The imperative mood of reflexive verbs in French.

Internal stairs So, if we talk about the declension of nouns in German

, then we should first talk about the features of the language itself. And in this case there are a lot of them.

Cases, masculine and feminine declensions IN given language Romano-Germanic group there are four types of declensions of these independent parts

speech. They are divided into mixed (special), female, weak and, accordingly, strong. The main task is to determine the pattern in the process of declension in each of the cases, of which there are four in the German language. The nominative (translated as Nominativ) answers questions such as “wer?” and “was?” Genitive, which is translated as Genetiv, - to the question “wessen?”. It is followed by the dative, Dativ, - “wem?”, “wo?”, and also the accusative, Akkusativ, - “wen?”, “was?”, “wohin?”. The strong declension is determined by the ending “s”; this case includes most nouns that are masculine, as well as all those belonging to the neuter gender. The exception is “heart” - Das Herz. If we talk about the weak declension of nouns in the German language, then in this case the sign will be the ending e(n) - it applies to all cases. The exception is m.p. nouns that define living beings. The situation is simplest with the feminine declension - there are no endings there.

Special type and plural It was said that the German language differs in some ways. the previously mentioned mixed type is one of those. Only a few words stand out here; you should list them and remember them! Das Herz (translated as "heart"), der Schaden ("damage"), der Frieden (translation - "World", although there is a synonym Welt, changing according to all the rules), der Wille ("Will"), der Same (" seed"), der Glaube ("faith"), der Gedanke (translated as "thought", but can be replaced by the synonym idea), der Funke ("spark"), der Buchstabe ("letter"), der Name ("name" ). The listed words have the following declension of nouns in German: they end with e(ns) in the genitive case, and with e(n) in the dative and accusative case. It’s a little easier to incline in plural

. Everything here follows one rule: in Dativ it ends in n, with only one exception. If a noun is converted from singular. h., then it receives the suffixes s or n.

So, in this language, unlike Russian, there are only four cases. If we talk about declension, then there are three types according to which words change. This is a strong declination, weak and mixed. If in German, then s-Deklination, n-Deklination and gemischte Deklination. Many nouns do not have endings; only the article changes in the word. Almost all words end in n, the same goes for female nouns. Although there is a peculiarity here. Nouns f. R. and change according to feminine declination. All forms singular exactly the same as a, plural words in any case end in en.

The strong type has its own characteristics. The fact is that words of the neuter and also masculine gender are declined according to this type. It should be noted here that the listed words in Nominativ have either -er, -e. Weak declination has distinctive feature in the form of the ending -en. It appears in every form except Nominativ. The weak type changes masculine names ending in -loge, -ant, -e, -and, -ist, -af, etc. These are mainly words denoting professions, nationality and living beings.

How to remember

The declension of nouns in German is complex topic. And very important, because in order to speak normally, so that native speakers can understand the speaker, you need to be able to change words according to declensions. Exercises will help you master the topic “Declination of nouns.” The German language is very rich, so it will be easy to train. To do this, you can create diagrams or tables with endings and cases. In this way, two types of memory will work: visual and auditory, and the memorization process will be much more productive The table can be compiled in the following form (for example, the words “person”, “mister”, “student”, “name” are taken):
N: der: Mensch, Herr, Student, Name.
A: den: Mensch(en), Herr(n), Student(en), Name(n).
D: dem: Mensch(en), Herr(n), Student(en), Name(n).
G: des: Mensch(en), Herr(n), Student(en), Name(ns).

Even based on this simple example, you can see that learning and memorizing using such a table is quite simple. The most important thing, as in any other language, is to find a pattern in which the memorization process will look logical and consistent.

A noun is a variable part of speech. It is declined, that is, it changes according to cases. There are four cases in German:
• Nominativ - answers the question wer? was? - Who? What?
• Genitiv - answers the question wessen? - whose, whose? whose, whose? whom? what?
• Dativ - answers the question wem? - to whom?
• Akkusativ - answers the question wen? was? - whom? What?

German nouns, unlike Russian ones, most often do not have case endings. The case of a German noun is indicated by the case form of the article.

Declension of the article in German

In the singular, depending on the case endings of nouns, three types of noun declension are distinguished:
• strong declination,
• weak declination,
• noun declension female.

Strong declension of nouns in German

The strong declension includes most masculine nouns, as well as all neuter nouns.

From the table above it is clear that a strong declination is characterized by the end -(e)s in Genitiv. Moreover, nouns ending in -s, -ß, -sch, -z, -tz, get the ending -es in Genitiv. Nouns ending in -е, -er, -el, -en, -chen, -lein, -ling, -ig, -ich, as well as most polysyllabic endings in Genitiv -s.

