Objects of the social sphere: list, classification, characteristics, purpose. Social organizations

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being; consumption. The social sphere includes primarily the service sector (education, culture, healthcare, social security, physical culture, catering, public services, passenger transport, communications).

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA-M. 479 pp.. 1999 .

Economic dictionary. 2000 .

See what "SOCIAL SPHERE" is in other dictionaries:

A set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption. In English: Social sphere See also: Social sphere Sectors of the economy… … Financial Dictionary

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Books

Social sphere in modern economy. Questions of theory and practice. The work analyzes the role of the public sector in solving social problems modern society, the place of the state in the economy and social life of society, models of social...
Remuneration: production, social sphere, public service. Analysis, problems, solutions, N. A. Volgin. The book critically analyzes the current schemes for organizing the remuneration of workers, engineers, managers, teachers, doctors, civil servants, top echelon managers...

Acquisition territorial communities of a sustainable nature are directly related to the social life of people in a certain space. For example, this means the connection of forms of ownership with villages, towns and cities, the organization of government and the activities of various infrastructures.

Demographic

IN demographic the social sphere factor includes birth rate, mortality, sex ratio, study of sex and age composition, taking into account the degree of population increase, as well as the activities of management institutions in this area.

Ethnic

Ethnic forms, starting with the clan, as the first organizational form of Society, cover the tribe, nationality, nation, and in modern conditions the emerging community of people.

As part of the social sphere ethnic forms themselves form a relatively large sphere. Of these, the genus was the first social community and had a long history throughout the period of the primitive system. As a result of the evolution of clans, a tribal community appears, and subsequently a union of tribes. These, in turn, create the preconditions for the emergence of the following communities - nationalities and nations. In modern conditions, when there is accelerated process rapprochement in interethnic and interstate relations, the people began to emerge as a special community.

Class

Class stratification of society(typically manifested organizationally in Europe) occupies important place in the social sphere.

Classes are characteristics large groups people according to a number of basic indicators. The existence of classes is primarily associated with forms of ownership and division of labor. In modern developed countries, class distinction is increasingly losing its previous indicators. Classes take place social groups who have a different attitude towards existing social states, a high level of education, a general way of life, etc.

Vocational and educational

Distinguishing people by degree of education(for example, primary, secondary or graduate School) And the nature of social and professional characteristics(specific profession, people of mental or physical labor), also refers to the social sphere, because it expresses the qualitative state of a certain part of the population.

Economic

The economic structure of a society is based on the level of income of people (within the subsistence level, medium or high income). She is also integral part social sphere.

Family and marriage

Speaking about the composition of the social sphere in the life of society, one cannot fail to mention marriage And family. Because marriage, being legal contract, regulates relations between husband and wife, children and relatives. And the family, as a small group and as a family, is based on marriage, kinship, commonality of everyday life, morality and responsibility, and mutual assistance. Material from the site

If we consider social groups according to socially significant criteria of human community, we can distinguish social status- position, place of a person in society. This can be seen in following example: the same person can be considered by profession- teacher, employee receiving a salary is an economic sign, man 50 years old— demographic indicator, member political party - social position, etc.

Based on social status, we can, for example, distinguish labor collectives - people working in certain industries, such as farmers, brokers, various kinds tenants and etc.

Premises, structures, buildings where people are temporarily or permanently located in significant numbers are objects of the social sphere. They can be divided into classes and types according to the method of use. In our turbulent times, social facilities must ensure the safety of the people there, including from the terrorist threat. Here it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the contingent - age, physical condition, etc., as well as its quantity. Such objects of the social sphere are categorized (classified) precisely because each class and type, that is, each category, requires the creation of an appropriate level of protection, and this is determined by the specifics and scope of security, organizational, regime and other measures for full protection them from threats, including terrorist ones.

Public service

Institutions where there are more visitors than workers serving them belong to the third type. These are objects of the social sphere, the list of which is not so long. These are outpatient clinics and clinics, physical education and health institutions. This also includes their premises. household plan, sports and training facilities (without stands). The fourth section of this classification includes design and scientific organizations, educational establishments, administrative institutions. These premises are used only for a certain time during the day, and there is a permanent contingent there who is accustomed to these conditions. Usually these are people of a certain physical condition and age. For example, schools and out-of-school, secondary specialized, vocational and technical educational institutions, universities, institutions for advanced training. This also includes design and engineering, editorial and publishing, information, research, offices, offices, banks, and management institutions.

