Roofing of panel houses. Roof insulation

First you need to figure out what a one-and-a-half-story house is. This is a house with an attic, that is, the upper floor of such a building has a smaller area, which is reduced due to the roof slopes. Because to the height attic floor walls are not understood, the roof of a one-and-a-half-story house simultaneously functions as walls, that is, it must not only protect from precipitation and effectively drain rain and melt water, but also serve as enclosing structures, reliably protecting the room from cold and noise.

First you need to understand what an attic is. Essentially, this is a living space located in the attic area and formed by the roof slopes. It is advantageous to build houses with an attic for aesthetic and economic reasons. The advantages of such buildings include the following:

1. Without spending money on building a full second floor, the owners receive additional living space.
2. The time to build a house with an attic is less than the time required to build a full-fledged one two-story house with the same living area.
3. The attic floor can be equipped in an already inhabited house. At the same time, you do not need to move out of it during the installation of the attic.
4. With proper arrangement of the attic, you can significantly reduce the heat loss of the building as a whole.
5. Attic buildings make it possible to increase the building density, which is important where the amount of land allocated for housing is limited.

Important! Only a room in which the horizontal line of intersection of the slopes and walls is located from the floor of the upper floor at a height of at least 1.5 meters can be called attic. Otherwise, this space is called an attic.

Types of mansard roofs

A one-and-a-half-story house can overlap different roof. In many ways, the shape of the attic space depends on the type of roof chosen. The attic floor itself can have a triangular, asymmetrical or broken shape. Moreover, it can be located both over the entire area of ​​the house, and over its separate part.

The following types of roofs are suitable for one-and-a-half-story houses:

1. The simplest option is pitched roof. This is an ordinary inclined plane that rests on two opposite load-bearing walls of the building.
2. Gable or gable design is used most often. It is quite reliable, easy to install and consists of two slopes running in different sides from the ridge.
3. Broken roofing is a type gable system. Typically this option is used in small buildings. It is ideal for arranging an attic, as it allows you to maximize the usable area of ​​the room.
4. Half-hip and hip design are a type hipped roof. If we talk about a half-hip roof, then it is more suitable for arranging an attic, since it allows you to make two vertical windows in end walls under shortened hips. Under a hip roof, the area of ​​the attic floor will be significantly smaller than the area of ​​the first floor.
5. Pyramid, dome and conical roof are also suitable for these purposes, although it will be more difficult to arrange an attic under them.

Design features

Structurally, all attics can be divided into several types:

• single-level system under a sloping or gable roof;
• single-level attic with remote consoles;
• two-level structure on mixed type supports.

Attention! When choosing a type of roof for arranging the attic floor, focus on the intensity of snow and wind loads on the roof surface.

When arranging an attic roof, the following requirements must be taken into account:

• When choosing building materials and a structural design, it is necessary to take into account the parameters and characteristics of the building as a whole.
• It is important not to forget about the illumination of attic spaces. For this you can use attic and dormer windows, as well as ordinary vertical windows in the walls under shortened hips. When choosing the location of windows, it is worth considering the architectural appearance of the building.
• It is worth not forgetting about the stairs, with which you can get to the attic. It must be located inside the house, have a normal slope and be safe.
• Particular care must be taken when choosing a roofing covering, thermal insulation material for the roof, waterproofing and sealing of all joints and cracks.

If the roof slopes intersect with the walls of the house very close to the floor level of the attic floor, then the rafter gap is sewn up lightweight structures to the standard height (1.5 m). The space behind the vertical cladding can be used to organize storage areas.

It is worth knowing: the width of the structure in which it is planned to equip the attic must be at least 4.5 m. The minimum area of ​​the attic floor is 7 m². Height to usable area should be 1 to 2.

A broken mansard roof is made if the dimensions of the room do not fit into the triangle, which is formed by a conventional gable structure. With the broken option, you can reduce the useless area that will be hidden behind the side lining to the required height.

The optimal attic height is 2.5 m. When used sloping roof it is easier to achieve the required parameter. In any case, it is important to remember that than larger angle the slope of the roof slopes, the higher and more spacious the attic will be. Optimal slope angle rafter system in this case it is approximately 45-60°.

