Peasant revolt of Stepan Razin (briefly). Razin Stepan Timofeevich

Stepan, like his father Timofey, who probably came from the Voronezh settlement, belonged to the homely Cossacks. Stepan was born around 1630. He visited Moscow three times (in 1652, 1658 and 1661), and on the first of these visits he visited the Solovetsky Monastery. Don authorities included him in the “stanitsa”, who negotiated with the Moscow boyars and Kalmyks. In 1663, Stepan led a detachment of Donets, who marched with the Cossacks and Kalmyks near Perekop against Crimean Tatars. At Molochnye Vody they defeated a detachment of Crimeans.

Even then, he was distinguished by courage and dexterity, the ability to lead people in military enterprises, to negotiate important matters. In 1665, his older brother Ivan was executed. He led a regiment of Don Cossacks that took part in the war with Poland. In the fall, the Donets asked to go home, but they were not allowed to go. Then they left without permission, and the commander-in-chief, boyar Prince Yu. A. Dolgoruky, ordered the execution of the commander.

The situation on the Don was heating up. In 1667, with the end of the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, new parties of fugitives poured into the Don and other places. Famine reigned on the Don. In search of a way out of a difficult situation in order to get their daily bread, poor Cossacks in the late winter - early spring of 1667 united in small bands, moved to the Volga and Caspian Sea, robbed merchant ships. They are broken up by government troops. But the gangs gather again and again. They are headed by .

To the Volga and Caspian Sea. To Razin and his associates early. In the spring, masses of poor Cossacks, including Usovites, rush to go on a campaign to the Volga and the Caspian Sea. In mid-May 1667, the detachment moved from the Don to the Volga, then to the Yaik.

In February 1668, the Razins, who wintered in the Yaitsky town, defeated a 3,000-strong detachment that came from Astrakhan. In March, throwing heavy cannons into the river and taking light ones with them, they went out into the Caspian Sea. On the western coast, the detachments of Sergei Krivoy, Boba and other atamans united with Razin.

Differences float along west bank seas to the south. They rob merchant ships, the possessions of Shamkhal Tarkovsky and the Shah of Persia, free many Russian captives, in different ways and in different time caught in these regions. Daredevils attack “sharpalniks” to Derbent, the outskirts of Baku, and other villages. Along the Kura they get to “Georgian district”. They return to the sea and sail to the Persian shores; Cities and villages are being destroyed here. Many die in battle, from disease and hunger. In the summer of 1669, a fierce naval battle took place; the thinned Razin detachment completely defeated the fleet of Mamed Khan. After this brilliant victory, Razin and his Cossacks, enriched with fabulous booty, but extremely exhausted and hungry, head north.

In August they appear in Astrakhan, and the local governors, having made them promise to faithfully serve the Tsar, hand over all ships and guns, and release the servicemen, let them go up the Volga to the Don.

New campaign. In early October, Stepan Razin returned to the Don. His daring Cossacks, who acquired not only wealth, but also military experience, settled on an island near the town of Kagalnitsky.

Dual power was established on the Don. Affairs in the Don Army were managed by a Cossack foreman, led by an ataman, who was stationed in Cherkassk. She was supported by homely, wealthy Cossacks. But Razin, who was at Kagalnik, did not take into account the military ataman Yakovlev, his godfather, and all his assistants.

The number of Razin rebel troops forming on the Don is growing rapidly. The leader does everything energetically and secretly. But soon he no longer hides his plans and goals. Razin openly declares that he will soon begin a new big campaign, and not only and not so much for “sharpanya” by trade caravans: “Go to the Volga for the boyars of the witness!”

At the beginning of May 1670, Razin left the camp and arrived in Panshin town. V. Us also appears here with the Don Cossacks and Ukrainians. Razin convenes a circle, discusses the plan for the campaign, asks everyone: “Would you all like to go from the Don to the Volga, and from the Volga to go to Rus' against the sovereign’s enemies and traitors, so that they can bring out the traitorous boyars and Duma people from the Moscow state and the governors and officials in the cities?” He calls on his people: “And we should all stand and take the traitors out of the Moscow state and give the black people freedom.”.

On May 15, Razin’s army reached the Volga above Tsaritsyn and besieged the city. The residents opened the gates. After reprisals against the governor, clerks, military leaders and rich merchants, the rebels staged a duvan - the division of confiscated property. The people of Tsaritsyn elected representatives of the authorities. The Razinites, whose ranks had grown to 10 thousand people, replenished supplies and built new ships.

