Heating system Leningradka in a private house. Methods for organizing heating of a private house in Leningradskaya: a description of the specifics of the system, installation rules

Individual housing construction is gaining popularity every year. Despite the instability of the economy in the country, people are trying to solve the issue of buying their own housing on their own. From practice, it became clear that such an approach to solving the housing problem is optimal. But the issue of heating square meters of the house with minimal costs for installing a heating system is still very acute among happy homeowners.

To date, one of the simplest and most affordable heating system schemes is considered to be "Leningrad", the method meets all the requirements of modern home heating: it has high efficiency and cost-effectiveness with relatively simple installation and further maintenance. Plus, this type of heating has an independent connection, which abstracts it from the central heating main.

What is meant by "Leningradka"?

The heating system acquired such an eccentric name thanks to the city of the same name, where it was first used to heat apartment buildings. It was developed during an acute shortage of housing in the former Soviet Union in order to save as much as possible on products from the pipe-rolling industry. However, since that time the heating scheme has been greatly changed and improved, although it has retained all the main advantages that to this day attract a lot of homeowners who do not want to spend a lot on heating their own home:

the minimum amount of consumables;
ease of installation work, which is quite within the power to perform independently;
availability of purchase of all components;
simplicity and low cost in operation.

The scheme for arranging modern heating "Leningradka" is based on the simplest principle of connecting all heating devices in a consistent way with one pipeline through which the coolant will circulate. At the same time, after going a full circle and leaving the farthest radiator, the cooled water returns to the central unit - the boiler for reheating. As a result, the coolant moves which is used as hot water in a closed heating circuit. At the same time, in the process of water movement, it gives off its heat to the batteries, which warm the air in the room.

Fundamental features of the functioning of "Leningradka"

As already mentioned, the Leningrad wiring diagram of the heating system involves serial connection of all devices starting from the boiler. Therefore, the temperature readings at the inlet of the return pipe for the return of the coolant will be much lower than at the outlet of the supply pipe. It is thanks to this temperature difference that water naturally, according to the laws of physics, circulates along the contour of the heating system. At the same time, the one-pipe scheme of the "Leningrad", despite all its apparent simplicity, can be used even in two-story buildings.

Since in the provided scheme it is possible to lay the pipeline below the level of the floor surface, it is necessary to take care of high-quality thermal insulation. If this issue is neglected, then the efficiency of the Leningrad heating system will drop significantly and plus, the structural elements of the floor will overheat greatly, since the temperature of the coolant in the pipe is quite high.

Pros and cons of the Leningradka heating scheme

The main advantages provided by the heating system "Leningradka" in the organization of water heating of the premises are: high efficiency, simple installation and maintenance. But unfortunately, such single-pipe heating systems are not without drawbacks:

But such shortcomings are inherent in the traditional single-pipe heating scheme, which does not use elements for regulating the supply of coolant to radiators. Therefore, installing a bypass with a needle valve on each battery allows you to manually set the temperature each individual radiator. This made it possible to achieve flexibility and economy in adjusting the water heating system.

The improved and modified Leningradka heating system is considered an excellent choice for heating various kinds of premises. Therefore, its use will help to create simple and at the same time effective and inexpensive heating of both a country cottage and a city apartment or a private house.

Methods for distributing heating "Leningradka"

When installing the Leningradka heating system, two methods of laying the main heat main are used - vertically or horizontally.

The vertical system is not used in multi-apartment buildings, since its design features do not allow individual accounting for the consumption of thermal resources. In the case of private housing construction, it is more preferable for the simple reason that it has a greater heat transfer efficiency and, consequently, economy.

Heating "Leningradka" - open wiring diagram

The open water heating scheme "Leningradka" has an interesting feature - the consistent placement of all structural elements along the outer contour of the walls. The central node of such a one-pipe system is a heating boiler, which is connected to the first battery by means of a supply riser. Then, from the first radiator, hot water enters the next element and so on until it passes through all the heating units throughout the house. After passing all the batteries, cooled water is returned to the boiler through the return pipe for reheating and everything repeats anew, forming a closed cycle.

Due to the heating of water in the heating system, according to the laws of physics, it expands in volume. Therefore, to remove its excess in the circuit, an expansion tank is installed. At the same time, in an open heating system, such a structural element is connected to the air in the room through a special pipe. After the coolant cools down, it again enters the system from the expansion tank.

