Roof with different types of covering. Roofing materials: modern types of roof coverings

The roof is a structure that serves as the end of the house in its upper part

Roof construction is one of the most important points in the process of building a house. When installing a roof, it is very important to follow the roofing installation technology, violation of which can lead to troubles: heat loss, leakage, or even distortion and destruction of the entire roofing frame. In order for a roof to cope with its protective functions, it must be built correctly.

The roof is an essential element of any building. Regardless of the type of roof and the materials from which it is made, this design must be durable and perform its main functions. The main purpose of each roof is to protect the building from any weather, and in the case of the attic floor, to serve as a high-quality hydro- and heat insulator.

Designed according to expected loads and architectural features building, the roof structure will not only decorate the structure, but will also provide it with reliable protection. The more carefully the design of the roof is thought out and the calculations of the parameters of the constituent elements of its design are more accurately carried out, the more practical it will be during further operation.

Based on the slope of the roofing system, they can be pitched or flat. The latter are installed horizontally or with a slope not exceeding 3%. Pitched roofs consist of inclined planes intersecting at their peaks - slopes.

The slope of such roofs is calculated based on the roofing material used. So, when covering a roof with ceramic tiles, the slope is determined by the ratio 1:2, and if it is covered with metal tiles - 1:3 (L = 16). Roofs with a slope angle of 15% or more are classified as steep, and up to 15% - flat.

What parts does the roofing system of buildings consist of?

Regardless of the features of the structure on which the roof is planned to be installed, its structure is assembled from the following main elements:

• Mauerlat;
• rafter system;
• sheathing;
• waterproofing;
• thermal insulation;
• vapor barrier;
• roofing material.

Mauerlat acts as a solid foundation for the roof structure. This is the top frame made of beams made of wood or reinforced concrete. The beams must be firmly fixed to the walls of the structure. The upper surface of the beams or wooden logs must be horizontal, since the remaining structural elements will be mounted on it in the future. To protect the wood of the beams from moisture, several layers of roofing material can be laid on them.

It is the most important part of the roof structure, determining its shape, as well as providing the necessary protection and stability to the entire building. Often, the features of a given roof element determine its type and shape and allow the creation of unique roofing systems. Rafters must withstand not only weather conditions, but also total weight roofs. Typically, the size of the timber for the frames of rafter systems is 5x15 cm.

Important!

To distribute the load evenly, the rafter beams are reinforced with additional supports: spacers laid on the mauerlat parallel to the rafters, vertical posts, inclined struts, as well as ridge and side girders located across the rafter beams.

To attach the roofing material, a sheathing of small strips or boards is laid on the rafters. Wooden boards located at a certain distance from each other, depending on the type of roofing material. If the roof roll type, the step of laying the sheathing should be no more than 1 cm. For metal tiles or polycarbonate sheets, the optimal step is about 60 cm.

For waterproofing, namely protecting the roof from moisture penetration from the outside, a layer of special film is used. It can be placed under or on top of the sheathing, avoiding excessive tension and sagging of the layer. At the joints of the fabric, the films are overlapped with a size of 20 cm and firmly secured with construction tape.

Exists big choice thermal insulation materials for roof insulation. They can be laid or sprayed between rafter joists without leaving any gaps. Uneven distribution of insulation can negatively affect the quality of the thermal insulation layer and lead to a decrease in its performance characteristics.

Important!

To prevent accumulation in the roofing system excess moisture It is necessary to install special gaps to ensure sufficient ventilation.

To protect against penetration of moisture into the roof from inside the structure, the insulation is covered with another layer of film. Special membrane films are designed in such a way as to absorb water vapor without leaking into the roof. Subsequently, the absorbed moisture gradually evaporates.

The very top part and face of the roof is the roofing material. To cover the roof, metal tile sheets, slate, corrugated sheets, and roofing steel are mainly used. Roofing is less commonly made from polycarbonate, ceramic tiles, glass.

Types of roofing structures depending on shape

There are a wide variety of roofing options in terms of shape. IN modern construction mainly the installation of pitched roofs is carried out. Horizontal structures cannot fully protect the structure from adverse weather conditions. A lot of snow lingers on their surface, and when it rains, moisture can seep into the building.

Pitched roofs vary in the number of slopes. The simplest and most economical roof design with one slope. Frame system Such a roof is mounted on the walls of a house with a certain slope, due to the fact that they have different heights. On the attic floor with such a roof it will not be possible to equip residential attic. And the building with such a roof looks rather rustic. Such polycarbonate roofs are often built on terraces, balconies, and verandas.

Gable

Gable (gable) roofs are widely used in the construction of a wooden house in the suburbs or private developments in small towns. Often it can be country houses. The 2 slopes of such a roof are connected to each other by means of a ridge - a horizontal rib. This type of roofing is the most common and most practical. The space under such a roof, limited on the sides by parts of the walls of the structure, can be used as an attic or attic. The building can be given an original look by installing slopes that differ in width or slope angle.

Types of hip roofs

Very reliable and robust construction made in the European style is a hip roof (Dutch). Its frame consists of 4 slopes: 2 triangular in shape, located instead of pediments, and 2 trapezoidal slopes. Installing such a roof is a rather complex and time-consuming process, but the result justifies the effort.

Advice!