The same social objects are classified differently by type of protection. They are determined by class as follows. There are objects that are subject to state protection, for others the protection of PVO (non-departmental security units) is mandatory, others are protected by private security organizations (private fourths are protected by everyone - from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation to private security organizations, public defense organizations and similar organizations, and the fifth ones do not have any protection. Such a distribution is carried out with a forecast of possible consequences if it is committed terrorist attack, and the main criteria are the number of victims, the size material damage, as well as an emergency zone. Everything that relates to objects of the social sphere is classified according to these two criteria: functional and by type of protection.

Social work

The life activity of all groups and segments of the population depends primarily on the conditions that are determined by the level of development of society, the state of social care, social politics and its content, as well as the possibility of its implementation. The characteristics of social facilities directly depend on all of the above, since social services are necessary for all people without exception, regardless of age, health, occupation, and so on.

Populations are naturally structured, and the bases for each structure are very different. Some need a theater, while others need an equestrian sports complex. Still others find themselves in such a difficult life situation that without a certain object in the social sphere they cannot resolve the problems that have arisen. This contingent needs social help, support, protection. The reasons may be deviant behavior, family dysfunction, health, orphanhood, homelessness, and the like. These people themselves become objects - but social work certain institutions: courts, hospitals, administrative institutions and other organizations.

Realities

It is possible to identify another important group that requires the work of certain objects in the social sphere. First of all, this is the setting, environment, and so on. The form of settlement is also extremely important, since the concentration of people is extremely uneven: in a metropolis, for example, there is even a state circus, but in the village even a cinema has not survived.

There are also intermediate forms of settlement, where the saturation of objects for everyday and cultural purposes also leaves much to be desired. For many people, a rural library is not even accessible, since throughout the country they are closed no less often than hospitals, schools and kindergartens. Transport and improvement, which are the responsibility of local administrative facilities of the social sphere, are almost everywhere in stagnation. But communications are developing, there is Internet almost everywhere, and therefore the rural library is not in enough demand.

Infrastructure

Objects of the social sphere constitute the social infrastructure of a set of enterprises and industries that ensure the normal existence and functioning of the population. This includes housing and its construction, cultural facilities, organizations and enterprises of the healthcare system, educational institutions and preschool education. There is no way to do without organizations and enterprises related to leisure and recreation. This also includes: public catering, retail, service sector, passenger transport, sports and recreational institutions, communications for public services, legal and notary offices, banks and savings banks... The list of social sector objects is much longer.

The process of infrastructure development has accelerated significantly in all countries without exception with high levels of economic indicators since the second half of the twentieth century. required not only a sharp increase in intelligence and the quality of the workforce, but also improved health. All work motivations have changed, which has served as an incentive for the development of various areas of the social sphere. The creation of a qualitatively new technologically material base in the infrastructure sectors ensured its highly efficient functioning. All sectors of material production have undergone a scientific and technological revolution, which has significantly reduced the number of people employed there, and as a result, it has become possible to significantly redistribute labor from production to the service sector, so the variety of infrastructure facilities has become more significant, and their number has increased many times. The quality and standard of living of the majority of the population has increased.

Economic infrastructure

The classification of economic objects of the social sphere consists of two areas - production and non-production, that is, social, which, in turn, is divided into industries and sub-sectors related to production process. This ensures the conditions of social and labor activity people, their existence is enriched by everyday services, culture, interpersonal and social communication. Thus, the entire social infrastructure can be divided into socio-economic, providing comprehensive development human personality - this is culture, healthcare, education, and everyday life, which creates necessary conditions for people's livelihoods - this is housing stock, public utilities, retail and so on.

Statistical studies that are carried out on our own within the country, as well as international organizations, the assessments put the level of social infrastructure first. For example, indicators such as the number of beds in hospitals, the number of doctors, teachers in primary and secondary schools. Such objects characterize not only the level of social infrastructure, but also the completely existing reality. With the help of such studies, it is possible to identify a stable set of all material elements that provide the conditions for rational and effective human activity in all aspects of personal and public life. This approach to classifying objects in the social sphere is somewhat general, but compared to others it has serious significance in practical application.

Accuracy and Linearity

Social infrastructure is divided into “point” and “linear”, where the latter must be understood as networks of automobile and railways, power transmission and communications, and the like. The definition of specific infrastructure is the objects themselves, such as theaters, libraries, schools, clinics and everything else. This type of classification can be used at almost all levels of organization of the social sphere. A production organization has some elements of linear infrastructure, but in general it is point-based, and if we take into account the level of the economic region, then the division will be almost equal, and interacting.

