Roofs of panel houses. Flat roofs with reinforced concrete supporting structures

Flat roofs performed with load-bearing fully prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Such roofs are designed flat (with a slope of up to 5%) in three main options - attic, non-attic or exploitable.

Attic roof

Roofless roof

Operable roof

Type of drainage with reinforced concrete roof are chosen during design depending on the purpose of the object, its number of storeys and location in the building.

In residential buildings of medium and high rises, internal drainage is used, in low-rise buildings, it is allowed to use external organized drainage when placing buildings with a horizontal projection of the edge of 1.5 m or more from the red building line, and unorganized - in low-rise buildings located inside the block. In all cases of using unorganized drainage, provision is made for the installation of canopies over entrances to buildings and balconies.

At internal drain in residential buildings, one water intake funnel is provided per planning section, but at least two per building.

For external organized drainage, placement and cross-section drainpipes prescribed the same as for pitched roofs Oh.

Waterproofing of reinforced concrete roofs is designed depending on their type. For roofless structures, as a rule, roll sheets are used. waterproofing coatings(except for roofless roofs of separate construction).

Waterproofing of attic and separate non-attic roofs is carried out in the following of three ways: the first (traditional) - by installing a multi-layer carpet from rolled waterproofing materials; the second - by painting with waterproofing mastics (organosilicon or others), which, together with the waterproof concrete of the roofing panel, provide protective functions coatings; third - the use of pre-tensioned roofing panels of high grade concrete for water resistance, providing roof waterproofing without painting with mastics.

According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the requirements for the characteristics of concrete roofing panels change (Table 20.2).

• A - with a cold attic and roll roofing;
• B - the same, with rollless;
• B - with a warm attic and roll roofing;
• G - the same, with rollless;
• D - with an open attic and roll roofing;
• E - the same, with rollless.

• F - separate ventilated (with roofing panel and attic floor) structure with roll roofing
• And - the same, with a roll-free roof
• K - combined three-layer panel structure
• L - combined multilayer construction manufacturing

Attic roofs with a cold and open attic (structure types A, B, D, E) contain an insulated attic floor, non-insulated thin-walled ribbed reinforced concrete roofing, tray and fascia panels, in which holes are provided for ventilation of the attic space. The area of ​​ventilation openings on each longitudinal side of the facade is assigned in climatic regions I and II at 0.002 of the attic area, in regions III and IV - up to 0.02.

The dimensions of the supply and exhaust openings in the fascia panels of open attics are assumed to be significantly larger based on the results of calculating the ventilation of the attic space.

Ventilation blocks and shafts cross cold attic roofs, exhausting the air mixture into the open space above the roof.

Roof structures with a warm attic (types B and D) consist of insulated roofing, tray and fascia panels, an uninsulated attic floor and supporting structures of roofing and tray panels (Fig. 20.16). Since the warm attic serves as an air collection chamber for the building's exhaust ventilation system, ventilation blocks and shafts end in the attic space with 0.6 m high heads without crossing the roof. Frieze panels are designed to be blank (without ventilation holes). These panels in some areas can be made translucent (for natural light attic), but not with doors. In the central zone of the warm attic, a common exhaust shaft is installed (one per planning section) 4.5 m high from the upper plane of the attic floor.

Roof structures with an open attic (types D and E) are similar in composition to those with a cold attic, but the ventilation structures do not cross it, ending at a height of 0.6 m from the surface of the attic floor, as in roofs with a warm attic.

Roofs with inclined frieze panels and vertical gable-shaped frieze panels, echoing traditional forms, have become a unique architectural option for the design of reinforced concrete attic roofs of multi-storey buildings. mansard roofs. This option can be used for both cold and warm attic roofs (Fig. 20.17).

The roof panels of roll-less roofs with a cold and open attic, as well as separate roofs without attics, are designed in the same way. These are thin-walled (plate thickness 40mm) ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. Butt edges of panels and their junctions with those intersecting the roof vertical structures(elevator shafts, ventilation unit etc.) are equipped with ribs 300 mm high. The joints are protected by flashings (or overlapped) and sealed.