Sometimes, in order to achieve a triangle shape on the unused part of the pediment, its lower part is covered with a slope. A window is usually installed in this part.

Even more difficult to implement is the half-hip type of roof. This roof has truncated triangular slopes located above the trapezoidal ones. In addition to additional attractiveness, it is characterized by high functional qualities. In addition, the half-hip design allows you to arrange quite a big window.

Tent frame roof is also a variety of the hip type. It is formed by three or more slopes, their peaks connecting at the top at one point. The peculiarity of this roof is the absence of a ridge. Symmetrical triangular slopes create an impressive appearance design. This type of roof is usually used in polygonal or square shaped houses.

Multi-pincer design

A multi-gable frame roof is suitable for installation in polygonal structures. This type of roof is a rather complex structure and requires a carefully thought out, precisely drawn up plan.

To install a residential attic, a broken-type roof is installed on the attic floor. The fractures of its slopes have a significant angle of inclination, which ensures the formation of large free space under the roof.

Dome roof structure

Rounded roofs in the form of a cone or dome are not installed along the entire perimeter of the building. They cover such building elements as decorative turrets or rounded terraces.

Combined roof options

Combined roof designs can combine a wide variety of frame types.

Combined roofing may include various elements of hip roofs. The multi-gable design can be equipped with a large number of compact glass windows, small balconies, as well as verandas or terraces made of polycarbonate. Thus, they allow you to embody the most daring and original design solutions. Their main disadvantage is complex installation and rather expensive maintenance.

What type of roofing system to choose for a private home

A wide variety of types are used in construction practice. Basically, the projection of a particular type of roof depends on the wishes and financial capabilities of the home owner. Currently, it is possible to install the most unusual roofing systems: glass, metal, polycarbonate, ceramic or metal tiles.

By giving preference to any type of roof, the owner of a private house thereby determines the features of the future frame rafter system. It is also taken into account what weather conditions the building will be in, how it is planned to be used attic space. If a residential attic is planned, the desired number of rooms in the space under the roof, as well as their purpose, are taken into account.

Roof covering materials

Various building materials are used to cover roofing structures: rigid and bendable, piece and in rolls, profiled and flat. Some are used for roofing a small house, others for a multi-story city building, and others for commercial buildings.

Sheet roofing:

• metal tile sheets;
• corrugated sheeting;
• ondulin (euro slate, aqualin);
• slate;
• copper seam sheets, as well as aluminum or steel.

Corrugated sheets and metal tiles are valued primarily for their durability. Slate is more budget option. Seam roofing, unlike metal tiles, is more often used when covering industrial buildings.

Soft types of materials:

• flexible tiles. A multi-tongue structure is mainly mounted from it;
• roll roofing (glass insulation, waterproofing);
• membrane roofing (EPDM, TPO, PVC), for example, polycarbonate sheets.

Piece materials:

• ceramic tiles;
• bulk (mastic);
• slate roofing.

In construction country houses polycarbonate covers are often installed. Thanks to its features, the roof is durable and light. This material characterized by strength and lightness, transmits daylight and is an alternative to glass coverings. Polycarbonate roofing is used in the construction of terraces, attics, verandas, and greenhouses. Due to the presence of air chambers, polycarbonate sheets have high sound insulation and excellent heat retention indoors. In addition, the cost of polycarbonate is lower than glass coatings.

Functions and types of roof eaves structures

The overhang of the cornice protruding beyond the perimeter of the walls of the house is intended to protect against precipitation. Cornice elements mask the connection line inner surface the roof slopes with the walls of the house and make the facade of the building complete.

Cornice overhangs are installed on the sides of the building and on the side of its facade due to the protruding edges of the inclined slopes. The overhang of the side cornice is usually 50 cm, the front one - about 1 m.

To ensure the safe operation of the front cornice, it is necessary to take a responsible approach to the choice of materials.

Important!

An important point when finishing the cornice is to ensure sufficient ventilation, regardless of the type of design chosen and the size of the cornice.

In total, the number of ventilation holes should be up to 1/400 of the area internal space.

Types of roof frames

The roof frame system is an important load-bearing element of any building. Depending on the materials used, roofing frames are divided into the following types:

• a concrete frame structure is used for the manufacture of flat or gently sloping single-slope systems and consists of special slabs;
• roofing system rafter type is a frame made of lumber. This option is optimal for installing various types of pitched roofs;
• in industrial houses it is advisable to install metal frames roofs made from durable metal beams;

When constructing private houses, frame gable roofing made of lumber is mainly used.

Important!

The roof frame is subject to heavy loads during operation. To ensure the safety and reliable protection of the building, it must be as durable and high quality as possible.

To construct the roof of a multi-storey apartment building, metal or concrete lean-to structures are more often used.

The choice of roof shape and type of roofing material is largely determined by the features of the architectural configuration of the structure, weather conditions, the planned direction of water flow, as well as the individual preferences of the home owner. Regardless of the type of roof, if desired, it can be supplemented and old elements can be replaced with new ones.

Ksenia Skvortsova. Chief Editor. Author.
Planning and distribution of responsibilities in the content production team, working with texts.
Education: Kharkov State Academy Cultures, specialty “Culturologist.” Teacher of history and cultural theory." Experience in copywriting: From 2010 to the present. Editor: since 2016.

