount of tax paid.

According to regional authorities, the amounts of transport tax paid by residents of the subjects go to maintaining the good condition of Russian roads. Therefore, it is still not recommended to neglect paying this payment.

How much is the car tax? Before buying a car, you need to calculate in advance what the tax amount will be and whether it will be profitable to have a personal vehicle if you have to pay for it every year in favor of the state.

The tax amount is calculated by the tax service itself and stated in the notice. However, it is better for the taxpayer to double-check the data received by mail to avoid an erroneous overpayment. But how can you calculate your car tax yourself?

The formula for calculating transport tax consists of the following components:

• car tax rate for 2019;
• how many months a year the owner of the car owned it;
• number of horsepower;
• an increasing factor if the car is a luxury item (this is a VIP class car).

Having all the listed indicators, you just need to substitute them into this classic calculation formula:

For those car owners who purchased a car less than a year ago, a slightly different formula applies:

For cars falling under the luxury category, the following formula applies:

But for luxury cars that were purchased less than a year ago, a slightly different equation applies:

If, after self-calculation, a discrepancy between the amount received and that indicated in the notice is discovered, you should immediately contact the tax office to correct the error. This can be done not only through a personal appeal or in a letter, but also in your personal account on the website of the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

The car tax almost always has an exact figure. That is, if the tax amount is so many rubles and more than 50 kopecks, then you need to round up to the next ruble, and if less, then subtract the extra kopecks.

Car tax per horsepower

Horsepower is an indicator of the power of any car. One horsepower has the following characteristics:

• Shows the power required to lift a 75 kg load. to a meter height in 1 second of time.
• It is measured in kW or in the number of watts (for example, in Russia it is equal to 735.5 watts).

As was already clear from the formula above, horsepower is a unit directly involved in determining the amount of tax for transport.

But how can a citizen determine how much power his car has?

1. There are several ways to do this.
2. If a car owner knows the engine power of his car in kW, he can multiply this number by a factor of 1.35962, then the value in hp will be obtained.

List of cars subject to luxury tax

In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation presented another list of expensive cars of certain brands and models, for which their owners will have to pay an additional luxury tax.

As the law states, such a tax is applied to cars whose value is as follows.

1. Exceeds 3 million rubles, but not more than 5 million. This includes the largest number of cars - 354 models.
2. From 5 to 10 million rubles – 238 models.
3. From 10 to 15 million rubles and above – 116 types of cars.

For the first group of cars the following indicators are used:

• up to 1 year – 1.5;
• from 1 year to 2 years – 1.3;
• from 2 to 3 years – 1.1;
• more than 3 years – 1.0.

For the second group: if the car is under 5 years old, then the coefficient is 2.0.

For the most expensive cars (from 10 to 15 million) - a coefficient of 3.0, provided that the cars are “age” up to 10 years.

The list of cars classified as luxury goods is updated and approved annually.

Bentley Continental falls under luxury tax

The list established today has expanded significantly compared to 2015: then it included 189 models, and now 708. It includes well-known car brands. For example, such as Audi, VOLVO, Bentley, BMW, Chevrolet, Jaguar, Aston Martin, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan and many others.

If you wish, you can view the full list on the Internet. Various sites publish current data. Thus, for all cars that are on such a list, the formulas for calculating the tax described above will be applied.

Tax on car sales in 2019

If a citizen decides to sell his car, he is obliged to pay tax to the state treasury when making this transaction.

This payment relates to personal income tax (NDFL). But you need to know in what case this obligation arises.

The law states that a person is obliged to pay tax on the sale of a car only from the moment he purchased it, less than 3 years have passed. But from what day is the fact that possession begins? It depends on the base.

1. If the car was transferred to a citizen as an inheritance - from the date of opening of the inheritance, namely, from the moment of the death of the testator.
2. When a car is donated by one person to another - from the moment the donation agreement is signed.
3. When buying a car - from the date of conclusion of the purchase and sale agreement.

If a motorist wants to sell his “iron horse” before the three-year period expires, he will have to pay personal income tax in the amount of 13% of the price at which he sold it. And for non-residents an increased rate of 30% applies. The purchase and sale agreement signed by the parties will serve as documentary evidence of the sale amount.

Since the traffic police departments interact with the tax inspectorates, they will receive data on the sale of the car soon after the transaction is completed. And, if a citizen is legally obligated to pay tax, he will receive a notification about this.

And after the three-year period has already passed, you can sell the car and not worry about the fact that a tax payment notice will come from the tax office. There is no need to submit any declarations.

As with other types of taxes, you can get a deduction for the tax on the sale of a car. This option will be relevant when the car was purchased by a citizen at a price less than the one at which he sells it. For example, a car was bought for 500 thousand, and sold a year later for 650 thousand. Personal income tax will be calculated from an amount of 150 thousand. This rule also applies provided that the person has kept all the documents.

In order to pay a smaller amount of tax, many drivers specifically indicate in the contract the low cost of the car, which is completely disproportionate to its real price.