Drainage trough-shaped trays are made of waterproof concrete with a bottom thickness of 80 mm, a rib height of 350 mm, and a width of at least 900 mm.

Roof panels and roof trays with a warm attic are designed with two or three layers. The top layer is made of frost-resistant concrete with a thickness of at least 40 mm.

The design of a separate roofless roof (type I) contains the same structural elements, as an attic roof with a cold attic, but due to the fact that its air space has a low height (up to 0.6 m), the solution for supporting structures is simplified - they can serve as separate reinforced concrete bars.

Three-layer panels of combined roofs (type K) are manufactured in a single technological cycle or assembled at the factory from two thin-walled ribbed slabs and insulation between them.

Almost tripled in size regulatory requirements to the resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures, the use of the most industrial and economical design of a combined roof (as well as warm attics) from single-layer lightweight concrete panels, since they have lost their economic viability.

Traditional combined building-made roofs (type L) are erected by sequentially laying on the building over the ceiling (made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete) the upper floor of a vapor barrier layer, fill along a slope, a heat-insulating layer, a leveling screed and a multi-layer rolled carpet. Design L is the most labor-intensive and has the worst performance characteristics. Its use should be limited as much as possible.

From Fig. 20.14 it is obvious that any of the attic roofs is a multi-layer structure, including a load-bearing reinforced concrete slab, vapor barrier, thermal insulation and waterproofing (with a special prefabricated or monolithic base for it) layers. In this case, it is traditional to place a waterproofing layer on top, which leads (with a non-ventilated roof structure) to a decrease in the durability of the waterproofing carpet under the influence solar radiation and the pressure of vaporous moisture accumulating under the carpet.

To increase the durability of roof waterproofing, a version of the inversion design has been developed and is being implemented - with the waterproofing layer located directly on the load-bearing slab under the thermal insulation layer (Fig. 20.18).

Changing the location of heat and waterproofing layers in addition to increasing the durability of the roof, it creates a number of additional economic and technological advantages. The inversion design is less massive, since there is no need to install a special foundation for the roof in the form cement-sand screed for insulation: the base for the waterproofing carpet is the load-bearing covering slab. Thanks to this arrangement of the carpet, the need to install a para-insulating layer is eliminated - the rolled carpet combines the functions of vapor and waterproofing.

Accordingly, the cost and labor costs are reduced, since the design and implementation of the interfaces of inversion roofs is simpler than that of traditional ones (Fig. 20.19). The fact that inversion roofs have so far received relatively limited use in domestic construction is due to the requirements for the physical and technical properties of insulation in such structures. It should have a low thermal conductivity coefficient of 1 3, a compressive strength of 0.25-0.5 MPa, a daily water absorption in % of volume of 0.1-0.2, be microporous and have a closed pore structure. The insulation must be hydrophobic, not allow swelling or shrinkage, and have the necessary mechanical strength. In practice, the possibility of expanding the introduction of inversion structures arises with the start of production of domestic extrusion polystyrene foam boards"Penolex", and accordingly a reduction in the volume of exports of similar insulation materials.

Operable roof terraces are installed above warm and cold attic roofs, above technical attics, and sometimes above combined roofs (Fig. 20.20). The latter option is especially often used in buildings with terraced ledges in its volumetric form. The floor of terrace roofs is designed to be flat or with a slope of no more than 1.5%, and the roof surface below it is designed with a slope of at least 3%. The most durable materials are used for roofing (for example, waterproofing). The number of layers of rolled carpet is taken to be one more than with an unused roof. A layer of hot mastic antiseptic with herbicides is applied to the surface of the carpet. They protect the carpet from the germination of plant roots from seeds and spores blown onto the roof by the wind. When constructing a roof in use using an inverted combined structure, this role is played by a filter located under the ballast and drainage gravel layer. synthetic canvas. The roof-terrace floor is made of stone or concrete slabs, sometimes lined ceramic tiles. The floor slabs are laid loosely over a drainage layer of gravel.

