Pros and cons of a two-pipe heating system. Pros and cons of one-pipe and two-pipe heating systems - which is better and more efficient? Differences in horizontal layouts by floor

For every private household, the installation of a heating system is considered one of the fundamental issues. Modern technologies construction offer two options: one-pipe or two-pipe system.

Here it is important not to cheapen out by trying to reduce installation costs and purchasing materials. And only after understanding the operating principle of these systems, their advantages and disadvantages, can you make the right choice.

Single-pipe operation heating system happens enough simple principles. There is only one closed pipeline through which the coolant circulates. Passing through the boiler, the medium heats up, and passing through the radiators imparts this heat to them, after which, cooled, it again enters the boiler.

Boner in one pipe system also one, and its location depends on the type of building. So, for one-story private houses a horizontal scheme is best suited, while for multi-story buildings - a vertical one.

Note! To pump coolant through vertical risers, a hydraulic pump may be needed.

To improve the efficiency of a single-pipe system, several improvements can be made. For example, install bypasses - special elements that are pipe sections connecting the forward and return radiator pipes.

This solution makes it possible to connect thermostats to the radiator that can control the temperature of each heating element, or completely disconnect them from the system. Another advantage of bypasses is that they allow you to replace or repair individual heating elements without shutting down the entire system.

Installation features

So that the heating system long years gave warmth to the owners of the house, during the installation process it is worth adhering to the following sequence of actions:

• According to the developed project, the boiler is installed.
• The pipeline is being installed. In places where the project provides for the installation of radiators and bypasses, tees are installed.
• If the system operates on the principle of natural circulation, it is necessary to ensure a slope of 3-5 cm per meter of length. For a forced circulation circuit, a slope of 1 cm per meter of length will be sufficient.
• For systems with forced circulation, a circulation pump is installed. It is worth considering that the device is not designed for operation at high temperatures, so it would be better to install it near the entrance of the return pipe to the boiler. In addition, the pump must be connected to the electrical network.
• Installation expansion tank. Tank open type must be in highest point system, closed - in any convenient location(most often it is installed near the boiler).
• Installation heating radiators. They weigh a lot (especially when filled with water), so they are secured using special brackets, which are usually included in the kit. Installation is most often carried out under window openings.
• Installation in progress additional devices– Mayevsky taps, plugs, shut-off devices.
• The final stage - testing finished system, for which water or air is supplied into it under pressure. If the tests do not reveal problem areas, the system is ready for operation.

Evgeniy Sedov

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Content

Today there are the most different ways organization of systems, among which heating on two wings with a pump has gained great popularity. Its design is based on the principle of effective maintenance with minimal heat loss. The two-pipe heating system has become especially popular in single-story, multi-story and private houses, the connection of which allows you to achieve all necessary conditions for a comfortable stay.

What is a two-pipe heating system

Two-pipe heating is used in last years more and more often, and this despite the fact that installation of a single-pipe version is, as a rule, much cheaper. This model makes it possible to regulate the temperature in each room of a residential building according to at will, because A special control valve is provided for this purpose. As for the single-pipe circuit, unlike the two-pipe circuit, its coolant, during circulation, sequentially passes through absolutely all radiators.

As for the two-pipe model, here a pipe intended for pumping coolant is separately supplied to each radiator. And the return pipeline is collected from each battery into a separate circuit, the function of which is to deliver the cooled medium back to the flow-through or wall-mounted boiler. This circuit (natural/forced circulation) is called return and it has gained especially great popularity in apartment buildings when there is a need to heat all floors using one boiler.

Advantages

Double-circuit heating, despite the higher installation cost compared to some other analogues, is suitable for buildings of any configuration and number of floors - this is a very important advantage. In addition, the coolant that enters all heating devices has an identical temperature, which makes it possible to uniformly warm up all rooms.

The remaining advantages of a two-pipe heating system are the possibility of installing special thermostats on radiators and the fact that the breakdown of one of the devices will in no way affect the operation of others. In addition, by installing valves on each battery, you can reduce water consumption, which is a big plus for the family budget.

Flaws

The above system has one significant drawback, which is that all its components and their installation are much more expensive than organizing a single-pipe model. It turns out that not all residents can afford it. Other disadvantages of a two-pipe heating system are the complexity of installation and the large number of pipes and special connecting elements.