Each owner of a duly registered car is required to pay an annual tax for each horsepower of his car - correctly called transport tax.

In this article we will deal with the following questions:

• for what purposes does the state collect this type of tax;
• how is it calculated;
• Is it possible to get benefits and how to pay.

As you know, intensive road construction is underway in Russia, and it is financed through taxes. Thus, according to Article 56 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the budget of the subjects is replenished through 100% deductions of the following types of taxes:

• transport;
• from property;
• from the gambling business.

Further in this article other types of taxes are listed, some of which go to the regional budget. In addition, Chapter Ten of the Code (Articles 65-82) clearly describes what a particular tax should be spent on. Accordingly, the money that vehicle owners pay goes to the formation of road funds.

From this we can come to the conclusion that the more money a region receives from the horsepower tax, the more money is invested in roads. This can be seen in big cities - Moscow, St. Petersburg. Although, for example, such a large city as Saratov cannot boast of very good roads.

How is car tax calculated?

There should be no problems with the calculation - it is carried out according to a simple scheme:

• The number of horsepower is multiplied by the base rate.

If the car was deregistered, for example, in September, then the formula takes on the following form:

• number of hp multiplied by the base rate and multiplied by (number of months of ownership per year/12).

Base rates for 2018 are:

• 2.5 - if the engine power reaches 100 hp;
• 3.5 - up to 150 hp;
• 5 - up to 200;
• 7.5 - 201-250 hp;
• 15 - over 250 horsepower.

We have given rates for cars, but there are rates for motorcycles, trucks, buses, yachts and airplanes.

It would seem that the amounts should not be the largest, even if you have some powerful roadster like a Porsche Boxter with a 400 hp engine. However, there is one small amendment to the law: the government of a constituent entity of the Federation has the right to increase the base rate, but not more than 10 times.

Therefore, you need to know the base rates for your region. Let's give examples.

Moscow. VAZ-21099 car, engine power 78 “horses”. For Moscow, the rate is 12 rubles per force, from here we get that for a full year of ownership you will need to pay - 78x12 = 936 rubles. If you only used the car for 9 months, we get 78x12x9/12=702 rubles.

For cars with an engine over 250 hp. the rate for Moscow is 150 rubles, so the amounts will be much larger - from 37,500 rubles and above. In other regions, rates may be significantly lower, for example, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory you will have to pay only 390 rubles for the same VAZ-21099, and for a car with a power of more than 250 hp. - 51 rubles per force.

Who is entitled to benefits?

Categories of beneficiaries can also vary significantly in different regions of Russia, but we can distinguish categories that with one hundred percent certainty may not pay transport tax in any region of the country:

• disabled people of the first and second groups;
• parents of disabled children;
• WWII veterans;
• heroes of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

Each region also has its own separate categories, for example, in Moscow, owners of low-power passenger cars (engine power less than 70 hp), as well as entrepreneurs engaged in transporting passengers (except taxis), are exempt from tax.

In St. Petersburg, persons injured as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, owners of vehicles manufactured before 1990, and with a power of no more than 80 hp may not pay TN. Veterans of various military conflicts (Afghanistan, Chechnya) are also exempt from taxation.

All those who fall under one category or another are completely exempt from payment. There are also those who still have to pay TN, but at reduced rates. For example, in Perm, 50% of the tax amount is paid by age pensioners, provided that they own a vehicle with a capacity of no more than 100 hp. In Perm, too, parents with many children do not pay tax, as well as parents whose children are serving in the Russian Army.

How and when should I pay tax?

According to Article 363 of the Tax Code, payments for the previous year must be made before October of the next year, that is, in October of this year the tax for 2016 must be paid. 30 days before the end date, you should receive a printout by mail indicating the exact amount. If it is not there, then there are several options:

• come to the tax office in advance and receive a receipt in your hands;
• Find out about your debt on the State Services website.

On the same State Services website you can also make payments online. In case of non-payment, a penalty is charged - a fifth of the tax, plus a certain percentage for each day of delay.

The procedure, rates and deadlines for paying transport tax in Moscow for 2019-2018 were approved by Moscow Law No. 33 dated 07/09/2008 “On Transport Tax” (with appropriate amendments and additions in force in 2019).

Procedure and deadlines for paying transport tax in Moscow

The tax for each vehicle is paid in full rubles (50 kopecks and more are rounded up to the whole ruble, and less than 50 kopecks are not taken into account) to the budget of the city of Moscow.

Taxpayer organizations pay tax no later than February 5 of the year following the expired tax period. During the tax period, advance tax payments are not made by taxpayer organizations.

Thus, organizations need to pay transport tax for 2018 by February 5, 2019, for 2019 by February 5, 2020, and for 2020 by February 5, 2021. More details about procedure for tax payment by legal entities read the article at the link.