Roofing pie for attic roof

To ensure that the living space under the roof is warm and quiet, the design should include the following layers:

1. Must be attached to the bottom of the rafters vapor barrier film. It will not allow condensation to accumulate in the thermal insulation material due to the temperature difference in the house and outside.
2. Thermal insulation material is laid between the rafters. To keep the attic warm, you need to lay insulation 200 mm thick. If the height of the rafters is not enough for this, a beam of the required section is nailed to them from below.
3. Waterproofing must be attached to the upper edge of the rafters using a construction stapler. It will not allow rain and melt water to penetrate to the supporting frame and insulation.
4. After the waterproofing carpet comes the counter batten. It is needed to form a ventilation gap, which is especially important for mansard roofs. A 30-40 mm high rake will provide ventilation of the space between the waterproofing and the roofing. It is nailed directly to the rafters on top of the waterproofing carpet.
5. After the counterbatten, continuous or sparse lathing is performed. Its choice depends on the type of roofing used. So, under roofs made of soft rolled materials (for example, flexible tiles), a continuous sheathing made of boards, OSB or moisture-resistant plywood is installed. The sparse lathing is made from boards 0.25 cm thick and is suitable for corrugated sheets, metal tiles, and ondulin. If the covering is heavy enough (slate, natural tiles), then continuous sheathing is done according to eaves overhangs, in the area of ​​the ridge, valleys and ribs of the roof.
6. The roofing covering must be selected taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the slope of the roof and the requirements for the room.

Important! In an attic covered with metal tiles or profiled sheets, it can be too noisy during rain and hail. It is worth considering this fact if you plan to place a bedroom there.

It is also worth remembering that the ventilation space created by the counter-batten will only be effectively ventilated if appropriate aeration openings are left under the face ridge element and at the bottom of the eaves overhang.

Lawyers and realtors spoke about how residents and developers multi-storey buildings trying to equip exploited roofs and what comes of it

The roofs of typical high-rise buildings in Russia are extremely rarely used by residents of houses. Realtors and lawyers who specialize in real estate told the editors about this. At the same time, there are often bars and restaurants on the roofs of new buildings in the center of Moscow, and on the roofs of houses that are to be built as part of renovation, authorities and bushes.

Such methods of use assume that the roof is put into circulation with the help of external forces - management companies, business structures or government institutions controlled by the mayor's office. The editors of RBC-Real Estate decided to find out how residents apartment building make a serviceable roof yourself.

How to legalize a roof: instructions

The most difficult thing in arranging a roof that is in use is getting permission from the authorities, said lawyers and realtors interviewed by the editors. “First of all, it is important to pay attention to the suitability of the roof for such use. In most buildings belonging to the old foundation, such an opportunity simply will not exist - take at least five-story panel buildings with a pitched roof,” warned Elena Mishchenko from the real estate agency NDV-Real Estate.

“In order to arrange some kind of rooftop additional designs, it must be transferred to the ownership of the house and a decision must be made on reconstruction. This decision is made by the general meeting of owners,” said Vladimir Starinsky, managing partner of the Starinsky, Korchago and Partners bar association. - Only when the roof is transferred to the category of exploitation will all residents of the house have access to it. Until this moment, only employees of service companies have this right (according to the resolution of the State Construction Committee).”

“In a normal situation, all technical premises, including basements, attics and the entrance to the roof, must be locked (“Rules and Standards for the Operation of Housing Funds”),” confirmed Victoria Aptekina, leading lawyer of the European Legal Service. — One set of keys must be kept with the dispatcher on duty or in the room of the technician-master of the housing maintenance organization, and the second - in one of the apartments on the top floor. Only representatives of the management company and the contractor have the right to be on the roof when carrying out work.”

Sometimes residents of the upper floors unauthorizedly plant vegetable gardens on the roofs of their houses - this is illegal (Photo: TASS/Roman Saponkov)

All apartment owners must vote for the legalization of the roof - in this case, the two-thirds vote rule does not apply, noted Starinsky and Aptekina. With a protocol that reflects the absolute consent of all neighbors, you can go to Rosreestr, where the roof is recognized as the property of the house, lawyers advise.

At this point, the process will be 50% complete: the next step is the second meeting of homeowners. The main question here should be the specific type of use of the roof. It is impossible to resolve these two issues at once, since voting for or against the arrangement of a swimming pool or barbecue area on the roof is prohibited until the roof has officially become the property of the residents, lawyers pointed out.

All costs for arranging and re-equipping a legalized roof are borne by apartment owners. Who should pay how much is decided at a meeting of owners. “There is a nuance: most likely, not everyone will give money for roof installation, but according to the law, every owner has the right to use it. But you will be able to stay on this roof around the clock,” said Victoria Aptekina.

“At the second meeting, two-thirds of the votes are already enough to choose the purpose of reconstruction,” says Aptekina. “Then the resolution of the second meeting is sent to the Institute of Housing Design to prepare a reconstruction project. Next, the finished project must be agreed upon with representatives of construction supervision and the local authorities of the municipality on whose territory the house is located. Only after this can we begin reconstruction.”

If at least one link in the chain of roof legalization is broken, the owner will be obliged to demolish any building at his own expense, the European Legal Service warned. “If it was not possible to hold the tenant accountable (for example, due to his prolonged absence from the apartment), then the management company will work as a bulldozer, which will then recover all costs from the culprit through the court. And the owner will also be fined for unauthorized seizure of the roof and its damage, which is inevitable during the construction of anything,” Aptekina concluded.