Leaving a thousand people in Tsaritsyn, Razin went to Black Yar. Beneath its walls “ordinary warriors” from the government army of Prince S.I. Lvov, with drums beating and banners unfurled, they went over to the rebels.

The garrison of Black Yar also rebelled and moved to Razin. This victory opened the way to Astrakhan. As they said then, Volga “became theirs, Cossack”. The rebel army approached the city. Razin divided his forces into eight detachments and placed them in their places. On the night of June 21-22, the assault on the White City and the Kremlin, where the army of Prince Prozorovsky was located, began. An uprising of residents, archers and garrison soldiers broke out in Astrakhan. The city was taken. According to the verdict of the circle, the governor, officers, nobles and others, up to 500 people in total, were executed. Their property was divided.

The highest authority in Astrakhan became circles - general meetings of all residents who rebelled. Atamans were elected, the main one being Usa. By decision of the circle, everyone was released from prison, destroyed “many bondages and fortresses”. They wanted to do the same throughout Russia. In July, Razin left Astrakhan. He goes up the Volga, and soon, in mid-August, Saratov and Samara surrender to Razin without a fight. The Razins enter areas with extensive feudal estates and a large peasant population. Concerned authorities are gathering here many noble, streltsy, and soldier regiments.

Razin hurries to Simbirsk - the center of a heavily fortified line of cities and fortresses. The city has a garrison of 3-4 thousand warriors. It is headed by the Tsar's relative by wife, I. B. Miloslavsky. Prince Yu. N. Boryatinsky arrives to his aid with two Reitar regiments and several hundreds of nobles.

The rebels arrived on September 4th. The next day, a hot battle broke out and continued on September 6. Razin stormed the fort on the slopes "crown"- Simbirsk mountain. An uprising of local residents - archers, townspeople, and serfs - began, as in other cities.

intensified the onslaught and burst into the prison literally on the shoulders of Boryatinsky’s defeated regiments. Miloslavsky withdrew his forces to the Kremlin. Both sides suffered considerable losses. Razin began a month-long siege of the Kremlin.

Illustration. Stepan Razin's troops storm Simbirsk.. Expansion of the movement and its end The flames of the uprising cover a vast territory: the Volga region, Trans-Volga region, many southern, southeastern, and central counties. Slobodskaya Ukraine, Don. The main driving force is the masses of serfs. Actively participating in the movement are the lower classes of the city, working people, barge haulers, small serving men (city archers, soldiers, Cossacks), representatives of the lower clergy, all sorts of People. The movement includes Chuvash and Mari, Mordovians and Tatars.

A huge territory, many cities and villages, came under the control of the rebels. Their inhabitants dealt with feudal lords, the rich, and replaced the governor with elected authorities - atamans and their assistants, who were elected at general meetings, similar to Cossack circles. They stopped collecting taxes and payments in favor of the feudal lords and the treasury, and corvee work.

The lovely letters sent out by Razin and other leaders stirred up new layers of the population to revolt. According to a foreign contemporary, up to 200 thousand people took part in the movement at this time. Many nobles fell victim to them, their estates burned down.

Razin and all the rebels wanted “ go to Moscow and beat the boyars and all sorts of leading people in Moscow" A charming letter - the only one that has survived, written on behalf of Razin - calls on everyone to “ bonded and apostal” join his Cossacks; “ and at the same time you should take out the traitors and take out the worldly crooks" The rebels use the names of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich and former Patriarch Nikon, who are supposedly in their ranks, sailing in plows along the Volga.

The main rebel army besieged the Simbirsk Kremlin in September and early October. In many districts, local rebel groups fought against the troops and nobles. They captured many cities - Alatyr and Kurmysh, Penza and Saransk, Upper and Lower Lomov, villages and hamlets. A number of cities in the upper reaches of the Don and in Sloboda Ukraine also went over to the side of the Razins (Ostrogozhsk, Chuguev, Zmiev, Tsarev-Borisov, Olshansk).