Weak declension of nouns in German

The weak declension includes a relatively small group of masculine nouns denoting animate objects, namely:
• nouns ending in -e:
  der Junge (boy), der Russe (Russian), der Löwe (lion), der Hase (hare);
• nouns der Mensch (man), der Held (hero), der Bauer* (peasant), der Graf (count), der Nachbar* (neighbor), der Herr (lord), der Hirt (shepherd), der Ochs (ox) , der Bär (bear), der Narr (fool);
• foreign words with suffixes -ist, -ent, -ant, -at, -soph, -nom, -graph, -log(e):
  der Komponist, der Assistent, der Praktikant, der Kandidat, der Diplomat, der Philosopher,
  der Soldat, der Agronom, der Photograph, der Philolog(e).

Nouns of weak declension in all cases except Nominativ singular take case ending -(e)n.

Nouns ending in -e, as well as der Herr, der Bauer, der Nachbar receive the ending -n, the rest are the end -en.

Declension of feminine nouns in German

Feminine nouns do not take any singular case endings. The case is shown by the form of the article.

Special cases of noun declension in German

There is a small group of masculine nouns, forming a transitional type from weak to strong declension. Words of this group change in all cases according to the weak declension, and in Genitiv they take the ending -(e)ns.

The declension type of a noun is easy to determine using a dictionary.

For example: Stuhl m-(e)s, ¨-е; m determines the gender of the noun - masculine. Ending -(e)s indicates the Genitiv singular form of this noun - des Stuhl (e)s, therefore, this noun belongs to the strong declension.

Another example: Student m-en, -en. Here the first -en indicates that the Genitiv form of this noun is Studenten, therefore this noun belongs to the weak declension.

Special cases of declension of nouns are shown similarly in the dictionary.

Declension of German nouns in the plural

In the plural, all nouns are declined the same way. They all take a case ending -n in the dative case, with the exception of those receiving the plural suffix -(e)n or -s.

Declension of proper names in German

1. Proper names take endings -s in Genitiv singular:
   Goethe s Gedichte (Goethe's poems); Anna s Vater (Anna's father).
2. Names of persons ending in -s, -x and –z, accept the ending –ens:
   Sachsens Werke (works by Sachs).
   Often in these words the ending is completely omitted and replaced with an apostrophe:
   Claus' Auto (Claus's car).

   Proper names denoting geographical names and ending in -s, -x, -z, do not receive any ending:
   der Gipfel des Elbrus (peak of Elbrus).

3. Female names on -ie have a singular ending in Genitiv -s or -ns:
   Marie ns(Marie s) Freund (Maria's friend).
4. The genitive case can be replaced by a construction with a preposition von:
   Peter s Buch = das Buch von Peter,
   die Straßen München s= die Straßen von München (streets of Munich).
5. A proper name is usually not declined if it is preceded by an article with a definition:

1. If a proper name is preceded by a common noun expressing title, rank, position, etc., then two cases are possible:

• When there is an article, only the common noun is declined:

• Without an article, only the proper noun is declined, and the common noun remains unchanged:
  die Regierungszeit König Ludwigs
  die Vorlesung Professor Müllers.

1. If the first and last names are indicated, then only the last name is declined:
   die Werke Patrick Süskinds (works by Patrick Süskind).

* This noun also changes in strong declension.

Today we will look at another “similarity” between the Russian and German languages ​​- declination. We remember that in Russian there are three types of declension: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. There are also three types of declension in German: strong declination(die starke Deklination), weak declination(die schwache Deklination) and feminine declension(die weibliche Deklination).

TO strong type declinations include most nouns are masculine And all neuter nouns, other than a noun das Herz - heart. The main sign of a strong declination is the ending –(e)s in the genitive case:

Nominativeder Vater das Fenster;

Genetivdes Vaters des Fensters;

Dativdem Vater dem Fenster;

Akkusativden Vater das Fenster.