Scheme of a two-pipe heating system

As mentioned above, this method of organizing a heating system differs from other options in that it has a more complex architecture. Scheme double-circuit heating is a pair of closed loops. One of them is used to supply heated coolant to the batteries, the other is to send waste, i.e., cooled liquid back for heating. The use of this method at a particular facility largely depends on the power of the boiler.

Dead end

In this embodiment, the direction of supply of heated water and return is multidirectional. Two-pipe dead-end system heating involves the installation of batteries, each of which has an identical number of sections. To balance the system with such a movement of heated water, the valve installed on the first radiator must be screwed on with great force in order to shut off.

Passing

This scheme is also called the Tichelman loop. A passing two-pipe heating system or just a passing one is easier to balance and configure, especially if the pipeline is very long. At this method organizing heating on each radiator requires the installation of a needle valve or a device such as a thermostatic valve.

Horizontal

There is also such a type of circuit as a two-pipe horizontal system heating, which has found wide application in single- and two-story houses. It is also used in rooms with a basement, where the necessary communication networks and devices can be easily placed. When using such wiring, the supply pipeline can be installed under the radiators or at the same level with them. But this scheme has a drawback, which is the frequent formation air jams. In order to get rid of them, it is necessary to install Mayevsky taps on each device.

Vertical

Scheme of this type more often used in houses with 2-3 or more floors. But its organization requires the presence large quantity pipes It is necessary to take into account that a vertical two-pipe heating system has such a significant advantage as the ability to automatically discharge air that exits through a drain valve or expansion tank. If the latter is installed in the attic, then this room must be insulated. In general, with this scheme, the temperature distribution across the heating devices is uniform.

Two-pipe heating system with bottom wiring

If you decide to choose this scheme, keep in mind that it can be a collector type or with radiators mounted in parallel. Scheme of a two-pipe heating system with bottom wiring of the first type: two pipelines go from the collector to each battery, which are supply and discharge. This model with lower wiring has the following advantages:

• installation shut-off valves performed in one room;
• high level efficiency;
• possibility of installation in an unfinished building;
• overlap and adjustment are easy and simple;
• the ability to turn off the top floor if no one lives there.

With top wiring

A closed two-pipe heating system with overhead wiring is used to a greater extent due to the fact that it is free of air pockets and has a high water circulation rate. Before making the calculation, install a filter, find a photo with detailed description scheme, it is necessary to compare the costs of this option with the benefits and take into account the following disadvantages:

• unaesthetic appearance of the premises due to open communications;
• high consumption pipes and necessary materials;
• the emergence of problems associated with the placement of the tank;
• rooms located on the second floor warm up somewhat better;
• impossibility of location in rooms with large footage;
• additional costs associated with decorative finishing, which should hide the pipes.

Connecting heating radiators with a two-pipe system

Installation work associated with the installation of double-circuit heating includes several stages. Radiator connection diagram:

1. At the first stage, the boiler is installed, for which a specially designated place is prepared, for example, a basement.
2. Next, the installed equipment is connected to an expansion tank mounted in the attic.
3. Then a pipe is connected to each radiator battery from the collector to move the coolant.
4. On next stage From each radiator, pipes are again drawn for heated water, which will give off its heat to them.
5. All return pipes form a single circuit, which is subsequently connected to the boiler.

If a circulation pump is used in such a loop system, then it is installed directly into the return loop. The fact is that the design of the pumps consists of various cuffs and gaskets, which are made of rubber and cannot withstand high temperatures. This completes all installation work.

Video

When designing a heating system, the question arises: “What kind of heating system will we make? Single-pipe or double-pipe?” In this article we will figure out what these systems are and what is their difference. To make everything clear, let's start with definitions.

Definitions of one-pipe and two-pipe systems.

• Single-pipe - (abbreviated OCO) is a system in which all heating devices (radiators, convectors, and so on, abbreviated as software) are connected to the boiler in series using one pipe.
• Two-pipe - (abbreviated DSO) is a system in which two pipes are supplied to each PO. According to one of them, the coolant is supplied from the boiler to the boiler (it is called supply), and according to the other, the cooled coolant is discharged back to the boiler (it is called “return”).

To complete the description, we add two more definitions. According to these definitions, there is a division based on the principle of laying the supply line:

• With top distribution - the hot coolant is first supplied from the boiler to the highest point of the system, and from there the coolant is supplied to the software.
• With bottom wiring - the hot coolant is first removed horizontally from the boiler, and then rises up the risers to the software.

