Familiarize yourself with the internal structure of a Russian hut. Russian hut: an ark among the forests

We all know from the means mass media, that strange things are now happening with the weather, and global warming is supposedly happening, and they blame it all on Greenhouse effect, and the main thing they are trying to convince us of is that the greenhouse effect is bad.

To understand what the greenhouse effect is, we first need to understand the source of heat and light on our planet.

The most basic source of light and heat for the Earth is our star - the Sun.

In second place is the geothermal activity of the planet itself.

The third is the radioactive decay of isotopes and the combustion of fossil fuels. But the third type of energy sources are, so to speak, derivatives from the Sun.

Here it should be noted that now, both in the past and in the future, life on Earth is possible solely due to the greenhouse effect.

The average temperature on the Earth's surface is 15°-17° C. The most heat, in the entire history of weather observations, on our planet there was plus 70.7 °C in the Lut Desert, Iran in 2005.

Friends, if you are interested in this article, I suggest you watch the film based on it and personally plunge into the atmosphere of research:

At this point, I am not saying goodbye to you, there is still a lot of interesting things ahead.

See you in the next articles. The topic will be continued. All the best to you, goodbye!

Residents of villages in Ancient Rus' built wooden huts. Since there was plenty of forest in the country, everyone could stock up on logs. Over time, a full-fledged house-building craft arose and began to develop.

So by the 16th century. In princely Moscow, districts filled with log houses were formed that were ready for sale. They were transported to the capital of the principality along the river and sold at low prices, which is why foreigners were surprised at the cost of such housing.

To repair the hut, only logs and boards were required. Depending on the required dimensions, it was possible to select a suitable log house and immediately hire carpenters who would assemble the house.
Log cabins have always been in high demand. Due to frequent massive fires, cities (sometimes even due to careless handling of fire) and villages had to be rebuilt. Enemy raids and internecine wars caused great damage.

How were huts built in Rus'?

The logs were laid in such a way that they were connected to each other at all 4 corners. There were two types of wooden buildings: summer (cold) and winter (equipped with a stove or hearth).
1. To save wood, they used semi-earth technology, when the lower part was dug in the ground, and on top there was a cage with windows (they were covered with a bull's bladder or covered with a shutter lid).

For such housing, light, sandy, not saturated soil was more preferable. The walls of the pit were lined with boards and sometimes coated with clay. If the floor was compacted, then it was also treated with a clay mixture.
2. There was another way - styling finished log house from pine in dug up ground. Rubble, stones and sand were poured between the walls of the pit and the future house. There were no structures inside the floor. And there was no ceiling as such either. There was a roof covered with straw and dry grass and branches, which was supported on thick poles. The standard area of ​​the hut was approximately 16 square meters. m.

3. The wealthier peasants of Ancient Rus' built houses that were completely above the ground and had a roof covered with boards. A mandatory attribute of such housing was a stove. In the attic, rooms were organized that were mainly used for household needs. Fiberglass windows were cut into the walls. They were ordinary openings, which in the cold season were covered with shields made of boards, that is, “clouded.”
Until the 14th century. in the huts of wealthy residents (peasants, nobles, boyars), the windows were made not of fiberglass, but of mica. Over time, glass replaced mica plates. However, back in the 19th century. in villages window glass were a great and valuable rarity.

How did they live in Russian huts?

In Rus', huts were very practical housing, which were installed in such a way as to retain heat. The entrance to the house was on the south side; there was a blank wall on the north side. The space was divided into 2 parts: cold and warm cages, their area was not the same. The first housed livestock and equipment; the warm one was equipped with a stove or hearth, and a bed was placed for rest.

Russian huts were heated in a black way: smoke swirled across the floor and came out of the door, which is why the ceiling and walls were covered with a thick layer of soot. In wealthy houses, the firebox was fired in a white way, that is, through a chimney in the stove.
In the houses of the boyars, an additional third floor was built - the chamber. As a rule, chambers for the wife or daughters were located there. The type of wood that was used in the construction of housing was important. Representatives of the upper class chose oak as it was considered the most durable material. The rest built buildings from pine logs.

Old Russian mansions

In Rus', mansions were called huts from wooden log house, which consisted of several buildings connected to each other. Together the buildings formed the prince's court.

Each component had its name:

• lodge - sleeping area;
• medusha - a pantry for storing supplies of honey and mash;
• soap house - a room for washing, a bathhouse;
• gridnitsa - a front hall for receiving guests.

Decoration of an ancient Russian hut

The furnishings and interior of the wooden hut were organized in compliance with traditions. Most of the space was given to the stove, which was located on the right or left side of the entrance. This attribute performed several functions at once: they slept on it, cooked food in the stove, and when there was no separate bathhouse, then they also washed themselves in the oven!