Ending –s in the genitive case it is typical for polysyllabic nouns:

Nominative Genetiv

der Garten - garden des Gartens - garden

das Messer - knife des Messers - knife

Ending –es acquire monosyllabic nouns:

Nominative Genetiv

der Hund - dog des Hundes - dogs

das Buch - book des Buches - books

and nouns ending in -s, -ß, -x, -z, -tz:

Nominative Genetiv

das Glas - glass des Glases - glass

der Fluß - river des Flußes - rivers

der Suffix - suffix des Suffixes - suffix

der Schmerz - pain des Schmerzes - pain

das Gesetz - law des Gesetzes - law

TO weak declension apply only animate nouns, masculine gender. The main sign of a weak declination is the ending –(e)n in all indirect cases:

A) nouns with endings –e

der Knabe-boy, der Affe- monkey, der Neffe- nephew, der Hase- hare;

b) monosyllabic nouns

der Bär- bear, der Furst- prince, der Herr- sir, der Ochs- bull, der Spatz- sparrow, der Zar - tsar;

V) nouns of foreign origin with drums suffixes –ant, -at, -ent, -et, -graph(-graf), -ist, -it, -ot

der Aspirsnt-graduate student, der Diplomant-diplomat, der Student- student, der Atlet– athlete, der Fotograf- photographer, der Pianist– pianist, der Favorit– favorite, der Patriot– patriot.

Feminine declension speaks for itself: everyone belongs to this type of declension feminine nouns. The main feature of this type of declension is lack of ending in all cases:

Nominativedie Tür die Frau die Schulbank;

Genetiv

Dativder Tür der Frau der Schulbank;

Akkusativdie Tür die Frau die Schulbank.

And the last thing - mixed type of declension. This type of declension includes eight masculine nouns And singular neuter noun das Herz. This type of declination is characterized by the ending –es in the genitive case (strong declension) and –en in the dative and accusative cases (weak declension):

der Name- Name der Buchstabe– letter

der Same– seed der Friede- world

der Wille– will der Funke– spark

der Gedanke- thought der Fels– rock

das Herz– hearts

Nominativeder Name das Herz

Genetivdes Namens des Herzens

Dativdem Namen dem Herzen

Akkusativden Namen das Herz

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A noun is a part of speech that changes according to cases, i.e. it is declined. There are four cases in German:

• Nominativ - answers the question - who? What? (wer? was?)
• Genitiv - answers the question - whose, whose? whose, whose? whom? what? (wessen?)
• Dativ - answers the question - to whom? (wem?)
• Akkusativ - answers the question - who? What? (wen? was?)

In German, case endings in nouns are most often absent, and case is indicated by the case form of the article.

Declension of the article in German

Depending on the case endings of singular nouns, three types of noun declension are distinguished:

• strong declination,
• weak declination,
• Declension of feminine nouns.

Strong declension of nouns in German

The strong declension includes most masculine nouns, as well as all neuter nouns.

From the table above it is clear that a strong declination is characterized by the end -(e)s in Genitiv. Moreover, nouns ending in -s, -?, -sch, -z, -tz, get the ending -es in Genitiv. Nouns ending in -е, -er, -el, -en, -chen, -lein, -ling, -ig, -ich, as well as most polysyllabic endings in Genitiv -s.

Weak declension of nouns in German

A small group of masculine nouns denoting animate objects belongs to the weak declension.

• Nouns ending in -e:
  der Junge (boy), der Russe (Russian), der Lowe (lion), der Hase (hare);
• nouns der Mensch (man), der Held (hero), der Bauer* (peasant), der Graf (count), der Nachbar* (neighbor), der Herr (lord), der Hirt (shepherd), der Ochs (ox) , der Bar (bear), der Narr (fool);
• foreign words with suffixes -ist, -ent, -ant, -at, -soph, -nom, -graph, -log(e):
  der Komponist, der Assistent, der Praktikant, der Kandidat, der Diplomat, der Philosopher,
  der Soldat, der Agronom, der Photograph, der Philolog(e).

In all cases, except Nominativ singular, weak declension nouns take a case ending -(e)n.

Nouns that end in -e, as well as der Herr, der Bauer, der Nachbar, receive the ending -n, the rest - the ending -en.

Declension of feminine nouns in German

Feminine nouns do not take singular case endings, and the case is indicated by the form of the article.

This group includes:

• der Name, der Gedanke, der Same, der Wille, der Glaube, der Buchstabe, der Friede,
  der Funke, der Schade, der Fels.

Also in special cases is the declension of the noun das Herz. The noun das Herz is declined as follows:

The declension type of a noun is easy to determine using a dictionary.

For example: Stuhl m-(e)s, ?-e; m determines the gender of the noun - masculine. Ending -(e)s indicates the Genitiv singular form of this noun - des Stuhl (e)s, thus, the noun belongs to the strong declension.

Another example: Student m-en, -en. Here the first -en indicates that the Genitiv form of this noun is Studenten, so the noun is a weak declension.

Special cases of declension of nouns are shown similarly in the dictionary.