Real experience

Improvement of the roof area can increase the cost of apartments by up to 8% in the case of public access, the NDV-Real Estate agency calculated at the request of the editors. “The figure will increase to 15-20% for apartments with private use - in this case it is indicated that the apartment has a terrace,” said Elena Mishchenko.

Meet real examples exploited roof is possible in isolated cases. Most of these objects are located in the center of Moscow, realtors stated. “This is the privilege of expensive houses of business class and above. This format can also be offered by low-rise mansions removed from the housing stock,” according to NDV-Real Estate.

Owners of apartments in the mass segment are unable to make the roof usable because they cannot go through all the procedures necessary for approval, the real estate agency Megapolis-Service told RBC Real Estate. “For example, in Mytishchi, owners of two-level apartments in some new buildings that have recently been commissioned have room for creativity,” said Vera Larionova, director of the Mytishchi division of the Megapolis-Service company. “They can access the roof through the so-called veranda, around which the territory that de facto belongs to the owners of this or that two-level apartment is fenced off with posts.”

In 2013, a Beijing resident built a villa on the roof of an apartment building. Due to residents' complaints about water leaks and the threat of collapse load-bearing structures, the villa had to be demolished (Photo: Whitehotpix / ZUMAPRESS.com)

“Many of the residents rushed to take advantage of the situation, trying to arrange winter Garden, a rest room or something similar,” Larionova continued. — Apartment owners erected additional walls from transparent or lightweight structures. All buildings were brought into full compliance with the architectural style of the complex, but in practice it was not possible to legitimize all this. On the part of the real estate community, I was even a member of the commission that dealt with this issue, however, while agreeing that de facto residents of such houses have the right to develop the territory that belongs to them on the roof of the house, it has still not been possible to formalize this correctly from the legal side.”

Not only residents, but also developers are unable to legitimize a roof that is in use, as follows from the experience of realtors. According to the Megapolis-Service company, in the urban-type settlement of Sverdlovsky, Shchelkovsky district, Moscow region, the developer of a new residential complex, recently put into operation, in a promotional video promised residents to equip recreation areas with sun loungers on the roofs of two high-rise buildings - and to do it officially. As a result, the developer did not succeed, and all attempts at such actions were regarded by the authorities as self-construction, Larionova concluded.

Its own specificity manifests itself in the south of Russia, where the warm climate contributes to a more active desire of residents to use own roof. “It would seem that in Anapa the issue of arranging recreation areas on the roofs of houses should have been resolved long ago. However, nothing like this is happening here. Yes, there are individual examples of when residents of modern new high-rise buildings try to create with their own hands some semblance of recreation areas on the roof of a building, but such cases, firstly, are isolated and are not widespread, and secondly, no one can legitimize the changes doesn’t even try,” said Vitaly Didenko, general director of the Megapolis-Service agency in Anapa.

To significant disadvantages panel construction may be attributed to insufficient thermal insulation of the structure. And this question especially concerns the roof structure. Waterproofing and insulation of the roof is an issue that periodically concerns all residents panel house, especially those who live on the top floor. The appearance of cracks and cracks in the roof covering, its insufficient insulation and a thin layer lead to large heat losses in the cold season, the appearance of leaks and drafts, and a decrease in performance characteristics the entire building. Therefore, insulation of the roof of a house must be carried out in a timely manner to avoid deformation of the rafter system, which can lead to roof collapse. In the case of a device flat roof, which has a base in the form of a concrete slab, insufficient thermal and waterproofing of the roof can lead not only to high heat loss, but also to the appearance of dampness and fungus in the rooms of the upper floors.

Types of roofing of modern panel houses

During construction panel houses most often arranged flat types roofs with various types roof coverings or attic roofs with a slight slope that prevents the accumulation of snow and moisture on the roof covering.

The most popular types of roofing for modern panel houses are roll roofing, multilayer bitumen shingles, soft roof and flexible tiles. Depending on the type of roof covering and roof type, the roof insulation technology and the type of heat insulator are selected. The following types of thermal insulation materials are used to insulate panel houses:

• polystyrene foam boards;
• mineral wool insulation;
• rigid polyurethane foam.

Technology for insulating the roof of a panel house

Most in a simple way insulation flat roof is considered to be the spraying of one or more layers of rigid polyurethane foam. This method allows you to create a durable and moisture-resistant roof covering with good frost-resistant characteristics. The main advantage of PPU roof insulation is quick application thermal insulation coating with excellent mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity. Sprayed polyurethane foam is suitable for insulating soft roofs and roofs with a large number of architectural elements. In addition to insulating the roof with polyurethane foam, there are several other ways to use the insulator, for example, to seal seams and joints and repair worn-out roofing.