Single pipe heating system.

There are two types of OSO:

1. OSO, in which heating devices are installed on a “bypass” (bypass jumper).
2. Flow-through OSO - all devices are connected in series without jumpers.

The second type is unpopular due to the difficulty of regulating the temperature in radiators, which is caused by the fact that it is impossible to use special fittings (thermostatic valves). Since when closing or reducing the flow through one radiator, the flow through the entire riser decreases. The main advantage of OCO is the lower cost of components and easier installation. The most popular version of the single-pipe system is the Leningradka.

What is "Leningradka"?

According to legend, this system got its name from the city where it was first used. But of course this cannot be reliably confirmed, and I don’t really want to. So, “Leningradka” is a single-pipe heating system in which the software is installed on the “bypass”. This allows you to regulate the temperature of individual radiators or convectors or turn them off altogether, if necessary. All the advantages and disadvantages of a single-pipe system are inherent in the Leningrad system, so for distant radiators it is necessary to increase the number of sections. Possible various options pipe routing:

• Horizontal - the pipe lies in a horizontal plane and radiators are already installed on it.
• Vertical - the pipe runs vertically through the floors and radiators are connected to it.

OSO type “Leningradka” is best used for small private houses where the number of floors does not exceed two. For large cottages Such a “Leningrad” will not work with extended heating systems.

Two-pipe heating system.

The main advantage of DSO is that the coolant arrives to all software equally hot. This allows you to avoid increasing the number of sections on “distant” radiators. That is, the most efficient use of heating devices occurs. The presence of two separate pipes for supply and return makes the installation of such a system more expensive. For this type of system, both upper and lower pipe routing and horizontal or vertical piping are possible.

In addition, DSO may differ in the direction of coolant flow:

• Dead-end systems - water in the supply and return pipes flows in different directions.
• Flow-through systems - water in the supply and return pipes flows in one direction.

Summary of the article.

The question of choosing the type of heating system depends on several factors:

• Your budget
• The area of ​​your home.
• Features internal structure Houses. For example, number of floors
• Number of heating devices.

Most often, for small country houses(no more than 2 floors) a single-pipe system is better suited, and for large cottages (with 2 or more floors and a long length of pipelines) a two-pipe heating system will be more effective. It is better to discuss specific features of the implementation of a particular system with a professional designer.

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Heating systems: single-pipe, double-pipe.

Nowadays, houses are installed 2 different systems heating: single-pipe or two-pipe. Each has its own design features. Two-pipe heating systems are the most popular.

Nowadays, 2 different heating systems are installed in houses: one-pipe or two-pipe, and each has its own characteristics.

Single pipe heating system

To understand what it looks like, look at the ring with the stone. In the heating system, the role of stone is played by the boiler. What about the ring, these are pipes of a specific diameter that run along the perimeter of the entire building. Radiators are connected to them. Water and sometimes antifreeze are often used as coolant. The functionality of a single-pipe heating system is based on the gradual release of heat by water. After passing through the ring, the water returns to the boiler at a lower temperature.

This circuit usually has natural coolant circulation. Hot water first served on the top floor. And then, passing through the radiators, the released part of the heat descends to the boiler, achieving complete circulation. A single-pipe heating system can be supplemented with elements:

• thermostatic valves;
• radiator regulators;
• balancing valves;
• ball valves.

Thanks to them, it becomes more balanced and it becomes possible to change the temperature in certain radiators.

Distinctive features of the heating system

The biggest advantage is electrical independence, and the disadvantage is the pipes, which large diameter and the wiring is done at an angle.

Compared to the two-pipe option, there are quite a few advantages:

• pipes can be diverted to the “warm floor” system or heating radiators can be connected;
• it can be carried out regardless of the layout of the room;
• it covers the entire perimeter with a closed ring;
• it is less material-intensive and has a lower cost.

During use, difficulties may sometimes arise with circulation through the pipes, but this is easily solved by installing pump equipment. It produces proper circulation of coolant through the pipes.

A vertical single-pipe circuit is a popular example of wiring in apartment buildings.

But horizontal is used mainly for heating large premises and is used very rarely in private buildings (mainly in small one-story houses). Here the supply pipe bypasses the heating devices, which are on the same level. The water in each radiator cools down and, approaching the last heating devices, becomes significantly cooled. This scheme will help reduce installation and piping costs, but has two disadvantages.