Very often to improve the efficiency of heating a single-pipe system is equipped with a circulation pump, which is installed in front of the boiler on the return pipe. Thanks to this addition, the heating rate of a private house, both one-story and two-story, increases significantly, since the coolant begins to circulate according to the forced principle.

To facilitate filling the heating system with water, a cold water supply pipeline is connected at the place where the return pipe passes through the locking mechanism and the cleaning filter. Also, at the lowest point of the system, a drain pipe with a tap at the end is mounted. Such a device allows, if necessary, to drain the entire coolant from the system.

In private housing usually use standard heatsinks with bottom wiring diagram. In addition, each battery for removing air congestion is equipped with a Mayevsky crane. In addition, in private houses for "Leningrad" they often use a serial diagonal method of connecting batteries.

But, despite the popularity of such heating wiring diagrams, they have a common significant drawback - They don't have heat dissipation controls. each individual battery. To solve this problem, there is a radically different way to connect radiators.

To improve the operation of the heating system by adjusting the heat of each radiator, parallel connection of all batteries to the riser is used. At the same time, each heating device is equipped with shut-off valves at the inlet and outlet pipes. Also, in a section of the riser parallel to the battery, which in such a situation acts as a bypass, a needle valve is mounted to adjust the intensity of the water flow through the heating battery. This was achieved thanks to the laws of physics, because when the locking mechanism is fully opened, the coolant will not flow up the battery, overcoming gravity. This leads to the fact that with an increase in the degree of opening of the valve, the temperature in the battery decreases.

Closed heating circuit "Leningradka"

The single-pipe wiring diagram of the Leningradka heating system is often performed in a closed version. Such heating of the house involves the installation of an expansion membrane tank, due to which excess pressure is created in the system. In most cases, its level is low, and reaches no more than 1.5 atmospheres. Plus, such a heating system must be equipped with a pressure gauge, an air vent and a safety system in the form of a valve.

The desire of many people to create a one-pipe heating system "Leningradka" in their private home is primarily due to the availability of buying all the component parts, ease of installation and further maintenance and repair. The main thing is to correctly calculate everything and perform installation in accordance with the requirements for modern heating systems.

Homeowners have the opportunity to choose the most optimal type of heating for their home from a huge number of options. One of the most popular types is Leningradka heating, a scheme with or without a pump. This heating option was developed back in Soviet times and has established itself as the most efficient design for one- or two-story buildings. The main difference from its analogues is the use of single-pipe wiring.

Heating Compliance Criteria

When choosing a boiler for heating, it is necessary to take into account not only its price, but also a number of other parameters, including:

room layout;
number of storeys of the building;
volume of premises required for heating;
the degree of insulation of the building;
process control options.

The issue of insulation is the most fundamental for private housing construction. If the insulation conditions are violated, the house loses up to 50% of heat. These are poorly insulated walls, roofs, basements, poor-quality windows and entrance doors.

Layout Features

The design provides the minimum requirements for the amount of materials. This is due to the fact that the heating devices in the circuit are arranged in sequential order. It is customary to distinguish two varieties: Leningrad heating with a pump, a vertical scheme and Leningrad heating, a horizontal scheme. In the first case, you can do without a pump.

The wiring in both cases is applied either lower or upper. The following required components are involved in the schemes:

boiler;
expansion tank;
main piping;
mounted or floor mounted radiators.

You can even do the installation yourself. To do this, you just need the right tool.

The economy of the scheme is ensured by the use of a smaller number of distribution pipes. Unlike parallel systems, wiring is not carried out here along with the return line.

The system is perfectly combined with any types of boilers:

electrical;
gas;
on solid fuel.

Operating Capabilities

To understand the principle of operation of the system, you need to know the basic workflows. The heated water (coolant) is transferred from the boiler to the supply line. Further, the wiring passes through all heated rooms. As a result, the pipe returns to the boiler inlet. Thus, a closed loop is formed. The circuit can use both a closed system and an open one.

You need to know that an open and closed heating system differs in that the first has a section (usually an expansion tank) with access to the atmosphere, and the second is hermetically closed (a membrane-type expansion tank is used).

Each room is equipped with heating radiators connected to the heat carrier distribution. The number of sections in them varies depending on the need for heating the room.

For comparison, the figure shows a diagram of a single-pipe system and a two-pipe system.