Another popular method of thermal insulation is roof insulation with polystyrene foam, which is laid on the concrete roof slab in one or several layers to create waterproofing that protects the heat insulator from moisture penetration and condensation formation. Extruded polystyrene foam is suitable as insulation for any type of roof; this moisture-resistant and lightweight heat-insulating material for roof insulation has high mechanical strength and frost resistance and is included in the composition of the roofing cake when insulating pitched roofs. Its cheaper analogue is polystyrene foam, which is used for internal roof insulation in attic-type roof structures. Since some types of polystyrene foam are considered a flammable material, to insulate the roof from the inside, mineral wool boards are used, which are attached to the sheathing and covered with a vapor barrier material that prevents condensation from reaching the surface of the insulation.

The technology of roof insulation with mineral wool on flat and sloping roofs of panel houses is carried out in two ways, using a single-layer or two-layer roofing cake. In the first case, roll or mastic waterproofing is laid on the concrete floor, then insulation is attached: polystyrene foam or mineral wool boards, after which a protective membrane is laid and roofing, for example, soft roofing. The second method is to create double thermal insulation from different types insulation, which allows you to create a high roof insulation cake that prevents the concrete floor from becoming damp, and, therefore, retains heat in the rooms of the top floors.

Panel residential buildings with a high number of floors (up to 16 floors inclusive), designed on the basis of a catalog of industrial products for Moscow, according to the design scheme - buildings with load-bearing transverse frames. The catalog provides concrete and reinforced concrete slabs for internal transverse walls with a thickness of 140 and 180 mm based on requirements bearing capacity, sound insulation, fire resistance; at the same time, according to sound insulation conditions, the walls between apartments must have a thickness of 180 mm.

For use in panel buildings with narrow, wide and mixed spacing of internal load-bearing transverse walls, the catalog provides flat solid reinforced concrete floor panels with a thickness of 140 mm. This thickness is accepted By sound insulation conditions. Floor panels have working spans of 300, 3000, 3600 and 4200 mm. The dimensions of non-working spans are taken from 3600 to 7200 mm with gradation every 300 mm.

Horizontal joint between the load-bearing panels of the transverse walls and floors, a platform type is designed (Fig. 32), the peculiarity of which is the unlocking of the floors at half the thickness of the transverse wall panels, in which forces from the upper wall panel to the lower one are transmitted through the supporting parts of the panels floors.

Seams at the points of contact between panels of load-bearing transverse walls and ceilings are made with mortar. However, with large thickness of seams (10 -20 mm and more) in the case of incomplete filling of the mortar in the cross section, as well as in the case of uneven thickness of the mortar joints along their length, stress concentration in in certain places seams, causing local dangerous overvoltages. To avoid this, cement-sand plasticized paste is currently used for butt joints, from which a thin joint with a thickness of 4-5 can be obtained mm,

Cement-sand paste consists of Portland cement grade 400 -500 and fine sand with maximum size particles 0.6 mm(composition 1:1) with the addition of plasticizing and antifreeze additive sodium nitrite in an amount of 5-10% by weight of cement. Thanks to the use of plasticized paste, when installing the panel on a thin seam, the panels seem to be glued together.

It should, however, be kept in mind that the use of paste cannot affect the increase in joint strength in cases where the gaps between the panels of walls and ceilings are instead of the design 5 mm reach 20 -30 mm.

The external wall panels provided for in the catalog for Moscow are designed in the form of two interchangeable structures - single-layer az expanded clay concrete grade 75 with a volumetric mass of 1000 -1100 kg/l 3 and three-layer with reinforced concrete outer and inner layers and with a middle layer of effective - insulation.

All wall panels included in the catalog are hinged, regardless of the number of floors of the houses. In cases where the steppes must be load-bearing, for example, at the ends of buildings, panels are used consisting of one load-bearing element or two elements - an internal load-bearing reinforced concrete panel and an external insulating one.

Rice. 32 . Horizontal platform joint of panels of internal transverse load-bearing walls: 1 - panel of the internal wall; 2 - floor panel; 3 - cement paste

The catalog distinguishes between row wall panels, step wall panels, end load-bearing panels and end mounted panels.

Ordinary panels are those located along the working spans of the floors, i.e. perpendicular to the transverse steps.

Row panels can be not only suspended, but also partially load-bearing for the corresponding floors of the building. In the first case, they are supported on the floors and secured To internal walls. In the second case, the floor panels rest on the external walls, i.e. they partially transfer the load to them. Therefore, the shape of the horizontal joint of row panels satisfies both the hinged and load-bearing options.

End bearings are called wall panels located in a building along the floor spans parallel to the internal transverse load-bearing walls, i.e., bearing the main load from the floor panels. If the main load from the floors is to be borne by the internal walls, then external end-mounted insulating panels are hung on them.

Thickness of single-layer rows, corner expanded clay concrete panels for external walls for Moscow, pilasters and ledges accepted 340 mm, end bearings - 440 ml, end mounted ones - 30 mm.