The variety of roofs misleads the average person who is inexperienced in construction.

When considering roof options, it is difficult to determine what exactly is needed for a future structure and which one is appropriate to build in a particular case.

In addition, you want the roof to be not only beautiful, but also strong, durable, and meet all requirements. The variety of designs allows architectural designers to turn all the most unpredictable projects into reality.

There are different types of roofs of private houses, we will talk about them now.

A pitched roof is a rectangular plane resting on opposite load-bearing walls.

There is a pitched roof:

• Ventilated;
• unventilated.

Design Features

Directly depends on the slope. Since the slope of the structure is affected not only finishing coat, and the peculiarity of climatic conditions, then all these values ​​​​should be calculated correctly.

An important indicator for the design of any roof is also the total load.

Slope angle

Directly depends on the coating material: coatings differ in their ability to retain snow precipitation.

It is recommended to select materials for covering a pitched roof based on their ability to self-clean from snow.

Moreover, depending on natural features, in places where winds prevail, the area is not sufficiently protected by trees, it is recommended to change the angle of the slope.

Options for a pitched roof truss system

WITH tropic roof structure with one slope can be:

• Sliding;
• layered;
• hanging.

It is most often made from wooden elements for various purposes.

Rafter system of a pitched roof

Installation features

The installation of a single-pitched rafter structure is carried out on the Mauerlat.

If a hanging frame is being installed, a truss is first made on the ground. The entire structure is manufactured according to a given template.

The roof can be equipped with an insulation system. To do this, install the elements necessary for a warm roof.

The final covering of the roof is a protective covering material.

Advantages and disadvantages of a pitched roof

Despite the ease of installation, uncomplicated design, single slope system has its own characteristics.

Advantages:

• Inexpensive design;
• ease of installation;
• resistance to strong winds.

Repair work during operation at pitched roof It’s not difficult to produce and not too expensive.

Flaws:

• The need for snow removal;
• low height of the attic space. The advantages of this type are strength and reliability in terms of resistance to the vagaries of the weather.

Shed roof

Gable roof

The design, which consists of two slopes, is called gable.

Gable structures can be classified according to the location of the slopes:

• symmetrical;
• asymmetrical;
• broken;
• multi-level;
• gable with a ridge on the slope.

In addition, other configurations of gable roofs can be designed: sloping from one slope, double sloping, with extended canopies or extensions.

Design options

Particular attention is paid to the load.

Besides, The angle of inclination is important in accordance with the coating.

Quite simple, with the correct determination of all indicators (angle, roof load, natural load) the roof will be reliable and durable.

Tilt angle

The average amount of snowfall in the region is taken into account when calculating the roof load. Besides, the strength of the wind currents affects the slope of the slope.

At different slopes For various materials corresponds certain . All materials have their own indicators.

Rafter system

It can have a layered, hanging, or combined design.

The rafter structure option is selected based on the span between the external walls. In addition to the rafter beams, the structural elements of the rafter system are: ridge, Mauerlat, crossbar, tie rods, and other elements.

Each of the additional elements distributes the load, fixes or strengthens the more vulnerable parts of the structure.

Gable roof rafter system

Installation

When installing a gable roof basic steps need to be followed:

• Install beams;
• secure the sheathing;
• install roofing.

If the rafter legs are lengthened, additional slats are installed under the overhang.

Advantages and disadvantages

The gable roof is the most common roofing model.

This is due to the advantage of this design:

• Possibility of arranging an attic;
• there is no need to clear the snow cover yourself;
• simple project;
• variety of coatings.

Flaws:

• Dependence of roof height on span;
• when arranging an attic room, additional reinforcement of the structure and the installation of window systems and heating elements are required.

A gable roof is not the best complex design, and when fully equipped, it is the most in demand.

Gable roof

Hip roof

It is a four-slope structure. The slopes consist of triangles and trapezoids.

Modified design hip system called half-hip. There are Dutch and Danish half-hip designs.

Design Features

The project has quite painstaking calculations, since the design itself is not simple.

Particular attention should be paid to the moments:

• calculate each slope separately;
• correctly calculate the length of the rafters and ridge;
• take into account the area of ​​windows and chimneys;
• calculate the load correctly.

ATTENTION!

The same material should be used for the frame and ridge beam. This feature must be taken into account in the project.

Project costs should include additional elements and additional details for roof installation.

Slope angle

The slope angle is affected by wind and snow. This type of structure can be arranged at an angle from 5° to 60°. The dependence on natural indicators is directly proportional.

You should remember the features of laying roofing: the recommended performance of each coating directly depends on the angle of the slope.

In addition to the main rafter legs, it consists of elements: a mauerlat, a ridge, slanting legs, and other important parts that provide strength and participate in the distribution of the load.

Hip roof rafter system

Installation features

Includes sequence of fastening elements:

• Mauerlat;
• beams;
• racks;
• mowed legs. Next, other elements are installed in order, including the sheathing.

Advantages and disadvantages

Hip structures, in addition to their presentable appearance and structural strength has a number of advantages:

• the inclination of the ribs reduces the wind load;
• Due to the design feature, the area increases, which has a positive effect on heat transfer.

The disadvantages of a hip roof are its complexity and cost..

Hip roof

Mansard (broken) roof

This is a type of construction in which the slopes are refracted with a change in the slope angle of the slope.

An attic sloping roof can have from two to four slopes.

It can be layered or hanging.

The schematic structure of the attic can be in the form:

• Square;
• rectangle;
• a combined figure combining a triangle and a square.

The most common type of broken structure is a gable roof.

Design options

At should be guided by the requirements, which are provided during installation:

• The roof height should be designed at least 2.2 m;
• choose materials that are lighter in weight;
• take into account struts and tightening due to the length of the rafters.

A sloping roof provides for the arrangement of an attic, so it is advisable to use quality materials for insulation and providing air exchange to the roof.

Tilt angle

When calculating the slope angle, it is necessary to start from the height of the attic.

• Influence of atmospheric influences;
• type of roofing.

The best option for a sloping roof with an attic is a project in which the upper slopes are located at an angle of 30°, and the lower ones at an angle of 60°.

Rafter system

In attic structures, the frame is equipped with the following elements:

• Mauerlat;
• beams;
• frame racks;
• runs. These and other elements create a solid foundation for arranging the attic.

Mansard roof rafter system

Installation

When installing the rafter base, one part of the frame is first made, starting with the racks and layered rafters, and then, like it, all the rest.

After installing all the elements, they are fastened with purlins.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage of a sloping roof is the arrangement of additional premises.

Among the disadvantages of a sloping roof is its cost. Since this requires a lot of materials for insulation, installing special windows is not a cheap pleasure.

But the costs of arranging an attic cannot exceed the construction of an additional extension or increasing the area of ​​the house.

Mansard roof

Flat roof

A structure that is a plane lying on the load-bearing walls of a structure. This system does not have an attic.

Can be exploited or unexploited.

Besides, depending on the characteristics of the coating flat systems can be divided into:

• inversion;
• green;
• breathable.

They all have their own characteristics.

Design Features

At the stage design you should correctly calculate the load of the snow cover, as well as all materials used, and take into account the drainage system.

Slope angle

The roof must have the necessary. Its angle is up to 5°. This feature contributes to high-quality drainage.

Rafter location options

The flat roof frame includes the following elements:

• Mauerlat;
• support bars;
• plywood or OSB flooring.

Flat roof rafter system

Installation

It is important to organize the arrangement of drains. Attention should be paid to the system being used: it is important to choose the right type of flooring and the right layers to ensure a favorable microclimate.

Advantages and disadvantages

Flat roofs are positively characterized by price and low labor costs, and the possibility of arranging additional recreation areas is a productive distribution of space.

The disadvantages are: accumulation of snow, inability to determine the condition roofing pie, the need to equip an internal water drainage system.

Flat roof

Hip roof

Represents a system triangular slopes, connected at one vertex.

By features frame structure Hip roofs can be layered or hanging. In addition, tent structures also come in other types.

Design options

Main design directions tent system are:

• Calculation of slope angle;
• choice of roofing;
• calculation of the height of the ridge connection.

An important step is calculating the load on the truss structure. If insulation is assumed, the load of the layers of the cake is calculated.

Tilt angle

The slope of the slopes directly depends on the type of roofing and climatic conditions. Reducing the slope should be done when strong winds prevail at the building site.

Rafter system

The elements of the rafter system of a hip roof are:

• Mauerlat;
• floor beams;
• mowing boards;
  puffs;
• props.

These and other elements together provide the strength and stability of the frame.

Hip roof rafter system

Installation features

Installation of a tent system involves arranging a rafter system and laying an insulation system for the roof.

The rafter system should be erected before installing the ceiling of the building.

Installation of the rafter system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat or strapping. Next, the system is built step by step, starting with rafter boards, installing racks and other elements, ending with trusses and struts.

Advantages and disadvantages

The attractiveness of a hip roof makes you forget about its shortcomings. The disadvantages are the small area for the attic and the complexity of installation. The advantage is the aerodynamic properties and strength of the system.

Hip roof

Multi-gable roof

The complex structure of a multi-gable roof consists of many parts, protrusions, and elements. Perhaps one of the most complex designs.

They are determined by a combination of certain types of roofs collected together. Roof corners can be pointed or hipped.

Design options

A difficult task for project development, especially if the roofing elements have different configurations. In this case, each element should be calculated separately.

Particular attention should be paid to the rafter system.

• Use lightweight materials;
• do not skimp on waterproofing;
• take care of high-quality beams for the rafters.

The complexity of the project lies in planning the arrangement of window systems.

The structure itself is the covering of the attic of the house, so it is quite durable, practically not subject to atmospheric influence.

Rafter location

The stage of constructing a multi-tongue system is the most difficult stage. Each part must be installed separately. For rafters you should choose only high-quality wood.

The basic part of the structure is the Mauerlat. The rest are attached to it structural elements: rafter legs, reinforcing beams and supports.

Multi-gable roof rafter system

Installation features

In addition to the complexity of installing the roof frame, the multi-gable system has a weak spot, which should be properly protected from moisture: This is the angle of connection of the slopes.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantage of a multi-gable roof is originality and attractiveness. But you have to pay in full for such beauty: equipping such a system is an expensive pleasure.

Multi-gable roof

Conical roof

The conical roof structure has the shape of a cone. Enough rare view roofs, since the installation of such systems is carried out on round-shaped houses.

Cone-shaped roofs can be full or incomplete.