In some cases (for example, if a metal tile system is being installed on top of an old soft tiles) this is possible. However, it is necessary to understand that a damaged base can begin to rot and, thereby, provoke failure of the new layer. This is why we would not recommend laying new materials on top of old ones. It is better to remove the damaged building material and completely complete the required work, as required by technology.

As practice shows, the overwhelming majority of roofs in ordinary private houses are built in such a way that there is no need to dismantle the roofing base to install an additional insulating layer. If we talk about multi-apartment buildings, then the situation is different: since in multi-storey buildings When fused coatings are used, insulation becomes impossible.

If there is damage to individual structural elements, then only these parts can be replaced. In this case, the area of ​​damage should not exceed 35%. For larger problems, it is worth making a complete replacement. rafter system.

Urgent repairs are required if there is a serious violation of the tightness of the coating: it may be necessary if part of the roof is torn off, water leaks during precipitation, peeling, rupture or swelling of the roofing material.

We provide the following warranty periods:

• soft roof: 5 years
• metal roofing: 3 years
• roll and bitumen coatings: 3 years
• polymer tiles and seam roofing: 6 years.

Any leak is a problem that requires careful and timely repair. Firstly, it is important to correctly determine the cause of the leak. Secondly, when self-repair there is a risk of damaging serviceable elements located nearby. If you are not an expert in roofing work We recommend calling a specialist who will not only fix the problem, but also provide a guarantee for their services.

In order to accurately determine the cause of the appearance of water, an examination will be carried out by a specialist. You can independently determine what is causing the appearance of moisture using the following signs:

• when a leak occurs in the roof, water begins to drip in the warm season after rain, and in the cold season during sunny weather and sudden warming.
• When condensation accumulates, moisture appears constantly and is practically independent of weather conditions.

To significant disadvantages panel construction may be attributed to insufficient thermal insulation of the structure. And this question especially concerns the roof structure. Waterproofing and insulation of the roof is an issue that periodically concerns all residents panel house, especially those who live on the top floor. The appearance of cracks and cracks in the roof covering, its insufficient insulation and a thin layer lead to large heat losses in the cold season, the appearance of leaks and drafts, and a decrease in performance characteristics the entire building. Therefore, insulation of the roof of a house must be carried out in a timely manner to avoid deformation of the rafter system, which can lead to roof collapse. In the case of a flat roof, which has a base in the form concrete slab, insufficient thermal and waterproofing of the roof can lead not only to high heat loss, but also to the appearance of dampness and fungus in the rooms of the upper floors.

Types of roofing of modern panel houses

During construction panel houses most often arranged flat types roofs with various types roof coverings or attic roofs with a slight slope that prevents the accumulation of snow and moisture on the roof covering.

The most popular types of roofing for modern panel houses are roll roofing, multilayer bitumen shingles, soft roof and flexible tiles. Depending on the type roofing and the type of roof, the roof insulation technology and the type of heat insulator are selected. The following types of thermal insulation materials are used to insulate panel houses:

• polystyrene foam boards;
• mineral wool insulation;
• rigid polyurethane foam.

Technology for insulating the roof of a panel house

Most in a simple way Insulating a flat roof involves spraying one or more layers of rigid polyurethane foam. This method allows you to create a durable and moisture-resistant roof covering with good frost-resistant characteristics. The main advantage of PPU roof insulation is quick application thermal insulation coating with excellent mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity. Sprayed polyurethane foam is suitable for insulating soft roofs and roofs with big amount architectural elements. In addition to insulating the roof with polyurethane foam, there are several other ways to use the insulator, for example, to seal seams and joints and repair worn-out roofing.