Thickness of ordinary three-layer panels external walls for Moscow according to the catalog are 280 mm. Cement fiberboard with a thickness of 150 is used as insulation. mm s volumetric weight Y = 350 kg/l 3. End non-existent three-layer panels have a thickness of 380 mm, and end mounted -180 mm, Moreover, the latter provide lighter insulation ( mineral wool slabs or foam glass).

The connection of load-bearing and curtain external walls to the alignment axes of the building is assigned based on the equality of the distances from the outer edges of external walls of any type to the axis of the building (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Rules for linking to alignment axes:

A— external single-layer and internal walls; b— external three-layer and internal walls: I- ordinary panel; 2 — internal bearing groans; 3 - ledge panel; 4 — load-bearing end panel; 5 - end hinged panel ; 6 - temperature or sedimentation seam

The binding of the internal edge of ordinary (longitudinal) curtain external walls to the alignment axes of the building is taken equal to 90 mm s taking into account the thickness of the internal reinforced concrete layer of three-layer panels of external walls equal to 80 mm and thickness of panels of internal walls 180 mm(see Fig. 33). The area of ​​support of the panels on the ceiling is sufficient.

Internal walls tied to the alignment axes of the building along their geometric axis. The exception is walls located at expansion or settlement joints at the ends of the building with curtain external end walls. In these cases, the center axis of the building passes at a distance of 10 mm from the outer edge of the inner wall (see Fig. 33). The same value is attached to the internal walls enclosing the staircase-elevator assembly.

Rice. 34, Linking floor panels:

A- node y staircase; b— knot at the expansion joint; 1 - interior wall panel; 2 - purpose of overlap; 3 - cement paste

P binding of floor panels shown on rice. 32 and 34. Floor panels are laid on an area limited by alignment axes. The gap between the axis and the end of the floor panel is 10 mm. Thus, the size of the floor panel in buildings with transverse load-bearing internal walls is equal to the distance between the alignment axes minus 20 mm

Rice. 35. Installation diagram of a high-rise panel residential building with a narrow pitch of transverse load-bearing steps and horizontal cutting of external walls

In Fig. 35 shown wiring diagram walls of a high-rise panel residential building with a narrow pitch of transverse load-bearing walls and horizontal cutting of the external ones.

When designing external panel walls, as indicated in 71, special attention should be paid to the joints between panels, the design of which largely determines the strength and reliability of the entire load-bearing frame. In high-rise buildings, the joints between panels are subject to more strong impact wind and rainwater than in 5-story buildings.

Rice. 36. Construction methods for sealing joints of external wall panels used in constructed buildings:

A- vertical joint of a residential building in Donbass; 6 - the same, in Magnitogorsk; c - the same, on October Zero in Moscow; G- the same, on Mira Avenue in Moscow"; d- horizontal joint of the same house; 1 - panel outer wall; 2 - insulation. 3 - mortar or concrete; 4 - lightweight concrete; 5 - pilaster; 6 - insert; 7 - cement paste; 8 - gernite; 9 - floor panel; 10 - tow soaked in gypsum solution; 11 - gypsum solution; 12 - transverse load-bearing wall panel

Joint designs used before 1973 cannot be considered perfect, firstly, because modern methods of sealing them are designed for handmade(pouring mortar or concrete into joints, laying elastic bands and mastics), The quality of such work is almost uncontrollable. Therefore, for high-rise buildings, methods of sealing joints using the so-called construction methods should be considered more reliable - giving the mating elements an appropriate geometric shape (lap, quarter, tongue and groove joints), i.e. using materials and methods that have long been mastered builders.

In these houses, the seams between the panels were filled only with mortar and concrete. Thanks to its reliable geometric shape These joints showed good performance during their 20-year service: they did not leak or freeze.

Possible fundamental design solutions for joints between wall panels, made using construction methods, are given on rice. 37.

In the design of joints of panel houses great importance has a reliable connection between the panels of walls and ceilings. When joining these elements of buildings, as is known, joints using welding of various types of steel connections are widely used.

Considering this circumstance, the special design bureau “Rental Detail” of Glavmosstroy proposed new way fastening wall panels to ceilings using galvanized steel bolts and strips, eliminating the need for assembly welding of steel fasteners. The effectiveness of this connection method has been confirmed by the experience of constructing high-rise residential buildings in Moscow (for example, on Chkalova Street, 41/2).

Rice. 37. Design options for joints between wall panels using construction methods:

A- for single-layer flat panels; b V- the same for walls with a pilaster; G- for three-layer flat panels; d- the same for corner panels; e- the same for panels with a quarter; and- the same for walls with pilasters; I And 2 - panels of external and internal walls; 3 - solution; 4 - pilaster; 5 - insulation; V- insulation in the form of a liner

In Fig. 38 shows the arrangement of joints of panel walls of a 9-story residential building of series 11-57. After connecting the loop outlets of the reinforcement with staples, the vertical joint is sealed. Along the top of the external and transverse internal walls, the panels are connected using galvanized steel bolts and strips.