A red corner was placed opposite the stove (diagonally) - a place for the owner and guests of honor. There was also a place for icons and shrines that protected the home.
The corner opposite the stove was a kitchen space, which was called a woman's kut. The peasant women stayed at the stove for long evenings: in addition to cooking, they did handicrafts there - sewing and spinning by the light of a torch.

The men's kut had its own household chores: they repaired equipment, wove bast shoes, etc.
The huts were furnished with the simplest furniture - benches, tables. They slept on palats - wide benches installed high near the wall of the stove.

Peasant houses were not decorated with decorative elements. In the princes' chambers, carpets, animal skins and weapons were hung on the walls.

TO How much travel attracts us. How I want to get away from the bustle of the city. The further away the place, the more mysterious and attractive it is. Wildernesses and abandoned villages attract with old dilapidated temples, ancient stone slabs. Touching the history of our distant ancestors...

But it’s not always possible to take off and go to distant forests. Often you just need to go to the country, urgently dig up the beds, take parents and children with a lot of bulky things, and so on and so forth. And it seems that another weekend is lost for mysterious trips. What a pity...

But in reality this is not so, you just need to be able to look around. Not so much to look as to see. And then the familiar road, familiar and well-trodden, as if through a peephole in the door, will reveal to you incredible treasures, a huge layer ancient culture and the stories of our distant ancestors. This is exactly what happened to me when one day, in the usual picture, an amazing discovery appeared, taking me on an interesting journey.

Driving along the houses lined up along the road, you involuntarily peer into them and, so as not to get bored, look for them. distinctive features. Here they made the now fashionable siding and covered the old logs under faceless plastic. Here's a new one brick house behind a high fence. Here is another one, richer, with forged bars on the windows. But all this is an ordinary, faceless landscape. And then the gaze stops at the old hut, which looks somewhat shabby against the background of the neighboring stone houses. And there is something in her that makes you stop, something meaningful, as if you see a face, alive and expressive.

Platband. Dmitrova Mountain. A house with figured banks and a svetelka.
(photo: Filippova Elena)

What made the Russian peasant in the old days, driven by a difficult life into the utilitarianism of his existence, pay such reverent attention to such impractical details as carvings on the house and platbands in particular?

From time immemorial, wood has played a huge role in the life of Russian people. Numerous beliefs associated with the tree have deep roots. The familiar birch tree, which is secretly considered a symbol of Russia, was once a totem tree Eastern Slavs. Isn't that where we got the memory of our sacred tree and such an incomprehensible love for him?

It was believed that the tree retained its magical powers during any processing and could transfer them to master carpenters. Carpenters had their own beliefs and signs that have come down to us in folk tales and village stories. Every tree had own strength, and not every tree could be used to build a house. For example, it was impossible to take trees growing at intersections and on abandoned old roads to build houses.

View of the Medvedeva Pustyn from the Tver coast.

Belief in the sacred power of wood has not disappeared over time; it has changed, interwoven into human consciousness, and has come to us in the form of house carvings. The platband on the window in a Russian hut is materialized magical spells, rooted in ancient times. Will we be able to understand the meaning of these spells?

Listen to this word: “platband” - “located on the face.” The facade of a house is its face facing the outside world. The face should be washed and beautiful. But the outside world is not always kind and, sometimes, you need to protect yourself from it. Doors and windows are not only a way out, they are an opportunity to get inside. Each owner tried to protect his home, provide his family with food and warmth, safety and health. How could he do this? One way to protect yourself is to surround yourself with protective signs and spells. And the platbands not only covered the cracks in window opening from drafts and cold, they protected the house from evil spirits.

Despite huge variety patterns of house carvings; individual repeating images stand out in it. The most interesting thing is that these same images can be found in Russian folk embroidery. Towels and shirts prepared for the birth of a child, a wedding or a funeral were for our ancestors great value and were part of the rituals. In order for the child to be healthy, the family to be strong and rich, and the woman to be fertile, it was necessary to protect them with magical spells. It is these spells that are depicted in the embroiderers’ patterns.

Cockerels on the pediment
(photo: Filippova Elena)

The paganism of the Russian village, closely intertwined with Orthodox Christianity, was not a consequence of the darkness and lack of education of the Russian peasant. It’s just that, unlike a city dweller, he lived so closely with the nature around him that he had to learn to negotiate with it. It is naive to blame the peasants for leaving Orthodoxy. Some people have preserved it to a greater extent. On the contrary, it is we, the city dwellers, who have lost that important archaic connection with Mother Nature, on which all life outside the city is built.