Frightened by the scale of the uprising, which was called war in documents of the time, the authorities mobilized new regiments. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich himself arranges a review of the troops. He appoints the boyar Prince Yu. A. Dolgoruky as commander-in-chief of all forces, an experienced commander who distinguished himself in the war with Poland, a stern and merciless man. He makes Arzamas his bet. The royal regiments are coming here, repelling attacks from rebel troops along the way, giving them battles.

Both sides suffer considerable losses. However, slowly and steadily the resistance of the armed rebels is being overcome. Government troops are also gathering in Kazan and Shatsk.

At the beginning of October, Yu. N. Boryatinsky returned to Simbirsk with an army, eager to get revenge for the defeat he suffered a month ago. A fierce battle, during which the Razins fought like lions, ended in their defeat. Razin was wounded in the thick of the battle, and his comrades carried him, unconscious and bleeding, from the battlefield, loaded him into a boat and sailed down the Volga. At the beginning of 1671, the main centers of the movement were suppressed. But Astrakhan continued to fight almost the entire year. On November 27, this last stronghold of the rebels also fell.

Stepan Razin was captured on April 14, 1671 in Kagalnik by homely Cossacks led by K. Yakovlev. Soon he was brought to Moscow and, after torture, executed on Red Square, the fearless leader in his last, mortal hour.” not a single breath revealed weakness of spirit" The uprising he led became the most powerful movement "rebellious age".

"Stepan Razin" Sergey Kirillov, 1985-1988

Abstract on the history of Russia

The culmination of popular uprisings in the 17th century. became uprising of Cossacks and peasants led by S.T. Razin. This movement originated in the villages of the Don Cossacks. The Don freemen have always attracted fugitives from the southern and central regions Russian state. Here they were protected by the unwritten law “there is no extradition from the Don.” The government, needing the services of the Cossacks for the defense of the southern borders, paid them a salary and put up with the self-government that existed there.

The causes of the war were strengthening of serfdom and a general deterioration in the lives of the people. The main participants in the movement were peasants, the poorest Cossacks, and the urban poor. At the second stage of the movement, the peoples of the Volga region joined him. Razin's uprising can be divided into two periods.

1st period began with the robbery campaign of the Cossacks in the Caspian Sea in 1667. The Razins captured the Yaitsky town. In the summer of 1668, Razin’s army of almost 2 thousand successfully operated in the possessions of Persia (Iran) on the Caspian coast. The Razins exchanged the captured valuables for Russian prisoners, who replenished their ranks. In the winter of 1668, the Cossacks defeated the Persian fleet sent against them. This greatly complicated Russian-Iranian relations and changed the government’s attitude towards the Cossacks.

Then Razin approached Astrakhan. The local governor chose to peacefully let him into Astrakhan, subject to the concession of part of the booty and weapons. In September 1669, Razin's troops sailed up the Volga and occupied Tsaritsyn, after which they departed for the Don. Inspired by success, Razin began preparing a new campaign, this time “for the good Tsar” against the “traitorous boyars.”

2nd period. Razin's second campaign from the Don to the Volga began in April 1670. The Cossacks remained the military core, and with the influx of a huge number of fugitive peasants and peoples of the Volga region - Mordovians, Tatars, Chuvashs - into the detachment, the social orientation of the movement changed dramatically.

In May 1670, Razin's 7,000-strong detachment again captured Tsaritsyn. At the same time, the detachments of archers sent from Moscow and Astrakhan were defeated. Having established Cossack rule in Astrakhan, the rebels headed up the Volga. Samara and Saratov surrendered without a fight. Throughout the entire second period, Razin sent out “lovely letters” in which he called on the people to fight. The peasant war reached its highest limit and covered a vast territory in which numerous detachments led by atamans M. Osipov, M. Kharitonov, V. Fedorov, nun Alena and others operated. The rebels destroyed monasteries and estates.

In September, Razin’s army approached Simbirsk and stubbornly besieged it for a month. The frightened government announced the mobilization of the nobility - in August 1670, a 60,000-strong army headed to the Middle Volga region. In early October, a government detachment under the command of Yu. Baryatinsky defeated the main forces of Razin and joined the Simbirsk garrison under the command of governor I. Miloslavsky. Razin, wounded, with a small detachment went to the Don, where he hoped to recruit a new army, but was betrayed by the top of the Cossacks and handed over to the government. On June 6, 1671, Razin was executed on Red Square in Moscow. In November 1671, Astrakhan, the last stronghold of the rebels, fell. Participants in the uprising were subjected to brutal repression.