Bolted connections can only be used with high accuracy of panel dimensions, which is ensured by the vibration rolling method. Thanks to this and strict fixation of embedded parts on the forming belt of the mill, favorable conditions are created for the so-called forced installation, in which the installation of wall and ceiling panels in a strictly designed position is ensured by clamps (see Fig. 38, b).

What is new in the design of external fencing of high-rise panel residential buildings is the installation of loggias. The catalog accepted the width of loggias from 900 to 1800 mm with gradation every 300 mm.

In Fig. 39 Shown are the layout options for loggias with curtain and load-bearing walls, as well as with walls formed by consoles of external wall panels.

In Fig. 40 components and details are shown in the plan of loggias with curtain and load-bearing walls.

As an example of a high-rise panel building, the design of which was carried out on the basis of a catalog of standardized products, the design of a 16-storey 275-apartment building from vibration installation structures, built in Moscow in the residential area of ​​Troparevo.

Rice. 38. Joint of panel walls on bolts of a 9-storey residential building of series II-57:

A- vertical joint: b- horizontal joint; 1 - internal wall panel; 2 - external expanded clay concrete panel; 3 - floor panel; 4 - bolt; 5 - solution; 6 - galvanized metal plate with bolts; 7 - concrete cone on a metal pin; 8 - gernite tow; 9 - metal wedge; 10 - concrete grade 200; 11 - heating riser; 12 - an insulating package made of styrofoam, wrapped in roofing felt and glued to the panel; 13 - loop outlets of fittings.

The building is five sections, ordinary sections have two two-room and two three-room apartments, end sections - one two-room, three-room and four-room apartment (Fig. 41, o). Each section has two elevators with a lifting capacity of 320 and 500 kg. A structural scheme with load-bearing transverse walls has been adopted for the house; the longitudinal structural module is equal to 300 mm, transverse - 600 mm. Module 300 mm in a longitudinal step caused by the design feature of the vertical joint of the outer wall panels with an overlap. This design of the joint makes it possible to compensate for temperature deformations and inaccuracies in panel dimensions (Fig. 41, b).

Internal cross wall panels are adopted with a thickness of 160 mm. The thickness of interfloor ceilings per room is 140 mm. External wall panels - hinged expanded clay concrete with a thickness of 320 mm the size of two rooms. The partitions are mounted from gypsum-rolled panels with a thickness of 80 mm.

The main design feature of this 16-storey building is that the external wall panels are connected to the internal load-bearing walls and floors using galvanized steel bolts and plates, which provides the building with greater structural reliability and durability.

Rice. 39. Options for arrangement of loggias in panel residential buildings:

A- with curtain and load-bearing walls; b- with walls formed by consoles of external wall panels; 1 - load-bearing wall; 2 - the same, average; 3 - curtain wall; 4 - load-bearing end wall panel; 5 - load-bearing wall panel console

A new solution deserves attention volumetric monolithic balcony elements(Fig. 41, c), which are attached to the outer stop panels in the factory. The use of such structures can significantly reduce the number of tower crane lifts and labor costs for installation. In addition, fastening the balcony element to the wall panel at the factory ensures reliable sealing of the joint.

Rice. 40. Knots and details of loggias in plan with curtain walls:

1 - the outermost hinged expanded clay concrete wall of the loggia; 2 — panel of the internal transverse load-bearing wall; 3 - expansion joint

A feature of the architectural and structural solution of residential buildings with a height of 9 floors or more, designed on the basis of a catalog of industrial products for Moscow, is the installation of an attic roof and a warm attic.

As experience in the construction of residential buildings has shown, the non-attic combined roofs that have been used so far have some disadvantages. In the non-attic roofs of 5-story buildings, compared to attics, heat loss through the roof amounts to 13-15% of the total heat loss. In high-rise buildings, these heat losses increase even more due to a sharp increase in wind on the enclosing structures of the upper floors. In roofless roofs for sustainable thermal regime indoors you have to overuse fuel.

Rice. 41. Residential 16-storey building made of vibro-rolled elements based on a catalog of industrial products:

A- ordinary section; b— vertical overlap joint of external wall panels; V- external wall panel G- volumetric monolithic balcony; 1 — vertical gernite bundles with a diameter of 40 mm on KN-2 glue, 2 — cement-sand mortar; 3 - external wall panels: 4 — mounting bolts; 5 — caulking of tow in gypsum mortar and jointing; b- interior wall panel: 7 — heating riser; 8 — mounting steel plate. 9 - caulking with cement mortar

It should also be noted that due to the imperfection of the waterproofing rolled carpet, made from roofing felt, the roof often leaks and water gets through the ceiling into the premises of the upper floor. The reason for the leakage of roofing felt is that during its manufacture only the pores between the fibers of the cardboard are completely saturated and water flows through individual unimpregnated fibers.