Firstly, this is a problem with heat regulation in any heating device. You cannot increase heat transfer, reduce it, or turn off the radiator. In installation practice, there is a jumper - a bypass, which allows you to turn off the radiator without turning off the system. Heating of the room is carried out indirectly through a riser or supply pipes. Another drawback is that you need to use radiators of the most different sizes. In order for the heat transfer to be the same, the first heating device must be very small, and the last one must be large. A horizontal single-pipe heating circuit is also used.

Two pipe system

There are several types of it. The principle of operation is the same and is as follows. Hot water rises up the riser and flows from it into the radiators. And from them, through highways and return lines, it enters the pipeline, then into heating device. With this system, the radiator is served by two pipes simultaneously: return and supply, which is why it is called two-pipe. The water in this system is supplied directly from the water supply. She needs an expansion tank, which can be either simple or with water circulation.

The simple one includes a container with 2 pipes. One is a water supply riser, and the second is used to drain excess liquid.

More complex design has 4 pipes. 2 pipes provide circulation, and 2 others are needed for control and overflow, they also monitor the water level in the tank.

Two-pipe systems can be operated using a circulation pump. Depending on the circulation method, it can be with a passing flow or dead-end. In the second, the movement of warm water is completely opposite to the direction of the already cooled water. This scheme is characterized by the length of the circulation rings, which depends on the distance heating device to the boiler. The circulation rings are of equal length in systems with one-way water movement, all devices and risers operate under equal conditions.

A two-pipe heating system has a large set of advantages compared to a single-pipe one:

• the ability to distribute heat supply in different rooms;
• can be used on one floor;
• the shut-off systems for the return and supply risers are located in the basement - this significantly saves living space;
• minimizing heat loss.

The only drawback is the considerable consumption of materials: you need 2 times more pipes than for a single-pipe connection. Another disadvantage is the low water pressure in the supply line: taps will be needed to bleed air.

A horizontal closed two-pipe circuit comes with lower and upper wiring. The advantage of lower wiring: sections of the system can be put into operation gradually, as floors are built. The vertical two-pipe scheme can be used in houses with variable number of storeys. Any of the varieties of two-pipe circuits is more expensive than single-pipe horizontal wiring; for the sake of comfort and design, it is worth giving preference to the two-pipe circuit.

One-pipe and two-pipe systems: comparison

Single-pipe systems, unlike two-pipe systems, do not have return risers. The coolant from the boiler, under the influence of circulation pressure or a pump, enters the upper heating devices. Cooling down, it returns back to the supply riser and goes down. The radiators below receive a mixture of coolant from the riser and from the upper radiators. Passing through all radiators and other heat consumers, the coolant returns again to the boiler, where the process is repeated again. The temperature of the coolant decreases as it passes in a circle, and therefore the lower the radiator is, the larger the heating surface should be.

For single-pipe systems there are 2 schemes. This is a flow and mixed scheme. The flow circuit has a peculiarity - the complete absence of jumpers between the supply and the outlet from the radiator. These schemes are almost never used when installing heating systems due to their impracticality. One battery breaks, and you need to turn off the riser because there is no way to bypass the coolant. The advantage of single-pipe systems is the lower cost of building materials and ease of installation. Installation of single-pipe systems requires overhead wiring.

A two-pipe heating system can be used in any building: multi-story, single-story, etc. A two-pipe heating system is easy to implement with conventional circulation, since its configuration makes it possible to organize the circulation pressure; do not forget that the boiler must be installed below the level of the radiators. You can organize a heating system with forced circulation by simply installing circulation pump into the circuit.

If it is possible to implement a ring circuit, then we need to do it. A two-pipe system usually needs to be installed where there are difficulties with gas, power outages, etc. Enough for this system solid fuel boiler and larger diameter pipes. Brought firewood or coal, and you don’t have to worry about frost.

Methods for installing heating systems

Installation methods depend on the characteristics of the system.

Price installation work heating is determined by the characteristics of a particular project, and everything can be calculated only by specialists with experience in such work.

If you need to install heating with regular circulation, installing a system with a top spill will be effective. The water circulates through the pipes on its own. Systems with bottom spill do not provide efficient work without circulation pump.

Scheme of collector (radial) wiring of the heating system.