Reasons for the defeat of the uprising: spontaneous character; lack of a clear action plan; weak discipline and poor weapons of the rebels; lack of a clear political program; contradictions between different social groups in the rebel camp.

Like all peasant unrest, Razin's uprising was defeated. But this was one of the largest anti-feudal protests in Russian history.

The Cossack-peasant movement against serfdom, led by the famous Cossack chieftain, was the most powerful and large-scale in the 17th century in the history of Russia. began on the Don and spread to the Caspian and Volga lands, covering large territories and affecting many peoples.

A sharp change in the social situation in the Cossack regions on the Don was the reason that the uprising of Stepan Razin began. Year after year, the situation of the peasants worsened. Fugitive peasants flocked to the Don and Volga lands, trying to get rid of enslavement. But even here their situation remained difficult, since the indigenous Cossacks were reluctant to accept them on their lands. This forced the “golutvenny” Cossacks to unite and engage in robbery and robbery.

The uprising of Stepan Razin began as a predatory raid of the Cossacks on the Volga lands. In 1667, Razin captured the Volga, where many Cossacks joined him. In 1668, the Razins ravaged the Caspian coast, after which they entered into a confrontation with Iran. The Cossacks captured the city of Ferahabad, won a major victory over the Iranian fleet and returned to the Don in 1669. Razin's successes sharply increased his authority among the residents of the Don and Volga region, which allowed him to make up for losses and recruit new troops.

The peasant uprising of Stepan Razin itself began in 1670. In the spring he moved to the Volga. His campaign was accompanied by spontaneous uprisings and riots of those trying to free themselves from enslavement. In May, Tsaritsyn was captured. Astrakhan, Saratov and Samara opened the gates for the Cossacks, where many archers and townspeople came under his command.

In the fall, Stepan Razin's army besieged the fortified city of Simbirsk. At this time, many local peoples joined the uprising: Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians. However, the siege dragged on, which allowed the royal commanders to gather large troops. The tsarist government hastily mobilized all forces to suppress the uprising and sent a 60,000-strong army to Simbirsk. On October 3, 1670, a decisive battle took place near Simbirsk between the Cossacks and the tsarist forces, in which the rebels were defeated.

The wounded Stepan Razin was taken by the Cossacks loyal to him to the Don, where he was going to recruit a new army, but the homely Cossacks captured him and handed him over to the tsarist military leaders. On June 6, 1671, Stepan Razin was quartered in Moscow. However, with his death the uprisings did not stop; many Cossack atamans continued to fight for another six months. Only in November 1671 did the tsarist troops manage to take the last stronghold of the Razins - Astrakhan.

The uprising led by Stepan Razin in 1670-1671, unlike his previous campaigns, was already of an acutely social nature, and many historians call it a “peasant war”, since the population of the Don and Volga region opposed the tsarist power and serfdom, fighting against the dominance of power and the lack of rights of the peasantry .

Thus, the uprising of Stepan Razin began with Cossack robberies and gradually developed into a full-scale peasant movement, the goal of which was to weaken taxes and duties and improve the lives of the peasantry.

Causes: complete enslavement of peasants in Rus' Council Code 1649 and therefore mass escapes of peasants to the Don, where the runaway was no longer considered a serf slave of the master, but a free Cossack. Also a strong increase in taxes in the country, famine and an anthrax epidemic.

Participants: Don Cossacks, runaway serfs, small peoples of Russia - Kumyks, Circassians, Nogais, Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars

Requirements and goals: the overthrow of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the expansion of freedoms of the free Cossacks, the abolition of serfdom and the privileges of the nobles.

Stages of the uprising and its course: uprising on the Don (1667-1670), peasant war in the Volga region (1670), The final stage and the defeat of the uprising (lasted until the autumn of 1671)

Results: the uprising failed and did not achieve its goals. The tsarist authorities executed its participants en masse (tens of thousands)

Causes of defeat: spontaneity and disorganization, lack of a clear program, lack of support from the top of the Don Cossacks, lack of understanding by the peasants of what exactly they were fighting for, selfishness of the rebels (often they robbed the population or deserted from the army, came and went as they wanted, thereby letting down the commanders)

Chronological table according to Razin

1667- Cossack Stepan Razin becomes the leader of the Cossacks on the Don.