Leningradka is able to work in conditions with a natural and forced circulation system. For the second case, a mandatory pump is required, built into the main pipeline. At the same time, building codes require the presence of a sufficient number of instrumentation and valves. This approach contributes to an increase in the cost of installation, but increases the efficiency of the operation of the system as a whole.

Positive and negative qualities

The benefits are as follows:

accessibility and ease of installation work;
budget cost of the scheme and materials;
satisfactory maintainability;
there is an opportunity to do the work yourself;
the supply pipe can pass both above the floor and mounted under it;
fewer pipes provide an aesthetic appearance of the assembly;
parallel installation of a warm floor system is allowed.

List of disadvantages:

you will need to work with a welding machine;
high-quality circulation will be carried out with an increase in pressure in the system;
for a horizontal scheme, it is not possible to install a heated towel rail or install a warm floor;
a site with a vertical riser is required;
there are some technical restrictions on the total length of the main wiring;
it is not always possible to achieve uniform heat transfer, often adjustments are made by installing / removing additional sections;
when using metal pipes, dismantling work is difficult.

System installation

For a private low-rise building, the most effective scheme in practice is a single-pipe open-type structure with horizontal wiring. In such a system, a main piping is made from the boiler, which ensures the transfer of the coolant to consumers.

At a short distance from the boiler, a tie-in with a vertical riser is formed. Its upper part ends with an expansion tank. With its help, it is possible to equalize the pressure in the processes of compression / expansion of the liquid, as well as getting rid of the possible ingress of air into the system.

Mounting diagram

Radiators are connected according to one of the most convenient cases in each situation:

The saddle (one-sided) scheme is accepted if the pipe is located on the same level using horizontal hidden wiring.
Diagonal connection implies separation of the input / output in height.

To ensure uninterrupted transportation of the coolant, it is required to install a bypass for each radiator. A needle valve is mounted in it for efficient distribution of battery heat.

When laying a pipe under the floor, it is necessary to conduct its thermal insulation with high quality in order to exclude heat loss during its delivery to the radiators.

For a horizontal circuit, it is necessary to strictly maintain the formed slight slope, which ensures good circulation. With this distribution of elements, it is possible to use a circuit without a pump. It will be possible to get rid of the air after the installation of Mayevsky cranes.

For a vertical circuit, a prerequisite for uninterrupted operation is the presence of a water pump that performs forced pumping of water through the system. The disadvantage of this scheme is a significant limitation of the length of the line. If there is no pump in the circuit, then the wiring length is limited to 30 m.

When using a vertical scheme, you will need large-diameter branch pipes. This will ensure high throughput of the system as a whole. The circulation pump must be in the circuit after the expansion tank so as not to create pressure on the tank.

VIDEO: "Leningradka" - heating system

As a legacy, the Soviet Union left in the construction area one of the easiest heating systems to install in Leningrad. She successfully managed to work for decades in many houses, revealing a number of advantages and disadvantages of the design. It gained its popularity due to the relative ease of installation.

For its installation, a single center for the supply of coolant was required, as well as a fairly simple wiring from consumers and highways. It is customary to distinguish several varieties of the system, which is relevant for both multi-storey buildings and single-storey buildings.

Mounting options

The basic heating scheme for Leningradka is that one sleeve is led from the boiler with entry into each room. The main loop is made in such a way as to close the circuit, returning back to the boiler with a single main pipe. According to the type of installation, it is customary to distinguish horizontal and vertical options for the location of main pipes. They are in demand, respectively, in single-story and multi-story buildings.

For heating the Leningrad two-story or one-story house, the following schemes are used:

natural circulation - there are no pumps in the circuit, and the hot coolant is distributed due to the temperature difference;
a system with one pump is used to force the transfer of coolant through the system;
a system with several circulation pumps is in demand with a significant total length of the circuit.

Systems are also differentiated by coolant. In a simple version, ordinary water is used, and for a more expensive type of heating, the line is filled with prepared antifreeze. It can even be made from an aqueous solution of alcohol.

VIDEO: One-pipe "Leningradka"

The Leningradka heating system can be of two types:

open, using the contact of the coolant with atmospheric air;
closed, hermetically blocked, not having access to the outside.

There are certain limitations for closed systems, for example, in closed circuits where there are no pumps and a building height of more than 30 m, it will not be possible to introduce this type of heating.