Design options

Most often, conical shapes serve as decoration.. They do not carry a functional load. You need to know the diameter of the base of the cone and the length of the slope. When calculating the area of ​​the cone, the amount of materials needed is determined.

Slope angle

The slope angle of a cone-shaped roof is calculated using the tangent formula. In this case, it is necessary to know the height of the cone and the length of the rafter leg.

Rafter system

The conical roof frame system is a hanging fan type. Use additional elements: beams, braces, sheathing, additional beams.

Conical roof rafter system

Installation

Installation is carried out by laying the rafter legs in the form of a fan. They rest on purlins, as well as a ring element at the top. The base is the mauerlat. Next, the base is assembled in a certain way with the help of additional elements.

CAREFULLY!

Boards as sheathing are not suitable for the cone type. In this case, install flexible types of PVC pipes

Advantages and disadvantages

Confrontation with any weather events- one of the advantages of a conical roof. Increased strength and originality are the undoubted advantages of this type of roofing.

Difficulty of installation high consumption materials, the impossibility of installing an attic due to the lack of windows allows the installation of such systems only to decorate the roof.

Conical roof

Which roof is better

The roof design, first of all, must correspond to the architecture of the building.

The choice of roofing is determined according to factors:

• Financial opportunity;
• climate features;
• individual preferences;
• the need for an attic.

Before deciding on a home protection option, you should consider different options.

Roof options

Useful video

In this video you will learn what types of roofs there are:

When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with flat design- These are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. The exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.

The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.

A pitched roof can be very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name suggests, attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. Russian hut, and most types in general traditional home All countries and peoples have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.

Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

A combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. Based on the relative position of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, and wooden beams with continuous flooring can be used.

The roof structure of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab covering is multilayer

The area of ​​flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a roof conversion program public buildings to gardens and lawns.

In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps, the only thing, which is relatively expensive - a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.

The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Single-pitch roofing

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge; for non-ventilated roofing coverings (for example, flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and the ventilation holes can be located in the filing. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. The maximum wear and tear on roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice remain there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. Other things being equal pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: a simpler rafter system, a minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project standard house with a pitched roof. The high slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

Simple materials were used to build this country house: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting

Gable design

The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports

A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure of a frame house and allows rational use of the space on the upper floor.

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer

A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°

Hip view

A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. One of the positive properties of the hip structure is the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple-shaped hipped attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.

Windows in a hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roof covering. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.

Dormer windows of this type are called “bull’s eye”

Multi-slope variety

They call it hip hipped roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct

A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types of roof windows at once.

Attic construction

Mansard roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which have one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.

The rafter structure of the gable mansard roof has been assembled.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (strings), racks, and rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically

Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are recouped by increasing the area of ​​normal height by attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape

Roofs of complex shapes

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks,” complex roofs are rarely found in the architecture of individual residential buildings.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” of different types.

This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs

But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.

A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

A simple but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings; sheet materials are more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows minimum slopes roofs for different types of roofing coverings

For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with a complex curved shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money you will have to spend. Any developer can handle a gable roof. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.

Ceramic tiles have enough long term services. AND the best confirmation is that old tiles are often used to restore buildings. In addition, archaeological finds also confirm the long service life of this roofing material. The age of some samples, for example, exceeds 5 thousand years.

It is better to solve this problem by replacing the slate sheet, but it is quite difficult to cope with this alone. The fastest and easiest solution would be to lay slate on the damaged area or seal it(es). If nail holes are visible on the slate, they can also be sealed; Alternatively, you can solder a piece of roofing felt using a torch.

The load on the roof can range from 70 kg to 200 kg per 1 m² of horizontal projection. What is typical is that the roof - regardless of exactly how much it weighs - must also withstand so-called temporary loads, which include repair work, a layer of snow in winter time and its (snow) cleaning.

Soft roofing has its drawbacks, and significant ones at that. Thus, it is not always possible to completely seal the vapor barrier layer, because water vapor entering the layer of insulating material accumulates there (after all, due to the dense waterproofing carpet, moisture does not evaporate). Over time, the moisture accumulated in the insulation begins to flow down and wet spots appear on the ceiling. In addition, moisture freezes at sub-zero temperatures, its volume increases, and the waterproofing, as a result, comes off from the base. Even during operation, the waterproofing is subjected to mechanical/climatic influences, which is why cracks appear on it. Through these cracks, water enters the house, and it is sometimes quite difficult to detect and eliminate the cause of such leaks.

Hanging rafters are those that rest on only two external walls. This is a variety roof trusses, to which the attic floor is attached. If the span in the hanging rafters exceeds 6 meters, then a vertical hanging beam is additionally attached between the upper ends of the rafter legs. If the span varies from 6 to 12 meters, then the rafter structure is supplemented with struts, which reduces the length of the rafter legs.

To ensure a long service life and optimal conditions for using metal tiles, it is necessary to periodically inspect the roof. To keep the polymer coating clean, rainwater is often enough, but fallen leaves and other contaminants are not washed off in all cases. Therefore, the surface must be cleaned at least once a year. The same applies to drainage systems.