Declension of German nouns in the plural

All plural nouns are inflected the same way, taking the case ending -n in the dative case, with the exception of nouns that receive a plural suffix -(e)n or -s.

Declension of proper names in German

• Proper names take endings -s in Genitiv singular:
  Goethe s Gedichte (Goethe's poems); Anna s Vater (Anna's father).
• Names of persons ending in -s, -x and –z, accept the ending –ens:
  Sachsens Werke (works by Sachs).
  Often in these words the ending is completely omitted and replaced with an apostrophe:
  Claus’ Auto (Claus’s car). Proper names denoting geographical names and ending in -s, -x, -z, do not receive any ending:
  der Gipfel des Elbrus (peak of Elbrus).
• Female names on -ie have a singular ending in Genitiv -s or -ns:
  Marie ns(Marie s) Freund (Maria's friend).
• The genitive case can be replaced by a construction with a preposition von:
  Peter s Buch = das Buch von Peter,
  die Straßen Munchen s= die Stra?en von Munchen (streets of Munich).
• A proper name is usually not declined if it is preceded by an article with a definition:

• If a proper name is preceded by a common noun expressing title, rank, position, etc., then two cases are possible:

• When there is an article, only the common noun is declined:

• Without an article, only the proper noun is declined, and the common noun remains unchanged:
  die Regierungszeit Konig Ludwigs
  die Vorlesung Professor Mullers.

• If the first and last names are indicated, then only the last name is declined:
  die Werke Patrick Suskinds (works by Patrick Suskind).

For those who study German, the weak declension (cl.) of nouns (noun) is one of the many “little things” that, despite their apparent simplicity, cause a lot of trouble.

On the one hand, everything is clear: the peculiarity of this cluster. is that noun. in all case forms, except for the Nominative singular (number), acquire the ending –en. Articles are declined as usual.

On the other hand, remember which words belong to this group. at the moment of speaking, it can be difficult. First of all, it should be noted that all these entities. masculine (except for das Herz). So, to the weak cl. in German include:

• Nouns denoting male creatures (humans and animals) that end in –e: der Kollege, der Zeuge, der Kunde, der Knabe, der Sklave, der Geselle, der Hase, der Drache, der Affe, der Löwe, etc.
• Monosyllabic nouns with the same meaning: der Graf, der Held, der Mensch, der Fürst, der Prinz, der Zar, der Bär, etc.
• Names of all nationalities ending in –e: der Russe, der Pole, der Chinese, der Grieche, der Türke, etc.
• Foreign (usually Greek and Latin) words with the suffix -and-/ -ant-: der Doktorand, der Proband, der Elefant, der Musikant, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix -ent-, denoting males: der Student, der Absolvent, der Produzent, der Präsident, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix -ad-/ -at-: der Kamerad, der Demokrat, der Diplomat, der Soldat, der Automat, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix -ist-: der Polizist, der Journalist, der Tourist, der Egoist, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix -loge-: der Psychologe, der Philologe, der Biologe, der Pädagoge, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix -eut-, -aut-: der Therapeut, der Pharmazeut, der Astronaut, der Kosmonaut, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix –graf-/ -graph-: der Telegraf, der Fotograf, der Geograph, der Paragraph, etc.
• Foreign words with the suffix -t-: der Architekt, der Athlet, der Satellit, der Ästhet, etc.
• Some words that do not fit into the classification above: der Astronom, der Philosopher, der Catholic, der Monarch, der Komet, der Planet, der Tatar and others. In total to this skl. refer to about four thousand nouns.

Standing somewhat apart from this list are the words der Name, der Buchstabe, der Glaube, der Wille, der Friede, der Gedanke, der Same, der Funke, as well as singular noun. neuter in this list – das Herz . Their peculiarity is that in Genitive case singular number they acquire the ending -ens, that is, they look like this: des Namens, des Buchstabens, des Glaubens.... In all other forms they have a characteristic ending -en.

Noun das Herz in Accusative case does not have the ending –en:

Particular attention should be paid to the pronoun Herr, despite the fact that it belongs to the weak inflection, its forms are somewhat different from the usual ones:

To the weak slope refers to noun Ungar, although with skl. it takes on the ending -n:

Studying the topic “German. Weak declension of nouns,” you need to remember that there is a mixed declension, and not to confuse one with the other. To mixed group include words that are in the singular. inclined on a strong slope. (in the Genitive case singulars have the ending -s), and in the plural - in the weak case. This includes the words der See, der Staat, der Vetter, das Auge, das Ohr, etc. This can also include noun. der Bauer, der Nachbar, etc., although they can also lean along a weak slope. (with ending –n), and mixed: