Carbon monoxide poisoning. Infernal fumes: rules for safe handling of household gas Carbon monoxide

The air we are used to breathing is a mixture of gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and others. Special gases are used in household and in various industries. Made from gases synthetic materials. Some types of cars run on gas.

Some facts

various gases

Gas, like fire, helps a person, but in some cases it becomes dangerous:

if there is an uncontrolled leak;
if a lot of gas has accumulated indoors.

In nature, there are different gases with different properties: some gases rise upward, while others collect below, near the surface of the earth. Some gases are harmless, others are life-threatening. Situations may arise when, in order to save your life, as well as assist the victim, you must know what kind of gas you are dealing with.

In high school chemistry lessons you will learn all the properties of various gases, but for now let’s get to know them from the point of view of life safety.

Let's talk in more detail about the dangerous gases that are most common in everyday life.

Carbon monoxide destroys many human lives in fires, as well as in bathhouses, country houses and rural houses due to improper use stove heating. It is extremely poisonous, and since it is odorless and colorless, it does not irritate the eyes - it is difficult to detect. In homes and bathhouses, the source of carbon monoxide is incomplete combustion of fuel in stoves and premature closing of the stove valve. Carbon monoxide poisoning - more common reason loss of life in fires than fire and heat. The same gas is the cause of death in the cold season of people warming themselves in a car with the engine running. Carbon monoxide is also formed during incomplete combustion of household gas. Therefore, poor ventilation in the kitchen and bathroom (with a gas water heater) can also lead to death. Carbon monoxide rises, and, therefore, in the room where this gas has accumulated, you have to crawl.

In addition to carbon monoxide, car exhaust also contains and accumulates along highways another toxic gas - nitrogen oxide. Therefore, it is better to avoid walking on busy streets and close windows facing the roadway, especially during rush hours. And also never pick mushrooms and berries near roads where cars frequently travel!

Poisonous gases are also released during the combustion of synthetic finishing materials, carpets. To avoid poisoning, it is better to move in a low crouch. More air is retained at the bottom.

You should be aware of the poisonous gas that forms in the soil - the topmost layer earth's surface, and which can accumulate in depressions in the terrain. For example, in old landfills, in swamps, in sewer wells, basements, mines. This gas is also tasteless and odorless; it is heavier than air. In such cases, it is necessary to approach the victim wearing protective equipment.

Domestic gas. It can be of two types: main gas, more often used in major cities, And liquefied gas in cylinders, consisting of a mixture of two gases - propane and butane. Propane is lighter than air and therefore rises; butane is heavier and therefore, when leaked, it primarily fills basements and underground communications.

Household gas has neither color nor odor. Therefore, a strong-smelling substance is added to it, giving it a special “gassy” smell. Thanks to it, we can detect gas “leakage”.

Causes of domestic gas leaks:

malfunction of gas pipes, stoves, dispensers, cylinders;
improper installation of gas equipment;
weak fastening of the rubber hose between the cylinder (pipe) and the stove;
incomplete closing of the gas stove tap;
pouring fire gas burner boiling water;
blowing out low fire draft.

A gas leak can result in an explosion, fire and poisoning of people.

If you reheat or cook food yourself, do not move far from the gas stove and keep an eye on the gas burner.

It is very important to ensure that in the room where the gas stove is installed, good ventilation. If not exhaust unit, then when long work When using a gas stove, you should always keep the vent or window slightly open. If there is a ventilation hole in the kitchen, it is necessary to ensure the cleanliness of the filter installed in it, as it gradually becomes clogged with dust and soot.

Know that the flame of burning gas must be even, blue color. If it is red or yellow, and carbon deposits appear on the dishes, the gas does not burn completely. We need to call a specialist.

Remember! If there is a smell of household gas in the house or entrance, do not use electricity: turn on the lights, ring the electric bell, call the elevator, as well as matches and lighters. Any spark can cause a gas explosion throughout the house. If you smell gas, quickly open doors and windows to allow a draft to blow the buildup out. poisonous gas. Block it gas pipe. All this must be done while holding your breath and covering your mouth and nose with any cloth. If the cause of the gas contamination is unclear and it cannot be eliminated on your own, then you should quickly leave dangerous place and call the emergency gas service by calling “04”.

When poisoned by any gas, a person first begins to feel very sick and dizzy, and there is tinnitus. Then the vision darkens and nausea begins. If this happens to you, you need to quickly leave the room and inform adults about your condition and the danger that has arisen.

With more severe poisoning, consciousness is impaired, muscle weakness and drowsiness appear. Loss of consciousness, convulsions and death are possible.

First aid for a victim of carbon monoxide or household monoxide: immediately take him outside. If breathing is weak or stops, use artificial respiration. Rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the feet, and briefly inhaling vapors help in such cases. ammonia. If a person has signs of severe poisoning, then an ambulance must be called immediately.

Questions

What dangerous gases do you know?
In what part of an enclosed space does carbon monoxide accumulate? Why?
What should a person do if he feels signs of gas poisoning?
Which rescue service should you contact in case of a domestic gas leak?
What should not be done if there is a domestic gas leak in an apartment or other enclosed space?
Situational task.
- Misha came home and smelled gas. He immediately went to the kitchen and turned on the light... Did Misha do the right thing?
How to help a person if he has been poisoned by household or carbon monoxide?
Where and under what conditions in Everyday life Can you meet carbon monoxide?

“Life Safety “First Aid”” - Determining the presence of consciousness in the victim. Life safety lesson. Foreign bodies of the upper respiratory tract. Stopping breathing and blood circulation. In accordance with part 4 of article 31 Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ drivers Vehicle and other persons have the right to provide first aid if they have appropriate training and (or) skills.

“Sunstroke” - What to do. Use protective creams. Self-help for heat and sunstroke. How to prevent. Signs sunburn. Headache, weakness, tinnitus. Come to the beach either in the morning or after lunch. Move more. What is the difference between heatstroke and sunstroke? Help the victim. How to prevent sunstroke.

“First honey. help" - Shoulder dislocations. Signs of death. Fractures of the bones of the forearm. Soft tissue injuries. Inject 2 ml of 50% analgin solution intramuscularly. Fracture. Artificial respiration from mouth to nose. Injury. Clavicle fractures. Apply a fixative bandage. Providing first aid. Indirect massage. Pressure of the arteries. Hypothermia.

“First aid at work” - Recommendations with pictograms for providing first aid to workers. Drowning. For bruises and fractures. Handy tourniquets. For suffocation. Areas for applying a tourniquet for bleeding from the arteries. Signs of true drowning. Heatstroke. Sharp adynamia. Fixation of the bones of the lower leg, thigh and knee joint.

“First aid for food poisoning” - Treatment regimen. Sudden pathological conditions occur in the digestive organs. Poisoning associated with food consumption poisonous plants. The most common types of food poisoning. How to provide first aid. Poisoning chemicals various categories. Digestive system.

“Providing first aid” - When providing first aid, transfer to a warm room. First health care with closed fractures. First aid for bleeding. Ensuring patency of the upper respiratory tract. Forced flexion of the limbs. A combination of indirect cardiac massage. Heatstroke.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide poisoning-- spicy pathological condition, which develops as a result of carbon monoxide entering the human body, is dangerous to life and health, and without adequate medical care can be fatal.

Poisoning is possible:

· in case of fires;

· in production where carbon monoxide is used for the synthesis of a number of organic matter(acetone, methyl alcohol, phenol, etc.);

· in garages with poor ventilation, in other unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms, tunnels, since the car exhaust contains up to 1-3% CO according to standards and over 10% if the carburetor engine is poorly adjusted;

· when you spend a long time on or near a busy road. On major highways, the average CO concentration exceeds the toxicity threshold;

· at home when there is a leak of lighting gas and when the stove dampers are untimely closed in rooms with stove heating (houses, baths);

· when using low-quality air in breathing apparatus.

Symptoms:

· For mild poisoning:

o headache appears,

o knocking in the temples,

o dizziness,

o chest pain,

o dry cough,

o lacrimation,

o nausea,

o possible visual and auditory hallucinations,

o redness of the skin, carmine red coloring of the mucous membranes,

o tachycardia,

o increased blood pressure.

in case of moderate poisoning:

o drowsiness,

o possible motor paralysis with preserved consciousness

· in case of severe poisoning:

o loss of consciousness, coma

o convulsions,

o involuntary passage of urine and feces,

o respiratory distress that becomes continuous, sometimes Cheyne-Stokes type,

o dilated pupils with a weakened reaction to light,

o sharp cyanosis (blue discoloration) of the mucous membranes and facial skin. Death usually occurs at the scene as a result of respiratory arrest and a drop in cardiac activity.

When emerging from a comatose state, a sharp motor excitation is characteristic. Coma may develop again.

Severe complications are often observed:

cerebrovascular accident,

subarachnoid hemorrhages,

polyneuritis,

phenomena of cerebral edema,

visual impairment,

· hearing impairment,

· Possible development myocardial infarction,

· Skin trophic disorders (blisters, local edema with swelling and subsequent necrosis), myoglobinuric nephrosis,

· With a long coma, severe pneumonia is constantly observed.

First aid

carbon monoxide poisoning man

1. Remove the victim from the room with high carbon monoxide content. If poisoning occurs while using a breathing apparatus, it should be replaced.

2. If shallow breathing is weak or stops, start artificial respiration.

3. Help eliminate the consequences of poisoning: rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the legs, short-term inhalation of ammonia (the swab with alcohol should be no closer than 1 cm, the swab should be waved in front of the nose, which is very important, since when the swab touches the nose, Due to the powerful effect of ammonia on the respiratory center, its paralysis may occur). Patients with severe poisoning are subject to hospitalization, as complications from the lungs and nervous system at a later date.

Treatment

It is necessary to immediately eliminate the source of polluted air and provide breathing with pure oxygen under an increased partial pressure of 1.5-2 atm or, preferably, carbogen.

· In the first minutes, administer the antidote solution “Acyzol” intramuscularly to the victim. Further treatment in the hospital.

To relieve seizures and psychomotor agitation You can use antipsychotics, for example aminazine (1-3 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, previously diluted in 5 ml of 0.5% sterile solution novocaine) or chloral hydrate in an enema. Contraindicated: bemegride, corazol, analeptic mixture, camphor, caffeine.

· In case of breathing problems - 10 ml of 2.4% aminophylline solution into a vein again.

· In case of severe cyanosis (blue discoloration), intravenous administration of a 5% solution of ascorbic acid (20-30 ml) with glucose is indicated in the 1st hour after poisoning. Intravenous infusion of 5% glucose solution (500 ml) with 2% novocaine solution (50 ml), 40% glucose solution into a vein drip (200 ml) with 10 units of insulin under the skin.

Prevention

· Carry out work in well-ventilated areas

· Check the opening of dampers when using stoves and fireplaces in homes

· Take the antidote "Acyzol" 1 capsule 30-40 minutes before contact with carbon monoxide.

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Topic: Carbon monoxide. Domestic gas. First aid for gas poisoning Objectives: to familiarize students with the sources of carbon monoxide, symptoms of gas poisoning” To learn to provide first aid for gas poisoning.

Carbon Monoxide The scientific name for carbon monoxide is oxygen oxide. In addition to its usual name, this gas has others; it is also called “invisible poison” and “humane killer.” Carbon monoxide is released during fires, in bathhouses, in country and rural houses with stove heating. It turns out as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel in furnaces, when the furnace valve is closed prematurely. Carbon monoxide can also form in a city kitchen due to incomplete combustion of natural gas. Carbon monoxide is very poisonous, it has neither color nor smell, so it cannot be seen or felt. It is lighter than air, so it rushes upward. That is why when evacuating a fire you should move by bending low or crawling.

Carbon monoxide, its characteristic is Lighter than air. It is colorless and odorless. Poisonous.

Symptoms of gas poisoning: Severe headache and dizziness. Noise in ears. It gets dark in the eyes. Nausea. Muscle weakness. Loss of consciousness.

Providing first aid for gas poisoning Remove the victim to fresh air. Rub the body, wrap the patient, put heating pads at the feet. Brief inhalation of ammonia. If breathing stops - artificial respiration. Calling an ambulance.

If there is a gas leak, do not!!! Touch electrical switches, ring electric bells, use the elevator. Use matches and lighters. Check for gas leaks with fire (matches). You can check for leaks with soap suds.

Do: Turn off the gas without turning on the lights. Open windows and doors. If the cause of gas contamination is unclear, call the gas service by calling 04.

Lesson summary Why is carbon monoxide called “invisible poison”, “humane killer”? (A person dies in his sleep, does not experience pain or suffering.) You set the dinner to heat up. A draft blew out the burner and the kitchen filled with gas. Your actions? (Hold your breath. Turn off the gas. Open windows and doors for ventilation)

Poisoning by combustion products – the main cause (80% of all cases) of deaths in fires. Over 60% of them are due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Let's try to figure it out and remember knowledge from physics and chemistry.

What is carbon monoxide and why is it dangerous?

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO) is a gaseous compound formed during combustion of any type. What happens when this substance enters the body?

After entering the respiratory tract, carbon monoxide molecules immediately end up in the blood and bind to hemoglobin molecules. A completely new substance is formed - carboxyhemoglobin, which interferes with the transport of oxygen. For this reason, oxygen deficiency develops very quickly.

The biggest danger– carbon monoxide is invisible and not perceptible in any way, it has neither odor nor color, that is, the cause of the illness is not obvious, it is not always possible to detect it immediately. Carbon monoxide cannot be felt in any way, which is why its second name is the silent killer. Feeling tired, lack of strength and dizzy, a person makes a fatal mistake - he decides to lie down. And, even if he later understands the reason and the need for going out into the air, as a rule, he is no longer able to do anything. Knowledge could save many symptoms of CO poisoning– knowing them, it is possible to suspect the cause of the ailment in time and accept necessary measures to salvation.

Symptoms and signs

The severity of the lesion depends on several factors:

state of health and physiological characteristics of a person. Weak people, those with chronic diseases, especially those accompanied by anemia, the elderly, pregnant women and children are more sensitive to the effects of CO;
duration of exposure of the CO compound to the body;
concentration of carbon monoxide in inspired air;
physical activity during poisoning. The higher the activity, the faster poisoning occurs.

Severity

(Infographics are available via the download button after the article)

Mild degree severity is characterized by the following symptoms:

general weakness;
headaches, mainly in the frontal and temporal regions;
knocking in the temples;
noise in ears;
dizziness;

visual impairment – flickering, dots before the eyes;
unproductive, i.e. dry cough;
rapid breathing;
lack of air, shortness of breath;
lacrimation;
nausea;
hyperemia (redness) of the skin and mucous membranes;
tachycardia;
increased blood pressure.

Symptoms medium degree severity is the preservation of all the symptoms of the previous stage and their more severe form:

fogginess, possible loss of consciousness for a short time;
vomit;
hallucinations, both visual and auditory;
violation of the vestibular apparatus, uncoordinated movements;
pressing chest pain.

Severe degree poisoning is characterized by the following symptoms:

paralysis;
long-term loss of consciousness, coma;
convulsions;
dilated pupils;
involuntary emptying of the bladder and bowels;
increased heart rate up to 130 beats per minute, but it is faintly palpable;
cyanosis (blue discoloration) of the skin and mucous membranes;
breathing problems – it becomes shallow and intermittent.

Atypical forms

There are two of them - fainting and euphoric.

Symptoms of fainting:

pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
decreased blood pressure;
loss of consciousness.

Symptoms of the euphoric form:

psychomotor agitation;
mental dysfunction: delirium, hallucinations, laughter, strange behavior;
loss of consciousness;
respiratory and heart failure.

First aid for victims

It is very important to act promptly, as irreversible consequences occur very quickly.

First, it is necessary to take the victim out into fresh air as quickly as possible. In cases where this is difficult, the victim must be put on a gas mask with a hopcalite cartridge as quickly as possible and given an oxygen cushion.

Secondly, you need to make breathing easier - clear the airways, if necessary, unfasten clothes, lay the victim on his side in order to prevent possible tongue retraction.

Thirdly, stimulate breathing. Bring ammonia, rub the chest, warm the limbs.

And most importantly, you need to call an ambulance. Even if a person appears to be in satisfactory condition at first glance, it is necessary that he be examined by a doctor, since it is not always possible to determine the true degree of poisoning only by symptoms. In addition, promptly initiated therapeutic measures will reduce the risk of complications and mortality from carbon monoxide poisoning.

If the victim’s condition is serious, it is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures until doctors arrive.

Sources of danger

Nowadays, cases of poisoning occur a little less frequently than in those days when heating of residential premises was predominantly stoves, but there are still enough sources of increased risk.

Potential carbon monoxide poisoning hazards:

houses with stove heating and fireplaces. Improper operation increases the risk of carbon monoxide entering the premises, thus causing entire families to burn out in their homes;
baths, saunas, especially those that are heated “on black”;
garages;
in industries using carbon monoxide;
long-term stay near major roads;
fire in a closed space (elevator, shaft, etc., which must be left without outside help impossible).

Only numbers

A mild degree of poisoning occurs already at a carbon monoxide concentration of 0.08% - headache, dizziness, suffocation, and general weakness occur.
An increase in CO concentration to 0.32% causes motor paralysis and fainting. After about half an hour, death occurs.
At a CO concentration of 1.2% and above, a fulminant form of poisoning develops - in a couple of breaths a person receives a lethal dose, death occurs within a maximum of 3 minutes.
In exhaust gases passenger car contains from 1.5 to 3% carbon monoxide. Contrary to popular belief, you can get poisoned while the engine is running not only indoors, but also outdoors.
About two and a half thousand people in Russia are hospitalized annually with varying degrees of severity of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) // Harmful substances in industry. Handbook for chemists, engineers and doctors / Ed. N.V. Lazarev and I.D. Gadaskina. - 7th ed. - L.: Chemistry, 1977. - T. 3. - P. 240-253. - 608 p.

Carbon monoxide concentration and symptoms of poisoning

Prevention measures

In order to minimize the risks of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is enough to follow the following rules:

operate stoves and fireplaces in accordance with the rules, regularly check the operation ventilation system and in a timely manner, and trust the laying of stoves and fireplaces only to professionals;
not be there long time near busy roads;
Always turn off the car engine in a closed garage. It only takes five minutes of engine operation for the concentration of carbon monoxide to become lethal - remember this;
When staying in a car for a long time, and even more so sleeping in a car, always turn off the engine;
make it a rule - if symptoms occur that suggest carbon monoxide poisoning, provide an influx of air as soon as possible fresh air, open the windows, or better yet leave the room. Do not lie down if you feel dizzy, nauseous, or weak.

Remember - carbon monoxide is insidious, it acts quickly and unnoticed, so life and health depend on the speed of measures taken. Take care of yourself and your loved ones!