Often there is a Leningradka system in heating a two-story house. When installing natural circulation, it is imperative to maintain the calculated angle of inclination of the coolant lines.

Main circuit

In fact, the Leningrad heating system for a two-story house or a one-story house uses a single circuit. This one-pipe supply method is based on the sequential arrangement of radiators and other heating elements.

The main components that are used during installation consist of the following basic elements:

gas heat generator (a circulation pump can be built in inside it);
expansion tank (for closed systems, a membrane-type tank is selected);
sections of radiators (the estimated number is set and the actual material of manufacture is selected);
main wiring (conducted by a metal or polypropylene pipe).

As additional elements, shut-off valves, bypasses, thermostatic valves, etc. are mounted.

Positive and negative aspects of a one-pipe system

Like all schemes, the Leningrad heating system has pros and cons. Let's deal with them in order.

Minuses

One of the significant negative factors for residents of houses with Leningradskaya can be the lack of control over the individual level of heating for each radiator. Even if you slightly muffle the degree of heating in one of them, then consumers located further down the chain will suffer from this, who will not get additional thermal energy.

To increase the efficiency of the Leningradka, powerful circulation pumps are required.

Full-fledged work with high efficiency is carried out at high pressure in the system. However, by introducing additional equipment into the chain, it is possible to obtain a reduction in the operating time of all links. The likelihood of gusts will also increase, while the issue of replenishing the system with water, carrying out regular repairs, replacing failed main sections, etc., will become relevant.

The system requires exclusively vertical spillage. This means that the tank must be mounted at one of the highest points in the building. Although even in single-story structures, such an arrangement is not always convenient.

For multi-storey buildings, there is another minus, which is that in a chain of radiators on one riser, the batteries on the upper floors will be the least hot, and when lowered down, the temperature of the coolant will decrease. An effective way out of the situation will be the installation of jumpers and an increase in the number of radiator sections at the bottom of the building.

pros

It should be noted that many of the negative factors endowed with a one-pipe system were inherent in the early schemes of this type of heating. In modern conditions, it is possible to successfully minimize negative phenomena, and in some cases completely get rid of them. This is supported by modern technology.

VIDEO: Types of connecting radiators. Features of each circuit

The main advantage, due to which the owners of private houses turn to this type of wiring, is the low total cost of the entire structure.

This is achieved thanks to the smaller amount of materials used, in contrast to bulky two-pipe systems. The main savings will be on the main distribution pipes.

It will be possible to reduce heat loss after installing ball valves, automatic air vents, thermostatic sensors and other related components. Such installation will require finer tuning of the entire system, but the positive effect will remain for the entire period of subsequent operation.

Externally, this system looks much neater than a system with two pipes. It is also easier to hide the central pipe into the floor to get hidden wiring. At the same time, you need to take care of high-quality thermal insulation so that thermal energy is not lost on the way to consumers.

VIDEO: "Leningradka" - heating system. Advantages and disadvantages

Today, there are a sufficient number of types of heating, so that every homeowner can make a choice. A certain heating system is selected for each house, depending on various factors, such as the layout of the premises, the amount of space, the number of floors in the house and much more.

The simplest and most economical heating system, which is especially popular, especially in Soviet times, is the Leningradka one-pipe heating system, which is ideal for a one-story house. Although some designers use it for a two-story cottage. This system will allow the owner to independently heat and maintain their home. Why it becomes independent of the central heating system.

Simplicity of design and installation is based on the principle of piping, where all heating devices are located successively. The Leningradka heating system is divided according to the installation method into horizontal and vertical circuits, which in turn can have a lower or upper wiring. Main elements of the system are boiler, expansion tank, pipes and radiators. Therefore, it can be mounted independently with some skills, as well as the necessary materials and tools.

economy this system is a significant reduction in pipe consumption(they need almost half as much compared to a two-pipe system). It works well with various heating appliances, such as electric boiler, floor or wall gas boiler, brick stove, metal heating stove that runs on coal, wood, peat briquettes, etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of the system

The advantages of the Leningradka heating system are:

V simplicity and accessibility;
V low price;
opportunity repair;
budgetary and enough simple installation, which can be performed independently;
minimum labor intensity works;
opportunity to purchase separate inexpensive system elements;
Possibility to run a supply pipe above the floor, and under him;
a small number of peeping pipes allows you to save aesthetics of the premises;
supply pipe can be laid under doorways;
at the request of the owner install underfloor heating.