This classification method clearly defines the form of infrastructure organization, without detailing its content. When studying the problems of the regional economy, they usually use the concepts of regional infrastructure, elements of inter-district importance of infrastructure facilities, and the like. If specific certainty, which is always inherent in social infrastructure, is not at the forefront, such a division not only has a right to exist, but is also quite convenient for monitoring large territories.

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The fact that social infrastructure facilities consist of a complex of various educational, cultural and health institutions, public catering and trade enterprises, passenger transport, water supply and sewerage, financial, postal and telegraph institutions, sports and recreational facilities (this includes not only sports palaces, stadiums and swimming pools, but also rest houses, and parks with entertainment and sports programs) - in a word, an incredible number of absolutely different entities, differing in their functions, goals and objectives - indicates the impossibility of drawing up a complete picture.

The element-by-element characteristic of infrastructure is similar to a regular enumeration series, where each institute, institution, organization is practically in no way connected with each other, and other types of population activities are taken into account rather poorly. It is more convenient and much more legitimate to classify objects of social culture relative to the levels of organization of the society in question. Because as such universal method There is no classification; division occurs according to the tasks assigned to analysts.

Analysis

Most often they begin with an analysis of the infrastructure of society as a whole. Management practice quite widely uses both general and calculated indicators that characterize the level of condition, provision and development trends of each of the infrastructure elements. The very development of indicators provides an opportunity to study the relationships and mutual influences of the substantive processes of social development and the existing material base.

At the level of a large economic region, social infrastructure is studied within the framework of its sufficient closed system economy, while it is possible to compare the development indicators of different economic units, which provides the basis for obtaining rich information regarding the achievement, advance or lag of a particular object from others and for making decisions on taking effective measures. Already at this level, it is necessary to introduce certain amendments to the development coefficient, taking into account the natural, climatic, national and other characteristics of the region.

Administrative division

Social infrastructure is also classified in relation to administrative division- republics, territories, regions, districts, cities, since these are also necessary element specification of general problems. At any of these levels, some fragments of social infrastructure may be missing. If the social organization is not up to par, the range of social sphere objects will naturally be limited. Main criterion here it is quantitative, clearly defining how satisfied the needs of the population in their everyday life are. Eat necessary set infrastructure elements, that is, a certain list of social facilities that cannot be replaced by anything. Not a single, even the best additional canteen will replace the missing clinic, and even if there is a club in every area locality, and in some places also luxurious palaces of culture, this in no way justifies closed kindergartens.

Needs of a different order - higher education, certain sports, artistic creativity and the like should also be fully satisfied. Such infrastructure elements must be distributed throughout the territory according to the size of the living population. State theaters, for example, do not open in cities with less than two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, but people should not feel deprived - they are always served: either trips are organized, or the nearest theater goes on tour, and creative amateur associations are also created.

Social sphere - includes professions related to the provision of various social benefits and services to the population. The social sphere includes: healthcare, education, culture, social security, recreation, everyday life, housing and communal services, catering and trade. Each type of activity in the social sphere includes many professions, the peculiarity of which is constant interaction with a wide range of people.

Structure of the social sphere professional activity Social sectors Professions Professional quality Education Teacher, master of industrial training, educator, teacher, psychologist, social worker, etc. Communication and organizational skills; observation; responsiveness, tact; sense of responsibility; pedagogical tact Science Junior researcher, senior researcher, laboratory assistant, head of department, head of laboratory, etc. High level analytical thinking; large amount of long-term memory; patience, observation Culture Librarian, director of club events, translator, guide, correspondent, etc. Good memory; emotional endurance, tact; communication skills, creative imagination, artistry Health Care Doctor, dental technician, cosmetologist, medical sister, manicurist, nurse, paramedic, etc. Composure, neatness; ability to empathize, compassion; emotional stability; responsibility; attention, memory Service area Bartender, waiter, maid, elevator operator, hairdresser, passenger carriage conductor, head waiter, social worker, etc. Communication skills; physical endurance; accuracy, efficiency; friendliness Jurisprudence Lawyer, notary, insurance agent, traffic police inspector, prosecutor, investigator, legal adviser, etc. Communication skills; logical thinking; memory, attention; integrity, honesty

The social sphere performs very important role life of society, since it is within its framework that social relations are carried out, satisfaction occurs social needs of people. Not every person can become a social worker. The main determining factor here is the system of his values, which ultimately determines professional suitability in the social sphere. For a social worker, the idea of the absolute value of a person should move from the category of philosophical understanding to the category of basic psychological belief .