Another popular method of thermal insulation is roof insulation with polystyrene foam, which is laid on the concrete roof slab in one or several layers to create waterproofing that protects the heat insulator from moisture penetration and condensation formation. Extruded polystyrene foam is suitable as insulation for all types of roofing; it is moisture resistant and lightweight thermal insulation material for roof insulation, it has high mechanical strength and frost resistance and is included in the composition roofing pie when insulating pitched roofs. Its cheaper analogue is polystyrene foam, which is used for internal insulation roofing in attic roof structures. Since some types of foam plastic are considered flammable material, mineral wool slabs are used to insulate the roof from the inside, which are attached to the sheathing and covered vapor barrier material, preventing condensation from entering the surface of the insulation.

The technology of roof insulation with mineral wool on flat and sloping roofs of panel houses is carried out in two ways, using a single-layer or two-layer roofing cake. In the first case, roll or mastic waterproofing is laid on the concrete floor, then insulation is attached: polystyrene foam or mineral wool boards, after which it is laid protective membrane and roofing covering, for example, soft roofing. The second method is to create double thermal insulation from different types insulation, which allows you to create a high roof insulation cake that prevents the concrete floor from becoming damp, and, therefore, retains heat in the rooms of the top floors.

Panel house - how to cover the roof if it is damp (flat roof - old roofing material)?

Hello! What are you going to cover with? If it’s the same roofing felt, then you need to dry the old one. If he's in poor condition, it is necessary to repair or completely remove the coating. You can try to dry it with a heat gun, but it is better to wait for favorable conditions.

Flat roofs are a fairly common roofing structure. For example, they are widely used in serial panel houses, the design of which, including the quality of laying the roofing, has always left much to be desired. The result of such structural deficiencies is poor insulation and excessive heat loss in the building. The basis of such roofs is either steel sheets or reinforced concrete slabs. It is precisely because of these shortcomings that the waterproofing of roofs with a flat base should be treated with increased attention. To successfully waterproof such roofing structures, roofing felt or mastic is traditionally used. At the same time, in last years The use of sealants for waterproofing flat roofs of panel buildings is becoming increasingly popular.

If we talk about modern flat roofs, the use of new technologies makes it possible to create roofs that are much more resistant to various negative impacts. In particular, today there are three main varieties roofing materials for flat structures:

• Roofing felt-based, including bitumen-polymer and bitumen mixtures;
• Membrane based on foil, rubber or polymers;
• Materials based on liquid polymers. They are most often used for waterproofing complex structures.

The listed materials fully comply with the requirements that are put forward to ensure high-quality waterproofing roofing structure. In this regard, the decisive factor in this matter is the quality of work performed and the use of appropriate modern technologies. For example, when using sheet material Special attention attention should be paid to the tightness of the joints; in the case of a liquid material, the uniformity of the layer must be ensured. In addition, in any case, it is necessary to fully comply with the technology for connecting waterproofing with various parts of a flat roof. The most popular materials for roof waterproofing are roofing felt, sealant and mastic. Today, roofing felt can hardly be called a relevant material, while various mastics and stable sealants remain indispensable.

Mastic materials are polyurethane elastic resins. They polymerize on the roofing surface as a result of exposure to moist air. Ultimately, the flat roof is covered with a layer of rubber membrane, which has high waterproofing characteristics. At the same time, waterproofing mastic is an almost universal material. It can be used not only for residential roofs that have a flat base, but also to provide protection for a variety of older slate or tile roofs. You can also insulate terraces, balconies and garages with mastic. Another advantage of mastic is the ease of work. To apply it, you can use a brush, roller or spray it. The uniformity and thickness of layers can be controlled by the use of mastics that have radical color differences.

If we talk about the use of moisture-resistant sealants for waterproofing flat roofs, then this material turns out to be indispensable in the case of severe weather conditions, which are accompanied by frequent downpours, squalls, hail and strong temperature changes. In addition, such a sealant is the best option for waterproofing round pipes located on the roof.

Many of us live in standard panel “nine-story buildings,” of which a great many have been built since the seventies. At the same time, a very small number of people are interested in what exactly the building in which they live is, limiting their interests only to their apartment. And I have always been interested in how the ecosystem called “home” works.