What was one of the most important events in the life of our ancient ancestors? Probably birth. And the woman-mother had to become the main figure.

A figurine with outstretched arms and legs is a figurine of a woman giving life, personifying the feminine principle, one of the most common images occupying important place, as on old embroideries and on carved platbands. One of her names is Bereginya.

It is very interesting to look for figures of beregins in carved patterns: sometimes it is defined very clearly, and sometimes it is so distorted that it looks like an amazing interweaving of flowers and snakes. But in any case, it can be recognized - the central symmetry of the figure, the head, outstretched arms and legs.

Stylized figures of beregins, different variations of the same theme

Rising and setting sun
(photo: Filippova Elena)

The land itself, which gives people a harvest, is not left without attention. The signs of agricultural magic are perhaps the simplest, one of the most widespread. Diamonds with dots inside, intersecting double stripes - this is how our ancestors painted a plowed and sown field.

Platband. The city of Konakovo, Tver region. Snake pattern. The house was transported from the city of Korcheva in 1936.
(photo: Filippova Elena)

Miracle Yudo
(photo: Filippova Elena)

According to some According to Russian folk legends, an Angel gave a window to a man. Here is how it was.

The first houses that people built were without windows. One woman, in order to illuminate her house, began to run with a sieve from the yard into the house, hoping to bring in the sieve sunlight. Then an angel appeared to her and said: “What a bad woman!”, took an ax and cut a window in the wall.

The woman replied: “This is all good, but now it will be cold in my house.” The angel went to the river, caught a fish and covered the window opening with a bubble. The hut became light and warm. Since then, people have been building their houses with windows.

When you first meet this a beautiful legend I had a strange question: how many fish did it take to cover one window with their bubbles?

But it turned out that the windows in huts we are accustomed to appeared relatively recently, only in the 18th century. And then, at first there was only one such window in the house, it was called red. The red window had glass installed and had a frame and shutters.

What then did the angel cut through?

The very first windows were very simple and small in size; they were called fiber windows. Such a window was cut through two adjacent logs and closed from the inside with a latch board. The window was small; to open it, you had to move the bolt. It is believed that the name “drag window” comes from the word “drag.”

Volokovoe window in the Istra Museum of Wooden Architecture.
(photo: Filippova Elena)

Beginning in the 19th century, when glass production became widespread in Russia, red windows everywhere replaced the ancient fiberglass windows.

But even now they can be found in villages, on outbuildings, in barns and farmyards. Take a closer look, and suddenly you will find an angel's window where you didn't expect it.

But how can this be? If red windows appeared only in the 18th century, then how could archaic magic signs? So all our conclusions collapse so easily?

But nothing like that. The ancient traditions preserved in house carvings were transferred to the frames of the red windows. Valances on the roofs of houses, piers (boards along the edges of the hut), they all bore and now bear the same signs that we read on the platbands. And who said that the portico windows were not protected from evil spirits?

For example, in Kizhi, at least one very, very old fiberglass window, decorated with a carved solar disk, has been preserved. The casing on the portico window is also in the Nizhny Novgorod Museum-Reserve of Wooden Architecture.

Museum of Wooden Architecture at Shchelokovsky Farm in Nizhny Novgorod. Pashkova's house, mid-19th century.
(photo. Bobylkova Irina)

The answer is surprisingly simple. When people moved from house to house, they took their great-grandmother's spinning wheel with them, but did not take the trim from the windows. When it was necessary to save the house from a fire, no one tore off the old boards. AND carved frames With magical symbols died along with the house. That is life. The situation changed no more than two hundred years ago, with the advent of the first collectors of antiquities and museum creators.

In the old days, Russian carpenters did not build houses, but cut them. It is this term that is found in archival documents and ancient chronicles. They chopped down huts, temples and entire cities, skillfully using an ax for this. A tool such as a saw came to Russia from Europe only in the 18th century under Peter I.

However, this does not mean at all that Russian men were so dark. In some ways, they had no equal in carpentry. The fact is that when cutting a tree with an ax, its fibers seem to crumple, closing the pores from moisture that is destructive to a wooden structure. And when processed with a saw, the fibers, on the contrary, are torn and easily allow moisture to pass into the wood.

But under Peter I a different task arose - to build very quickly. This problem could not be solved with an axe.

The vast majority of current house carvings are made using the sawing technique, which appeared along with the new tool. New technology has introduced big variety into old patterns, intertwining and modifying them. Starting from the 18th century, old magical signs began to be overgrown with new ornaments. Entire teams of master carpenters traveled around Russia, erecting houses decorated with platbands, transferring their style from village to village. Over time, entire albums of wood carving patterns began to be published.