It is important to remember that in the room, which will be the last in the main circuit, the heaters should have more sections to increase heat transfer, since the water in the main will already cool enough. This will improve the heating in the outer room.

The disadvantages of the system include:

Necessity use of the welding machine and the ability to use it.
To improve circulation, you need increase the pressure inside the system.
In the horizontal single-pipe heating system "Leningradka" cannot be mounted heated towel rails and water "warm floor".
Not enough aesthetic appearance in the interior of the room due to outer pipes having a large diameter.
Site availability vertical riser.
Exist restrictions along the total length of the highway or riser.
Must Check tightness joints in the places of welding after installation.
Uneven heat transfer of all connected radiators, which can be straightened out by increasing the number of sections on the last batteries.
In the case of using metal pipes in the line, dismantling will be enough problematic.

Scheme of the device of the Leningradka system

The traditional one-pipe system has fairly simple design. The supply line is laid from the heating boiler. You need a number of radiators to connect to it. Hot water or antifreeze moves through all batteries or radiators, cooling as it goes. Then, through the heating pipe, the coolant returns to the boiler, forming a closed circulation system, which can be natural and forced.

Leningradka has the following constituent elements:

a gas boiler;
heating radiators;
different pipe diameters (for piping and riser).

Additional system elements:

thermostatic valves;
valves - balancers;
Ball Valves;

Modernization of "Leningradka"

A standard one-pipe system can be fitted with radiator regulators, thermostatic valves, ball valves and balancing valves. These additions allow you to qualitatively improve the level of heating.

The system allows control the temperature And saves heat consumption, limiting heat transfer in temporarily unused or non-residential premises. In rooms that are rarely used, the temperature can be reduced or not used at all, although it is recommended to leave minimal heat to maintain the room. Or raise the temperature, for example, in the children's room or in the bedroom. Advanced heating system allows you to control a separate heater without changing the temperature on subsequent devices.

For more control over the system and regulation on a single radiator, as well as for better coolant advancement a circulation pump and additional valves are installed for each battery. Thanks to this, it is possible to dismantle a single part of the highway and repair it without completely shutting down the entire system. It turns out single-pipe systemhaving controls for the coolant flow. In this case, the highway design becomes a little more expensive.

Features of the installation of the heating system

Leningradka is installed simply if you follow the installation sequence:

A pipe having a diameter of one and a half or two inches must be laid strictly around the perimeter premises and the entire building from the boiler, and then it closes on it.
Stepping back a little from the boiler, technological insert, where a vertical pipe will be additionally attached to the main line of the main.
An expansion tank is attached to this segment, at its highest point, which will allow create the optimum pressure of antifreeze or water in the system.
After that, batteries and radiators are connected, which also cut into the main pipe.

They can be attached in two ways:

bottom connection(carried out to the nozzles from below);
full bore connection(made diagonally).

The Leningradka system works at the expense of coolant density difference, that is, hot water that has entered the radiator will tend to rise, thereby displacing the cooled water. Thanks to the constant processes of heating and cooling in the heating system, continuous circulation is carried out. It is also necessary to conduct heating pipes at a slight angle thus, there is an improved advancement of the coolant. This applies to both one-story and two-story houses and apartments.

Horizontal and vertical heating system

Heating scheme of a private house with horizontal wiring, has several options. The main can be laid both in the floor space and on the floor itself. When laying in the floor, the line loses heat. In order to avoid losses, the pipes must insulate. It is important to remember that the supply pipe must be mounted at a slope for unhindered circulation of the coolant. All heaters must be fixed at the same level.

Each radiator or battery is installed Mayevsky's crane, with which air is removed from the heating system.

Vertical wiring system allows you to work more effective provided that a circulation pump is connected. Since the forced circulation of water or antifreeze allows you to achieve quick warm-up even with a small diameter of the main pipe.

When calculating the vertical gravity scheme, it is necessary to provide that the pipes are large diameter. This will provide the necessary throughput of the heating system as a whole. Pipes should be installed at a slight angle for better circulation.

Security group of the Leningradka system

The circulation pump can be installed for supply and return. Expansion tank installed before the pump so that he does not put pressure on the tank.