To remove dirt and darkening of the surface, use water and a soft brush. You can clean the roof with a jet of water (the pressure should not exceed 50 bar), and to remove stubborn dirt, use detergents intended for painted polymer coatings. Before starting work, be sure to read the instructions for the detergent to make sure that it is exactly suitable for the surface. If the stains are not removed, you can try to remove them with a piece of cloth moistened with alcohol. The roof must be washed, moving from top to bottom, so that detergent completely washed away. Then the surface and drainage systems washed with water.

As for the snow, it is usually rolled off the roof, and what remains is fully consistent with the load-bearing capacity of the structure.

It is important that the material that will be used for roof insulation has good thermal insulation characteristics and is:

• safe(that is, it did not include harmful substances);
• effective(insulation material must meet all energy efficiency requirements);
• reliable(the original properties of the heat insulator should not be lost throughout the entire operational life of the structure).

The main function of a vapor barrier is to prevent the appearance of a “dew point” inside the building. For those who don’t know, the “dew point” means the temperature at which the air humidity level is more than 100%, as a result of which excess moisture turns into dew (condensation occurs) and freezes. Moreover, this causes the appearance of mold and mildew - both inside the roofing pie and in the building itself.

It is difficult to overestimate all the advantages of a thatched roof. It’s cool underneath in the summer and warm in the winter, the building itself “breathes” and generally lives a quiet, peaceful life. Also, the sounds of rain in the presence of such a roof are “extinguished”; it is characterized by resistance to winds and other atmospheric influences. In addition to all this, a thatched roof allows you to significantly save money on the foundation and ceiling, since they will not need to be designed for heavy loads.

A thatched roof can be laid on a roof of absolutely any design; there are no restrictions in terms of shape in this case. Finally, the service life of such a roof reaches 50 years. There is no point in talking about the uniqueness of the design!

We have safely said goodbye to the period of global shortages. The times when those wishing to arrange Vacation home or the dacha had to choose between slate and roofing felt. The number of domestic coating options has significantly increased.

Their ranks are persistently crowded by foreign products, tempting with undeniable technical and aesthetic advantages. In order not to get lost in the “forest” of trade offers, when choosing materials for roofing, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the characteristic features of the types in demand.

The buyer’s natural dream is a beautiful roof that has not been “crying out” for repair for fifty years, with a price below the expected limit. This utopia is tenderly cherished by the romantics of the building materials segment. The average consumer has silently accepted the fact that you have to pay for long-term use and presentability. Moreover, everyone understands perfectly well that by purchasing expensive material, they save significantly on current and major repairs.

Price is not an issue for those who have the necessary amount. But the lack of funds forces us to pay attention to cheap options. Especially if laying a new coating needs to be done in an emergency. However, even when choosing an inexpensive material, you can consider the prospect of its further use as waterproofing or a base for the subsequent installation of a more attractive coating.

If we do not put cost issues on the right flank, then consumers are interested in slightly different criteria:

• Decorative indicators.
• Operational and technical pros and cons. These include wear resistance, response to atmospheric influences, guaranteed and real service life.
• Ease of installation, the specifics of constructing the base for the coating and the subtleties of the installation process, which greatly occupies independent home craftsmen.
• Maintainability, including the ability to carry out ongoing operations to restore the roof with your own hands.
• Ease of transportation with a minimum amount of damaged material when moving it to the site.

Let’s look at the types of rigid roofing available on the market today, taking into account the listed consumer issues. Analysis is a separate topic. For convenience, we will divide rigid representatives into groups according to structural parameters and installation methods.

Natural and artificial stone

Roofing coverings made from natural or artificial stone belong to the category of piece materials. They are painstakingly attached with individual tiles or sheets to the wooden sheathing of pitched rafter systems. The materials are distinguished by their considerable mass, although within the “stone” class there are variations in specific gravity. For the most part, they significantly increase the weight of the home being furnished. In connection with this circumstance, the presence of a powerful foundation and load-bearing walls capable of supporting a heavy stone roof is predetermined.

Slate tiles or natural slate

Slate roofing is made by painstakingly chipping individual sheets from monolithic blocks of shale. They prick along lamellar and elongated minerals. The labor-intensive process of dividing natural raw materials into tiles is included in the cost of the material, so it is difficult to classify it as a budget coating.

Slate tiles vary in size and shape; thickness can range from 3 to 9mm. Differences in dimensions and the natural stone surface give the finished roof, built according to the principle of fish scales, originality. The color of the plates depends on the location of the extraction of shale blocks. Often dark gray tiles are on sale, less often material with a greenish or brownish tint is found.

Technical and operational advantages identified high density rocks compressed under natural conditions, including:

• Minimal water absorption, characteristic of a material with a small number of pores.
• Frost resistance, closely related to the ability to not allow water to pass through. Since water does not penetrate into the thickness of the shale, it means that it will not be able to destroy the plates, turning into ice in frost.
• Excellent insulating qualities.
• Inert to UV and chemical aggression.
• The hardness of real stones. The material cannot be punctured and cannot be damaged by impact.
• Fire resistance.
• Insignificant values ​​of thermal linear expansion.

The list of disadvantages includes price, difficult installation technology that requires the participation of experienced roofers, and weight, which requires strengthening the foundation and rafter structure. The sheathing pitch is marked according to the dimensions of the plates. Slate tiles are laid in rows on pitched roofs of any architecture, taking into account prevailing winds. The optimal slope slope is 35-45º.