Instead of roofing felt, it is advisable to use glass roofing felt (GOST 15879-70), manufactured on the basis of bituminous material - fiberglass. The best properties It has fiberglass, in which glass fibers are glued together with plastic. However, little of these materials are produced yet.

When installing attic roofs, it is easier to eliminate roof leaks and prevent water from entering the upper floor. The attic is used to place overhead heating, ventilation, etc. communications. Attic space designed warm with insulated enclosing structures, a positive temperature in it is ensured by the flow of thermal air from ventilation system Houses. The calculated attic air temperature is +18°; the warm attic room is divided into compartments with sealed internal transverse walls, and an exhaust ventilation shaft is installed in each compartment.

Rice. 42. Structural diagram warm attic in a high-rise residential building. Cross section through the attic

A warm attic has been adopted as the main solution for houses built on the basis of a catalog of industrial products for Moscow for the following reasons: it reduces the cost of heating the house, since it eliminates heat loss through the ceiling of the upper floor, and reduces the number of holes in the roof , since only one ventilation exhaust shaft is installed per section.

The walls of a warm attic in a high-rise panel residential building (Fig. 42) are made from ordinary panels of the building’s external walls. The covering consists of roofing expanded clay concrete panels (EC) with a thickness of 350 mm.

Roofing panels at one end (from the side of the outer wall) rest on longitudinal reinforced concrete crossbars(RF), and the other end - on tray expanded clay concrete panels (PCl) with a thickness of 350 mm.Ends The covering panels, resting on the tray panels, have bevels that make it easy to stick the rolled carpet.

Crossbars with a section of 500x200 mm rest on reinforced concrete walls (RC) measuring 300X1410x1180 (1480) mm, and tray panels - on reinforced concrete walls (RC) with dimensions 140X1410X2980 (3580) mm. Slopes in trays to drainage funnels are made from cement solution. The minimum release of roofing panels when unlocking onto a tray panel must be at least 380 mm.

Flat roofs are made with load-bearing prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Such roofs are designed flat (with a slope of up to 5%) in three main options - attic, non-attic or exploitable.

Attic roof

Roofless roof

Operable roof

Type of drainage with reinforced concrete roof are chosen during design depending on the purpose of the object, its number of storeys and location in the building.

In residential buildings of medium and high rises, internal drainage is used, in low-rise buildings, it is allowed to use external organized drainage when placing buildings with a horizontal projection of the edge of 1.5 m or more from the red building line, and unorganized - in low-rise buildings located inside the block. In all cases of using unorganized drainage, provision is made for the installation of canopies over entrances to buildings and balconies.

At internal drain in residential buildings, one water intake funnel is provided per planning section, but at least two per building.

For external organized drainage, placement and cross-section drainpipes prescribed the same as for pitched roofs.

Waterproofing of reinforced concrete roofs is designed depending on their type. For roofless structures, as a rule, roll sheets are used. waterproofing coatings(except for roofless roofs of separate construction).

Waterproofing of attic and separate non-attic roofs is carried out in the following of three ways: the first (traditional) - by installing a multi-layer carpet from rolled waterproofing materials; the second - painting with waterproofing mastics (organosilicon or others), which, together with the waterproof concrete of the roofing panel, provide the protective functions of the coating; third - the use of pre-tensioned roofing panels of high grade concrete for water resistance, providing roof waterproofing without painting with mastics.

According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the requirements for the characteristics of concrete roofing panels change (Table 20.2).

• A - with a cold attic and roll roofing;
• B - the same, with rollless;
• B - with a warm attic and roll roofing;
• G - the same, with rollless;
• D - with an open attic and roll roofing;
• E - the same, with rollless.

• F - separate ventilated (with roofing panel and attic floor) structure with roll roofing
• And - the same, with a roll-free roof
• K - combined three-layer panel structure
• L - combined multilayer construction manufacturing

Attic roofs with a cold and open attic (structure types A, B, D, E) contain an insulated attic floor, non-insulated thin-walled ribbed reinforced concrete roofing, tray and fascia panels, in which holes are provided for ventilation of the attic space. The area of ​​ventilation openings on each longitudinal side of the facade is assigned in climatic regions I and II at 0.002 of the attic area, in regions III and IV - up to 0.02.

The dimensions of the supply and exhaust openings in the fascia panels of open attics are assumed to be significantly larger based on the results of calculating the ventilation of the attic space.

Ventilation blocks and shafts cross cold attic roofs, exhausting the air mixture into the open space above the roof.

Roof structures with a warm attic (types B and D) consist of insulated roofing, tray and fascia panels, an uninsulated attic floor and supporting structures of roofing and tray panels (Fig. 20.16). Since the warm attic serves as an air collection chamber for the building's exhaust ventilation system, ventilation blocks and shafts end in the attic space with 0.6 m high heads without crossing the roof. Frieze panels are designed to be blank (without ventilation holes). These panels in some areas can be made translucent (for natural light attic), but not with doors. In the central zone of the warm attic, a common exhaust shaft is installed (one per planning section) 4.5 m high from the upper plane of the attic floor.