The expansion tank system is called closed system. If a conventional open tank is used, which can be filled with water, is open system.

A shut-off valve with a filter is installed in series in front of the pump. After it, you also need to put another crane, so that at any time there is an opportunity span bridging, in which there is a coarse filter and a circulation pump. This allows you to clean the filter, as well as remove the pump (on union nuts) without draining the water from the system.

One of the most complex engineering problems that must be solved in the design and construction of individual housing is the installation of a heating system. Quite often, the best choice for the owners of a small house is a simple one-pipe water heating system known as Leningradka.

This system got its name from the city of the same name, where it was first used to heat apartment buildings. It was developed in the era of large-scale construction in the USSR to achieve maximum savings on pipe products. Since then, the original scheme has undergone several modifications, but its main advantages still attract many who want to organize budget heating of a private house:

minimum material consumption;
simple and clear installation, the ability to install with your own hands;
availability of components;
inexpensive service and repair.

The photo below shows a diagram of the device of a modern heating system of the "Leningradka" type. It is based on the principle of serial connection of heating devices using a single supply line, which, at the exit of the last battery, passes into a return circuit, which ensures that the cooled coolant is drained back into the boiler. Thus, the coolant, which is usually used as heated water or antifreeze, circulates in a closed system, giving off heat in the course of its movement.

Wiring options

Installation of the heating system can be done in two different ways: with a vertical or horizontal arrangement of the main line.

The vertical system is practically not used in multi-apartment buildings, since it makes it difficult to maintain individual heat consumption records. For a private house, on the contrary, it is more preferable, since it provides simple installation and more efficient heat transfer.

The difference between open and closed heating systems

In open water heating systems, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point, which is connected to the atmosphere. Thus, the open-type scheme provides for the movement of the coolant in accordance with the laws of physics: the heated liquid rises, displacing the cold one.

Closed systems assume the presence of a membrane tank that maintains internal pressure in the line. Such a tank does not have to be placed on top, so it is usually installed in the same part of the house where the boiler is located. More details about this are described in the video clip.

Connecting heaters

Radiators that are used to heat the premises of a private house can crash into a pipe in two ways.

Ball valves must be installed at the inlet and outlet of the radiator, which will allow you to disconnect the device from the line if it is necessary to repair or replace it.

In order not to disrupt the operation of water heating at home, all radiators must be equipped with a bypass, which will ensure the supply of coolant bypassing the battery when it is turned off. Inserting a special needle valve into the bypass, which allows you to partially block the pipe section, will make it possible to regulate the degree of heating of each battery separately and significantly increase the efficiency of the entire system as a whole (see our video below for more details).

Features of installation of the "Leningradka" system

In private low-rise construction, open-type one-pipe Leningradka water heating systems with horizontal wiring are most often used.

Such a scheme assumes the presence of a boiler, to which a pipeline is connected, supplying the connected batteries with coolant. Not far from the boiler, a vertical riser cuts in, at the upper end of which an expansion tank is installed, which is necessary to equalize pressure when expanding or compressing the liquid and to remove excess air from the system.

Scheme of the device of the heating system Leningradka open type

Connection of radiators must be carried out taking into account the recommendations given in the previous section. A detailed overview of all the features of the design and installation of the Leningradka system is contained in the video fragment given there.

In budgetary systems, the circulation of the coolant occurs due to the displacement of the cold liquid by the warmer one. If funds allow, a circulation pump can be built into the return line, and the open expansion tank can be replaced with a membrane one. The closed system obtained in this way will make the water heating of the whole house more efficient and economical.

Advantages and disadvantages of the Leningradka system

We have already cited the main advantages that Leningradka provides when organizing a water heating system - this is cost-effectiveness, simple installation and ease of maintenance. However, single-pipe systems also have a number of disadvantages:

the last radiators in the heating circuit should have a larger number of sections, since the coolant enters them cooled;
inability to connect underfloor heating or heated towel rails;
higher coolant pressure.

However, such shortcomings are mainly characteristic of traditional single-pipe schemes, in which adjusting elements are not used. The organization of bypasses with needle valves allows you to control the thermal regime of each battery individually, providing the necessary flexibility and efficiency of water heating.

The modern modification of the Leningradka system is an excellent choice for heating a wide variety of rooms. We hope that this article and the photo and video materials given in it will help you design a reliable and efficient heating system for your home.