Installation methods are also classified:

• by type of wiring (collector, radial);
• by the number of risers;
• by type of pipe connection (side or bottom).

Heating installation with bottom pipe connections is the most popular. It becomes possible not to run the pipeline directly along the walls, but to hide it under the floor or baseboard. An aesthetic appearance of the room is achieved.

The main classification of installation methods is carried out completely depending on the diagram. You can install a two-pipe heating system or install single-pipe heating. In the second case, water flows through a pipeline through radiators, cooling along the way. The last radiator will be colder than the first. With a two-pipe system, 2 pipes are connected to the radiators: return and direct. This allows you to create the same temperature of the radiators. The first option is the simplest and cheapest, due to the low cost of materials. But it is only effective in small houses. If your house has an area of ​​over 100 square meters or has more than 1 floor, it is better to install two-pipe heating.

The two-pipe system gives an excellent choice of ways to install radiators:

• serial connection;
• parallel connection;
• lateral one-way connection;
• diagonal connection.

Depending on the location of the supply risers, there are certain methods for installing autonomous heating:

1. Heating with horizontal wiring.
2. Heating with vertical wiring.
3. Heating without risers with supply and return lines.

A one-pipe system is cheaper. If you care about the quality of your heating system, there is no need to waste money on two-pipe wiring, because we get the ability to control heat in the rooms.

The water heating system can be single-pipe or double-pipe. The two-pipe system is called so because two pipes are required for operation - one from the boiler supplies hot coolant to the radiators, the other removes coolant from the heating elements and supplies it back to the boiler. With such a system, boilers of any type can operate on any fuel. Both forced and natural circulation can be implemented. Two-pipe systems are installed in both one-story and two- or multi-story buildings.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main disadvantage of this method of organizing heating follows from the method of organizing the circulation of the coolant: double the number of pipes compared to the main competitor - a single-pipe system. Despite this situation, the costs of purchasing materials are slightly higher, and all due to the fact that with a 2-pipe system, smaller diameters of pipes and, accordingly, fittings are used, and they cost much less. So the resulting material costs are higher, but not significantly. What there really is is more work, and accordingly it takes twice as much time.

This disadvantage is compensated by the fact that a thermostatic head can be installed on each radiator, with the help of which the system is easily balanced in automatic mode, which cannot be done in a single-pipe system. On such a device you set the desired temperature of the coolant and it is maintained constantly with a small error ( exact value errors depend on the brand). In a single-pipe system, it is possible to regulate the temperature of each radiator individually, but this requires a bypass with a needle or three-way valve, which complicates and increases the cost of the system, negating the savings in money for the purchase of materials and time for installation.

Another disadvantage of the two-pipe system is the impossibility of repairing radiators without stopping the system. This is inconvenient and this property can be circumvented if you place it next to each heating device on supply and return Ball Valves. By blocking them, you can remove and repair the radiator or heated towel rail. The system will function indefinitely.

But this type of heating organization has an important advantage: unlike a single-pipe system, in a system with two lines, water of the same temperature is supplied to each heating element - directly from the boiler. Although it tends to take the path of least resistance and will not extend beyond the first radiator, installing thermostatic heads or valves to regulate the flow intensity solves the problem.

There is another advantage - lower pressure losses and easier implementation of gravity heating or the use of lower power pumps for forced circulation systems.

Classification of 2 pipe systems

Heating systems of any type are divided into open and closed. In closed ones, a membrane-type expansion tank is installed, which makes it possible for the system to operate at increased pressure. Such a system makes it possible to use not only water as a coolant, but also ethylene glycol-based compounds, which have a low freezing point (up to -40 o C) and are also called antifreeze. For normal operation of equipment in heating systems, special compounds developed for these purposes must be used, and not for general purpose, and especially not for automobiles. The same applies to the additives and additives used: only specialized ones. It is especially important to adhere to this rule when using expensive modern boilers with automatic control– repairs in case of malfunctions will not be covered by warranty, even if the breakdown is not directly related to the coolant.

IN open system An open type expansion tank is built in at the top point. A pipe is usually connected to it to remove air from the system, and a pipeline is also installed to drain excess water in the system. Sometimes warm water can be taken from the expansion tank for household needs, but in this case the system needs to be recharged automatically, and additives should not be used.