To install the covering on a roof with a slope of less than 22º, a continuous sheathing with a waterproofing carpet is installed. Fix the tiles with copper nails into the grooves formed by the manufacturer.

The service life of slate coatings is calculated in centuries. The stone tolerates transportation well. The owner can replace tiles torn off by heavy winds with his own hands without any problems.

Good old ceramic tiles

Roofing ceramics are produced by sintering finely dispersed kaolin clay pressed into molds with mineral additives. As a result, ordinary and shaped shards with specified sizes and stone hardness are obtained. Adherents of clay tiles have at their disposal 14 tile profile options, for each of which ridge, walk-through, eaves, valley and other extensions are specially produced. The selection of the profile depends on the angle of inclination of the roof slopes.

The color of the material is determined by the composition of the pigments introduced during manufacturing and the firing temperature. You can buy a ceramic coating from a grayish-yellow tint to a brick-brown color with a matte or glossy exterior. The effectiveness of tiled roofs is simply undeniable.

The list of “stone” priorities is complemented by tiles with their own advantages, these are:

• Ability to pass household fumes.
• Weight, lighter than slate tiles.
• Possibility to reuse dismantled ceramics.

An impressive disadvantage of the material is its fragility, which upsets installers and carriers. I'm not happy with the price of the add-ons, which significantly increase the cost of the roof covering kit.

When installing insulated roofs with high slopes, a diffusion membrane is laid under the tiles. The sheathing pitch is calculated so that one tile rests on two laths. For laying on low slopes, a continuous sheathing is constructed, which is covered with built-up waterproofing. The maximum degrees of low and high slopes depend on the type of profile.

The shards are laid loosely, hooking the spike of the back side onto the lath. However, roofers advise additionally screwing the tiles with copper wire. Shaped parts are fixed with screws or clamps. Impeccably laid tiles will last for more than a century; you can replace a damaged element in the current mode yourself.

Sand and cement tiles

Concrete tiles are produced by pouring cement-sand mortar into molds. When hardened it turns into fake diamond required configuration. The outer side is equipped with mineral granulate or acrylic shell to protect the tiles from atmospheric attacks. Concrete tiles are produced in a variety of profile shapes and colors. True, the palette is inferior to the color range of ceramics.

Specific Features:

• The material is lighter and cheaper than traditional tiles, but its tiles are thicker.
• There is inherent thermal linear expansion, which must be taken into account during installation.
• Quite massive elements require precise alignment of the rafter system. Deviations in the plane of the rafter legs should not exceed 2 mm per meter.

Concrete tiles are suitable for arranging pitched roofs. Valleys and overhangs are reinforced with strips of roofing steel. The pitch of the sheathing is determined according to the type of profile and the steepness of the slopes. If the angle of inclination is less than 16º, a continuous sheathing and a waterproofing carpet made of a diffusion membrane are installed. For fastening you will need galvanized screws or roofing nails.

Care should be taken during transportation and installation, as... bitumen shingles break. Attempts to restore them are pointless. Roof repairs are carried out using the usual method for any tile.

The desire of the developers to make the piece concrete roof more similar to the ceramic prototype gave rise to the idea of ​​​​replacing Portland cement with a polymer component. This is how a polymer-sand piece coating with thinner and impact-resistant elements appeared. The color range is richer, the price is slightly higher. It is installed and repaired in the same way as concrete tiles.

“Slate” family

Sheet wavy slate is still in demand in low-rise construction. Its popularity is justified affordable price and acceptable service life. It is made by molding a mixture of Portland cement and asbestos diluted with water. In the production of foreign brands, metal gaskets are used to ensure the accuracy of the wave geometry. From sad gray coatings can be removed by painting.

In addition to the standard stone advantages, the slate piggy bank includes:

• The sheet area is convenient for installers, thereby reducing labor costs for installing the sheathing and fastening the elements.
• Light weight compared to stone counterparts.
• Large wavy profile, facilitating efforts to join and align sheets.

The disadvantages include insufficient water resistance. Daily testing of the coating for strength in heavy rain ends with getting wet with the possibility of leaks. The material is fragile; a hole in it can be left by a roofer’s foot stepping on a wave or a heavy stone.

The coating is laid over bitumen waterproofing, directing the waves along the slopes. The base can be a wooden rafter system or steel beams. They are attached to the slats with nails or screws with a rubber sealing washer. The wave of the outermost sheet acts as a guide when laying the next one. To replace a damaged element, the fasteners of adjacent sheets are loosened, the screws of the defective sheet are unscrewed, and the sheet itself is dismantled. After replacement, all loose points are tightened again.

Those wishing to equip a roof with high slopes have a reason to purchase asbestos slate without waves. The roof will resemble noble slate tiles, but will cost much less. For fans of colored roofs, we offer an asbestos-free member of the slate family. It is made from fiber-reinforced Portland cement. And then a bituminous soft brother appeared - Euroslate.

Metal roofing materials

Metal roofing is a generalized technical term for a number of coatings that are in demand in construction. Rolled or sheet roofing steel and profiled steel sheets are used in the construction. The most popular now is roofing steel with a protective and decorative polymer shell. Although there are fans of roofs, canopies, and awnings made of simple galvanized metal. Adherents of long-lasting coatings prefer roofing aluminum, an alloy of titanium with zinc and copper, which acquires an elegant patina over the years.