The deadline for payment of transport tax for 2018 for legal entities in Moscow is February 5, 2019

Citizens pay transport tax on a car on the basis of a tax notice sent by the tax authority. The amount of tax on a car is determined by the tax authorities on the basis of information submitted to the tax authorities by the authorities carrying out state registration of vehicles on the territory of the Russian Federation. Individuals must pay transport tax in the general manner no later than December 1 of the year following the expired tax period, that is, in 2019, the tax is paid for 2018, respectively, at the rates established for 2018, and the car tax for 2019 - until December 01, 2020.

Tax payment deadline for citizens: Since 2016, the deadline for payment of transport tax on a car for individuals has changed - now the tax must be paid before December 1 (previously, the payment deadline was set until October 1).

Transport tax is payable no later than December 1 of the year following the expired tax period. That is, the car tax for 2017 must be paid before December 1, 2018, for 2018 - before December 1, 2019., and for 2019 - until December 1, 2020. If December 1 is a non-working day, the payment deadline is postponed to the next working day.

The deadline for paying transport tax on a car in Moscow in 2019 is until December 2, 2019 (the tax is paid for 2018)

Transport tax rates in Moscow

Automobile tax rates in Moscow are set accordingly depending on engine power, jet engine thrust or gross tonnage of vehicles per one vehicle engine horsepower, one kilogram of jet engine thrust, one register ton of vehicle or unit of vehicle in the following sizes:

Note,when collecting car tax apply increased transport tax coefficients for expensive cars worth more than three million rubles.

Attention:Due to the fact that the final tax amount depends on the category and make of the car, its power, we do not recommend using online calculators. The most accurate calculation is achieved by simply multiplying the car's power by the tax rate (taking into account increasing factors for expensive cars).

Benefits for paying transport tax in Moscow

The Moscow Law “On Transport Tax” completely exempts from paying tax:

1. organizations providing services for the transportation of passengers by public urban passenger transport - for vehicles carrying passengers (except taxis);
2. residents of special economic zones of technology-innovation type created on the territory of the city of Moscow (hereinafter referred to as special economic zones) - in relation to vehicles registered in the name of these residents, from the moment of inclusion in the register of residents of the special economic zone. The benefit is provided for a period of 10 years, starting from the month of registration of the vehicle. The right to the benefit is confirmed by an extract from the register of residents of the special economic zone, issued by the management body of the special economic zone;
   • 2.1. organizations recognized as management companies of special economic zones and carrying out activities for the purpose of implementing agreements on the management of special economic zones - in relation to vehicles registered in the name of these organizations, from the moment of conclusion of agreements on the management of special economic zones with the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation . The benefit is provided for a period of 10 years, starting from the month of registration of the vehicle - the benefit was introduced in 2018;
   • 2.2. management companies of the international medical cluster and project participants who have entered into agreements on the implementation of the project with the management company of the international medical cluster and carry out project implementation activities on the territory of the international medical cluster - in relation to vehicles registered to the management companies of the international medical cluster and project participants. Project participants are provided with a benefit from the moment of concluding an agreement on the implementation of the project with the management company of the international medical cluster - the benefit applies from 2018 to 2028;
3. Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of the Russian Federation, citizens awarded the Order of Glory of three degrees,
4. veterans of the Great Patriotic War, disabled people of the Great Patriotic War - for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified categories;
5. combat veterans, disabled combatants - for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified categories;
6. disabled people of groups I and II- for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified categories;
7. former minors concentration camp prisoners, ghettos, and other places of forced detention created by the Nazis and their allies during the Second World War - for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified categories;
8. one of the parents (adoptive parents), guardian, trustee of a disabled child - for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified categories;
9. persons who own passenger cars with an engine power of up to 70 horsepower (up to 51.49 kW) inclusive - for one vehicle of the specified category registered to these persons;
10. one of the parents (adoptive parents) in a large family- for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified categories;
11. Chernobyl victims - for one vehicle;
12. individuals who, as part of special risk units, took direct part in testing nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, eliminating accidents at nuclear installations at weapons and military facilities - for one vehicle registered to citizens of these categories;
13. individuals who received or suffered radiation sickness or became disabled as a result of tests, exercises and other work related to any types of nuclear installations, including nuclear weapons and space technology - for one vehicle registered to citizens of these categories;
14. one of the guardians of a disabled person since childhood, recognized by the court as incompetent - for one vehicle registered to citizens of the specified category.

Old-age pensioners do not have transport tax benefits in Moscow.

Important. The benefits listed in subparagraphs 3-8, 11-14 do not apply to passenger cars with engine power over 200 hp. (over 147.1 kW).

Benefits are provided to individuals upon application based on a document confirming the right to the benefit. If a taxpayer has the right to receive benefits on several grounds, the benefit is provided on one basis at the taxpayer’s choice.

Benefits do not apply to water, air vehicles, snowmobiles and motor sleighs.

If the right to benefits arises (loss) during the tax period, the tax amount is calculated taking into account a coefficient defined as the ratio of the number of complete months preceding the month (following the month) of the emergence (loss) of the right to benefits to the number of calendar months in the tax period. In this case, the coefficient is calculated to three decimal places.

Prepared by "Personal Prava.ru"