Street in Kushalino. Houses with carved platbands.
(photo: Filippova Elena)

These are the mysterious distances you can wander into without leaving for distant lands. It is enough to take a different look at the usual road. And these are not her only miracles; is there something else waiting for us around the corner?

Filippova Elena

A village house is a kind of cradle of peasant Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of the country's population lived in villages and numerous hamlets in wooden houses. Dozens of generations of ordinary Russian people were born and lived their lives in village huts, whose labor created and increased the wealth of Russia.

Naturally, in our country, which abounds in forests, the most suitable material for construction were ordinary wooden logs. A wooden house, built according to all the rules, was enough to live for two or even three generations. It is believed that the lifetime wooden house at least a hundred years. Unfortunately, not much has survived on the territory of the Ivanovo region. village houses 19th century These are precious examples of the rural way of life of the Russian people. It can be noted that the oldest residential wooden house not only in Ivanovo, but also in the region is the house of the manner carver V. E. Kurbatov, built in 1800, on Mayakovsky Street.

House of carver V. E. Kurbatov. Classic solar sign.
(photo: Pobedinsky Vladimir)

In the vast expanses of Russia, a peasant house in different regions can differ significantly in shape, design, and its construction traditions. exterior finishing, various decorative details, carving patterns, etc. The talented Ivanovo local historian and writer Dmitry Aleksandrovich Ivanov, who spent more than twenty years studying the ethnography of the Ivanovo land, compiled a generalized portrait of the peasant house that predominates on the territory of the Ivanovo region. He is small house 3-4 windows, with one bright room in front. At the back of the warm part of the house there is a kitchen and a wide corridor, and behind them the utility rooms adjoin the house. Thus, the house is a combined canopy-yard structure, extended from the street, with a porch attached to the side. Main feature of such a house - a proportional facade and a certain decoration: carved lace, platbands separating the windows from the wall of the house, with carved or applied details, a lighthouse, less often a mezzanine, three-part blades blocking the corner extensions of logs stacked in a "burl". The pediment of the lighthouse is pushed far forward and is supported by two pairs of carved pillars, in front of which there is a lattice, creating the impression of a balcony. This pediment is broken by a figured peak image, which is precisely the main local element decoration facade of a residential building. Local carpenters call this cut a "worm cut." The balcony lattice, balconies, and pediment valances are decorated with openwork saw carvings. Houses of the described design make up the majority of rural buildings in the Ivanovo region.

(photo: Pobedinsky Vladimir)

Every modern man must necessarily live somewhere: in an apartment or in a house... Human dwellings were called differently before and are called now. Among such names we can recall: house, hut, kuren, tent, hut, yaranga, wigwam, apartment and others. But there is another, ancient Russian name for a person’s home. This is a hut. Huts were built in Rus' from logs, the so-called log huts. The gaps between the logs were laid with special fluffed ropes or grasses (for insulation) so that the wind would not blow. Skilled craftsmen used to be able to build huts without single nail. But for this it was necessary to study for a long time experienced craftsmen. Huts are often present in Russian folk tales and epics. Let's learn how to draw a hut step by step on our website.

Stage 1. First, as usual, we draw the auxiliary lines of our future hut. The straight line of the ground on which the hut stands, with two straight lines extending upward from it at a short distance. We intersect them with roof lines crossing each other. The hut will have two windows - these are squares or small rectangles.

Stage 2. Under the hut we draw an elongated closed curve extended along. This will then be the green lawn on which our home stands.

Stage 3. Now on the sides of the hut along the straight lines of the walls we draw circles with curls. These are the logs from which this dwelling is built. And the curls on the log houses are the lines on the transverse cuts. The logs go right up to the roof.

Stage 4. Now let's draw the roof. Along the intersecting upper straight lines we draw the contours of the planed logs. They form the roof itself, raised at the top and lowered towards the walls.

Stage 6. Let's do a little decorating of our hut. Around window frames Let's draw beautiful doors. They are carved from wood and form the patterned frame of our windows. On the sides of each window there are two sashes, which are usually closed at night.

Stage 7. Now, using horizontal lines, we will draw the logs that make up our hut. We carry them from one side to the other.

Stage 8. Next to the hut we will draw a fence. It consists of straight lines - boards. We place lines often. On the fence near the huts there were usually pots and cast iron pots - utensils for cooking in the oven.

Stage 9. Let's draw the second part of the fence from the other side.

Stage 10. Now we will connect all the vertical boards of the fence with transverse lines like a ladder. Immediately delete all unnecessary lines, leaving only the main lines of the drawing.