Metal coverings are laid on pitched roofs with a slope of 5º or more. When installing pitched roofs, snow guards must be installed to prevent avalanches of snow. The base for a metal roof can be a wooden rafter system with a sheathing made of bars or boards, steel beams welded or screwed to it profile pipe. Before installing a light metal roof, there is no need to strengthen building structures.

Rolled and sheet roofing steel

In the roofing industry, hot-rolled and cold-rolled coil and sheet steel are used. Hot rolled material is cheaper. Steel strips and sheets are joined on the ground using seams. The roofing card modules obtained as a result of folding are lifted to the site, where they are connected to each other with a standing seam. Standing, also known as vertical, seams are made in longitudinal seams, recumbent, also known as horizontal, in transverse joints. Ideally, the number of transverse seams should be kept to a minimum because they are not completely sealed.

Advantages of seam roofs:

• Almost perfect tightness, the highest in comparison with known types of coatings.
• A light weight.
• There are no overlaps – areas of potential danger of leaks.
• The ability to lay roof coverings of complex geometric configurations, including vaulted and arched structures.
• Resistance to fire spread.

Among the disadvantages, the most significant are the low insulating qualities. Therefore, when arranging the roofs of residential buildings, insulation is unquestioningly used. Poorly installed metal roofs are noisy, so it is advisable to entrust their installation to experienced contractors. If the base is level and the parts are secured according to the rules, it will not rattle from gusts of wind.

Seam roofs are constructed using sheathing installed in 20cm increments. It is impossible to fasten the laths less frequently, otherwise the noise will be disturbing. Continuous plank flooring is installed on the eaves and in the valleys. Fastening to the sheathing is carried out using floating devices - clamps, which provide the metal with the ability to move freely when heated. The transportation process is worry-free. Minor holes in the metal coating can be patched with your own hands.

Cards are attached by folding for the construction of aluminum, zinc-titanium and copper roofs, under which a continuous sheathing is constructed from boards, moisture-resistant plywood, OSB panels, etc. The advantages of non-ferrous metals include external aristocracy and long service life.

Profiled metal flooring

Profiling – the formation of corrugations and waves gives sheet metal additional rigidity and provides ventilation to the under-roof space. Profiled roofing coverings differ in the type and size of the profile. They produce corrugated sheets in the form of large sheets and small modules, made of galvanized steel, aluminum, and copper. In order to improve operational and decorative performance outside coated with polymers or mineral granules.

Advantages of profiled metal:

• Dimensions to minimize the number of butt seams.
• Extensive color palette.
• Easy installation.
• Attractive price.
• The ability to be used as a base for laying a more presentable coating in the future.

The corrugated sheet is attached to a wooden or metal sheathing. The sheets are laid overlapping, the outer corrugation serves as a guide. The covering is secured with hex head screws with the obligatory use of a rubber sealing washer.

During transportation, it is not advisable to crumple the sheets so as not to damage the outer protective and decorative layer. Although it is equipped with a film, it can peel off. In the process of attaching sheets to the sheathing, it is recommended to move along boards laid across several corrugated boards. If you have to step on the coating, it is better to do it in a lower profile.

Corrugated sheeting does not require repair for an average of 7 years, after which it should be painted at intervals of 2-3 years. Repaired as expected metal roofs. Sheets with more than 30% damage must be replaced.

Metal tiles - a type of corrugated sheeting

Metal tiles are a variation on the theme of corrugated sheets. The difference is that in addition to longitudinal waves, it also has transverse steps. The material is produced with a lower set of accessories. simple, but quite labor-intensive. The downside is that it is preferable to cover roofs with simple geometry with it. There is too much waste when arranging hip and hip structures.

Roofing made of light-conducting plastics

Light roofs are constructed from transparent or matte plastic over verandas, gazebos, terraces, canopies are installed over the porch and the upper shell of skylights. Flexible material is suitable for creating arched ceilings. Supplied in sheets and panels.

The roofing plastic family includes:

• Cellular or cellular polycarbonate, divided inside the sheet into two, three, four tiers of longitudinal channel-cells. It is attached to a metal or wooden sheathing with self-tapping screws and sealing and insulating washers. The sheets are connected to each other with polymer or aluminum profiles.
• Profiled PVC that looks like corrugated sheeting. It is laid in a similar way, secured with screws and thermal washers.
• Polyester with glass fiber reinforcement. Inexpensive roll coating is used in the arrangement of large-area objects. Examples of private use: greenhouses, winter gardens, swimming pools.

Plastics perfectly withstand the entire range of atmospheric phenomena. Quick to install and easy to repair. There is practically no rejection after transportation. When fastening, it is necessary to take into account the ability to expand with increasing temperature.

Roofs made of shingles and shingles

Low fire resistance of piece plates chipped from coniferous species wood does not always stop advocates of eco style. The elements are laid like tiles on a wooden sheathing, designed so that one shingle rests on three laths at once. The result is a three-layer coating capable of releasing household fumes. The most popular is the shingled covering made from Siberian larch.

In the presented review of rigid types of roofing for arranging the roofs of private houses, we described some of the materials most often used by owners of country estates. In reality, there are much more options. Moreover, their ranks are replenished with enviable regularity.