As a child, I climbed into basements, walked from basement to basement through the windows of the heating main, looked with a flashlight into black windows overgrown with cobwebs, opened closed doors attic hatches. I was interested in everything. The structures, smells and sounds of the roofs and basements indicated that the house was not just apartments, but a whole complex of complex systems.

And in general, this complements and changes ideas about what a city is and what a person is.

So, today’s walk is on the roof of a nine-story building; the same one that I first climbed in 1995.

02. The last floor in the entrance looks like this. It has an unusually high ceiling and these welded metal stairs leading to the rooftop exit.

03. To the left of the elevator (directly above the entrance to the apartments) there is such a hatch. I believe it has something to do with the maintenance of elevator equipment.

04. We go up the metal ladder. It is very inconvenient - you can immediately see that it is not designed for everyday use.

05. The direct exit to the roof is covered with a sheet metal shield, which is screwed to the base using welded bolts and nuts screwed onto them. Carefully unscrew it (and after visiting the roof, carefully screw it back in).

06. We go up another flight of stairs. It's even more uncomfortable than the previous one.

07. And here we are at the top. The first thing that catches your eye is the ventilation “fungus” of the garbage chute shaft, as well as the concrete decorative elements that cover the entrance windows.

08. Let's look back. In 1995, this exit to the roof was closed not with a metal shield, but with such a thick wooden door on hinges (I think of blue color), covered with tin. You can even see the remains of her box there.

09. The block itself, from which we came out onto the roof, looks like this. In addition to the exit itself, there is also an elevator room with elevator equipment machines.

10. Elevator ventilation window. The blocks here are finished with the same crushed stone as the entire house.

11. This one concrete structure in the foreground is the exit of the apartment ventilation. Have you seen such grates in your bathroom and kitchen? They lead to a ventilation shaft that ends on the roof with something like this. TV network wires are passed through the reinforcing rings of the shaft cover.

12. The inside of the mine looks like this. Pretty clean, by the way. There is also a very specific smell here. It smells like some old oil, something like cutlets, some kind of buckwheat - the smell of dozens of kitchens. I remembered this smell very well during my very first visit to the roof. At that time, by the way, the mines were dirtier and from there, along with the flows, warm air Some flakes were flying.

13. The entire roof and all surfaces on it are covered with this kind of roofing material for waterproofing. It is quite modern, grayish, and feels almost indestructible from temperature changes. When I was here for the first time, there was this old black roofing material lying here, swollen in places from the heat and cracked from the frost.

By the way, I don’t know what this block is in the center of the frame.

14. Water drain. They are located throughout the roof in such peculiar lowlands. Have you ever seen how, when it rains, water flows from such a bent pipe that looks out from the block under the first floor of a nine-story building? This pipe starts high on the roof with a drain like this.

14. But this metal tube is a cable channel brought out.

15. Now there is cable television in this house, but once there were large receiving antennas here, I remember them from my first visit to the roof.

Another cable channel, with parts of some kind of fastening equipment - maybe this is what the supporting straps of the antennas were attached to.

16. Some residents install satellite dishes on the roof, using the wall of such an elevation, formed due to the difference in height of different parts of the house. The elevation, by the way, is now covered with waterproofing, but I remember a time when there was just a bare wall here (it seems, even laid with brick for some reason), and a wooden ladder led from here to the higher part of the house.

17. View from the roof.

18. These wires on insulators are most likely the electrical network.

19. Some kind of metal structure at the exit from another entrance. I believe that these are the remains of a homemade antenna.

20. General form on the roof of the house. The artificial “lowland” of water drainage is clearly visible here.

21. Remains of some kind of cable. Most likely - part of the repair winch.

22. Isn’t it scary to walk on the roof? It's scary. The fence that seemed to me in childhood reliable protection, now it turned out to be very low and small.

23. And in some places these “railings” from the corner even end completely.

24. So let's look at the corner of the house and, perhaps, go down.

25. The most pleasant thing about walking on the roofs is to be back on the ground. Or even so - to end up on earth in the way that was originally planned :)