Vertical and horizontal two-pipe system

There are two types of organization of a two-pipe system - vertical and horizontal. Vertical is used most often in multi-storey buildings. She demands more pipes, but the possibility of connecting radiators on each floor is easily realized. The main advantage of such a system is the automatic release of air (it tends upward and exits there either through the expansion tank or through the drain valve).

The horizontal two-pipe system is used more often in one-story or, at most, two-story houses. To bleed air from the system, Mayevsky valves are installed on the radiators.

Two-pipe horizontal heating scheme for a two-story private house (click on the picture to enlarge)

Upper and lower wiring

Based on the method of supply distribution, a system with top and bottom supply is distinguished. At top wiring the pipe goes under the ceiling, and from it the supply pipes go down to the radiators. The return runs along the floor. This method is good because you can easily create a system with natural circulation - the height difference creates a flow of sufficient force to ensure good speed circulation, it is only necessary to maintain a slope with a sufficient angle. But such a system is becoming less and less popular due to aesthetic reasons. Although, if at the top under the hanging or suspended ceiling, then only the pipes to the devices will remain visible, and they, in fact, can be monolid into the wall. Upper and lower wiring are also used in vertical two-pipe systems. The difference is demonstrated in the figure.

At bottom wiring the supply pipe goes lower, but higher than the return pipe. The supply tube can be located in a basement or semi-basement (the return is even lower), between the rough and finished floors, etc. You can supply/discharge coolant to radiators by passing pipes through holes in the floor. With this arrangement, the connection is the most hidden and aesthetically pleasing. But here you need to select the location of the boiler: its position relative to the radiators does not matter - the pump will “push through”, but in systems with natural circulation, the radiators must be located above the level of the boiler, for which the boiler is buried.

The two-pipe heating system of a two-story private house is illustrated in the video. It has two wings, the temperature in each of which is regulated by valves, the lower type of wiring. The system is forced circulation, so the boiler hangs on the wall.

Dead-end and associated two-pipe systems

A dead-end system is a system in which the coolant supply and return flows are multidirectional. There is a system with passing traffic. It is also called the Tichelman loop/scheme. The latter option is easier to balance and configure, especially with long networks. If a system with a parallel flow of coolant has radiators with the same number of sections, it is automatically balanced, while in a dead-end circuit it will be necessary to install a thermostatic valve or needle valve on each radiator.

Even if radiators and valves/valves of different numbers of sections are installed with the Tichelman scheme, the chance of balancing such a scheme is much higher than a dead-end one, especially if it is quite extensive.

To balance a two-pipe system with multidirectional coolant movement, the valve on the first radiator must be screwed very tightly. And a situation may arise in which it needs to be closed so much that the coolant will not flow there. It turns out then you need to choose: the first battery in the network will not heat, or the last one, because in this case it will not be possible to equalize the heat transfer.

Heating systems on two wings

And yet, more often they use a system with a dead-end circuit. And all because the return line is longer and it is more difficult to assemble. If your heating circuit is not very large, it is quite possible to adjust the heat transfer on each radiator and with a dead-end connection. If the circuit turns out to be large, and you don’t want to make a Tichelman loop, you can divide one large heating circuit into two smaller wings. There is a condition - for this there must be technical feasibility such network construction. In this case, in each circuit after separation it is necessary to install valves that will regulate the intensity of the coolant flow in each of the circuits. Without such valves, balancing the system is either very difficult or impossible.

Different types of coolant circulation are demonstrated in the video, and it also gives useful tips on installation and selection of equipment for heating systems.

Connecting heating radiators with a two-pipe system

In a two-pipe system, any of the methods of connecting radiators is implemented: diagonal (cross), one-sided and bottom. Most the best option- diagonal connection. In this case, the heat transfer from the heating device can be in the region of 95-98% of the rated thermal power of the device.

Despite different meanings heat loss for each type of connection, they are all used, just in different situations. The bottom connection, although the most unproductive, is more common if the pipes are laid under the floor. In this case it is easiest to implement. When laying hidden, you can connect radiators using other schemes, but then either large sections of pipes remain visible, or they will need to be hidden in the wall.

Lateral connection is practiced if necessary when the number of sections is no more than 15. In this case, there is almost no heat loss, but when the number of radiator sections is more than 15, a diagonal connection is required, otherwise circulation and heat transfer will be insufficient.

Results

Despite the fact that more materials are used to organize two-pipe circuits, they are becoming more popular due to the more reliable circuit. In addition, such a system is easier to compensate.