Roof structures with an open attic (types D and E) are similar in composition to those with a cold attic, but the ventilation structures do not cross it, ending at a height of 0.6 m from the surface of the attic floor, as in roofs with a warm attic.

Roofs with inclined frieze panels and vertical gable-shaped frieze panels, echoing the traditional forms of attic roofs, have become a unique architectural variant of the design of reinforced concrete attic roofs of multi-storey buildings. This option can be used for both cold and warm attic roofs (Fig. 20.17).

The roof panels of roll-less roofs with a cold and open attic, as well as separate roofs without attics, are designed in the same way. These are thin-walled (slab thickness 40mm) ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. The butt edges of the panels and their junctions with vertical structures crossing the roof (elevator shafts, ventilation unit etc.) are equipped with ribs 300 mm high. The joints are protected by flashings (or overlapped) and sealed.

Drainage trough-shaped trays are made of waterproof concrete with a bottom thickness of 80 mm, a rib height of 350 mm, and a width of at least 900 mm.

Roof panels and roof trays with a warm attic are designed with two or three layers. The top layer is made of frost-resistant concrete with a thickness of at least 40 mm.

The design of a separate roofless roof (type I) contains the same structural elements, as an attic roof with a cold attic, but due to the fact that its air space has a low height (up to 0.6 m), the solution for supporting structures is simplified - they can serve as separate reinforced concrete bars.

Three-layer panels of combined roofs (type K) are manufactured in a single technological cycle or assembled at the factory from two thin-walled ribbed slabs and insulation between them.

Almost tripled in size regulatory requirements to the resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures, the use of the most industrial and economical design of a combined roof (as well as warm attics) from single-layer lightweight concrete panels, since they have lost their economic viability.

Traditional combined building-made roofs (type L) are erected by sequentially laying on the building over the ceiling (made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete) the upper floor of a vapor barrier layer, fill along a slope, a heat-insulating layer, a leveling screed and a multi-layer rolled carpet. Design L is the most labor-intensive and has the worst performance characteristics. Its use should be limited as much as possible.

From Fig. 20.14 it is obvious that any of the attic roofs is a multi-layer structure, including a load-bearing reinforced concrete slab, vapor barrier, heat insulation and waterproofing (with a special prefabricated or monolithic base for it) layers. In this case, it is traditional to place a waterproofing layer on top, which leads (with a non-ventilated roof structure) to a decrease in the durability of the waterproofing carpet under the influence solar radiation and the pressure of vaporous moisture accumulating under the carpet.

To increase the durability of roof waterproofing, a version of the inversion design has been developed and is being implemented - with the waterproofing layer located directly on the load-bearing slab under the thermal insulation layer (Fig. 20.18).

Changing the location of heat and waterproofing layers in addition to increasing the durability of the roof, it creates a number of additional economic and technological advantages. The inversion design is less massive, since there is no need to install a special foundation for the roof in the form cement-sand screed for insulation: the base for the waterproofing carpet is the load-bearing covering slab. Thanks to this arrangement of the carpet, the need to install a para-insulating layer is eliminated - the rolled carpet combines the functions of vapor and waterproofing.

Accordingly, the cost and labor costs are reduced, since the design and implementation of the interfaces of inversion roofs is simpler than that of traditional ones (Fig. 20.19). The fact that inversion roofs have so far received relatively limited use in domestic construction is due to the requirements for the physical and technical properties of insulation in such structures. It should have a low thermal conductivity coefficient of 1 3, a compressive strength of 0.25-0.5 MPa, a daily water absorption in % of volume of 0.1-0.2, be microporous and have a closed pore structure. The insulation must be hydrophobic, not swell or shrink, and have the necessary mechanical strength. In practice, the possibility of expanding the introduction of inversion structures arises with the start of production of domestic extruded polystyrene foam boards "Penolex", and a corresponding reduction in the volume of exports of similar insulation materials.

Operable roof terraces are installed above warm and cold attic roofs, above technical attics, and sometimes above combined roofs (Fig. 20.20). The latter option is especially often used in buildings with terraced ledges in its volumetric form. The floor of terrace roofs is designed to be flat or with a slope of no more than 1.5%, and the roof surface below it is designed with a slope of at least 3%. The most durable materials are used for roofing (for example, waterproofing). The number of layers of rolled carpet is taken to be one more than with an unused roof. A layer of hot mastic antiseptic with herbicides is applied to the surface of the carpet. They protect the carpet from the germination of plant roots from seeds and spores blown onto the roof by the wind. When constructing a serviceable roof using an inversion combined structure, this role is played by a filtering synthetic canvas located under the ballast and drainage gravel layer. The roof-terrace floor is made of stone or concrete slabs, sometimes lined ceramic tiles. The floor slabs are laid loosely over a drainage layer of gravel.