Socially significant facilities include hospitals, schools, preschools and other institutions. What features are associated with this status, in particular in bankruptcy proceedings.

Read our article:

Socially significant objects: what applies to them

In relation to some types of objects, the term “socially significant objects” is used. These include:

medical institutions, including hospitals;
educational and educational institutions - schools, higher education institutions, kindergartens, boarding schools, etc.;
nursing homes and other similar organizations;
sports complexes and other facilities related to physical education and sports;
museums, memorials, other cultural sites, etc.

Such objects are most often state or municipal property. However, these can also be privately owned objects - for example, private kindergarten, school, medical Center etc. The administration of a particular entity approves a list of socially significant objects on its territory, this is due to the execution of orders of higher executive authorities. The list includes objects that already exist. Facilities that are planned to be built and put into operation are taken into account separately. The construction of such facilities is subject to special requirements in relation to the surrounding infrastructure.

The difficulty with objects with this status is that:

there is no special legal regulation;
the term is mentioned in a number of laws, but there is no industry-wide definition of socially significant objects.

However, the bankruptcy law contains special instructions regarding such property, and developers under the DDU have the right to use the funds of shareholders for the construction of socially significant objects. In addition, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations carries out special control over facilities that are associated with the round-the-clock stay of citizens - people with disabilities, temporarily incapacitated, etc. This applies to hospitals, boarding schools, and other institutions in the field of healthcare or education. The need for such control is related to ensuring security.

Socially significant facilities must continue to operate even during bankruptcy

Socially significant objects are property for which the bankruptcy law contains special instructions. According to the law, the decision that the debtor ceases its activities should not lead to the cessation of the functioning of such objects (). At the same time, the article contains a list of socially significant objects; it is used not only in situations related to bankruptcy, but also in wider practice. In addition to various educational, medical and cultural institutions, these include the following facilities:

communal infrastructure that are connected to life support systems. In particular, these are water, heat, gas and energy supply, drainage, and cleaning facilities Wastewater, as well as with the storage, processing and disposal of various waste;
necessary for lighting the territories of urban and rural settlements;
created for landscaping.

A socially significant object is property that can be sold at auction, subject to restrictions

The bankruptcy of a company should not stop the operation of facilities of this type. The law prohibits this. In addition, in paragraph 4 of Art. 132 of the bankruptcy law contains instructions regarding the sale of such objects. Bidding for such property is carried out in accordance with Art. 110 of the law. In this case, the buyer is obliged:

maintain the proper condition of the facility,
ensure its continued operation for its intended purpose,
comply with other legal requirements in relation to such objects.

If the buyer violates these conditions, the court will terminate the agreement on the transfer of a socially significant object into his ownership. An application for this is submitted by the local administration. After the contract is cancelled, the property is transferred to the ownership of the municipality. The buyer will be reimbursed for the cost of the object from the local budget (clause 4.2, article 132 of law No. 127-FZ).

If the object is not sold in the manner prescribed by law, then it is transferred to local authorities into municipal ownership (clause 5 of Article 132 of Law No. 127-FZ). The arbitration court issues a corresponding ruling (clause 6 of Article 132 of Law No. 127-FZ).

Socially significant objects can be built with money from shareholders

In 2017, changes were made to the (law on participation in shared-equity construction). Among other things, they expanded the list of objects that the developer has the right to build using the funds of shareholders (Article 18 of Law No. 214-FZ). Previously, the developer was expressly prohibited from reimbursing the costs of construction of such facilities at the expense of shareholders. The amendments allowed the use of this money for the construction of schools, kindergartens, roads, etc. (Clause 9, Article 18 of Law No. 214-FZ).

In this case, the developer is obliged to fulfill a number of conditions (Article 18.1 of Law No. 214-FZ). In particular:

In the DDU agreement, it is necessary to indicate the information that is listed in the law (clause 6, part 4, article 4, part 5, article 18.1 of law No. 214).
Construction is allowed if, upon completion, the developer transfers the object free of charge into state or municipal ownership or common shared ownership of shareholders. In the second case, along with the contract, each shareholder signs an agreement on the creation of a share in the right of common shared ownership (Part 7, Article 18.1 of Law No. 214-FZ). This is an integral part of the main contract. The Government of the Russian Federation has approved a standard agreement ().