May 1667- the beginning of the “campaign for zipuns” under the leadership of Razin. This is the blocking of the Volga and the capture of merchant ships - both Russian and Persian. Razin gathers the poor into his army. They took the Yaitsky fortified town, and the royal archers were expelled from there.

Summer 1669- a campaign against Moscow against the Tsar was announced. Razin's army grew in size.

Spring 1670- The beginning of the Peasant War in Rus'. Razin's siege of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). A riot in the city helped Razin take the city.

Spring 1670- battle with the royal detachment of Ivan Lopatin. Victory for Razin.

Spring 1670- Razin’s capture of Kamyshin. The city was plundered and burned.

Summer 1670- the archers of Astrakhan went over to Razin’s side and surrendered the city to him without a fight.

Summer 1670– Samara and Saratov were taken by Razin. A detachment under the command of Razin’s comrade-in-arms, nun Alena, took Arzamas.

September 1670- the beginning of the siege of Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) by the Razins

October 1670- battle near Simbirsk with the royal troops of Prince Dolgoruky. Defeat and serious injury of Razin. The siege of Simbirsk has been lifted.

December 1670- the rebels, already without their leader, entered into battle with Dolgoruky’s troops in Mordovia, and were defeated. Dolgoruky burned Alena Arzamasskaya at the stake as a witch. Razin's main forces were defeated, but many detachments are still continuing the war.

April 1671- Some of the Don Cossacks betray Razin and hand him over to the Tsar’s archers. The captive Razin is transported to Moscow.

November 1671– Astrakhan, the last stronghold of the Razin troops, fell during the assault of the tsar’s troops. The uprising was finally suppressed.

Period: XVII century.

Peasant war led by Stepan Razin in 1670-1671

The most powerful popular uprising of the 17th century. there was a peasant war of 1670-1671. led by Stepan Razin. It was a direct result of the aggravation of class contradictions in Russia in the second half of the 17th century.

The difficult situation of the peasants led to increased escape to the outskirts. The peasants went to remote places on the Don and the Volga region, where they hoped to hide from the oppression of landowner exploitation. The Don Cossacks were not socially homogeneous. The “homely” Cossacks mostly lived in free places along the lower reaches of the Don with its rich fishing grounds. It was reluctant to accept new newcomers, poor (“golutvennye”) Cossacks, into its ranks. “Golytba” accumulated mainly on the lands along the upper reaches of the Don and its tributaries, but even here the situation of fugitive peasants and slaves was usually difficult, since the homely Cossacks forbade them to plow the land, and there were no new fishing grounds left for the newcomers. The Golutvenny Cossacks especially suffered from the lack of bread on the Don.

A large number of fugitive peasants also settled in the regions of Tambov, Penza, and Simbirsk. Here peasants founded new villages and hamlets and plowed up empty lands. But the landowners immediately followed them. They received letters of grant from the king for supposedly empty lands; the peasants who settled on these lands again fell into serfdom from the landowners. Walking people concentrated in the cities and earned their living by doing odd jobs.

The peoples of the Volga region - the Mordovians, Chuvash, Mari, Tatars - experienced heavy colonial oppression. Russian landowners seized their lands, fishing grounds and hunting grounds. At the same time, state taxes and duties increased.

Stepan Razin. From an English engraving of 1672.

A large number of people hostile to the feudal state accumulated on the Don and Volga region. Among them were many settlers exiled to distant Volga cities for participating in uprisings and various protests against the government and governors. Razin's slogans found a warm response among Russian peasants and the oppressed peoples of the Volga region.

The beginning of the peasant war was laid on the Don. The Golutvennye Cossacks undertook a campaign to the shores of the Crimea and Turkey. But the homely Cossacks prevented them from breaking through to the sea, fearing a military clash with the Turks. The Cossacks, led by ataman Stepan Timofeevich Razin, moved to the Volga and, near Tsaritsyn, captured a caravan of ships heading to Astrakhan. Having sailed freely past Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan, the Cossacks entered the Caspian Sea and headed to the mouth of the Yaika River (Ural). Razin occupied the Yaitsky town (1667), many Yaitsky Cossacks joined his army. The following year, Razin’s detachment on 24 ships headed to the shores of Iran. Having ravaged the Caspian coast from Derbent to Baku, the Cossacks reached Rasht. During negotiations, the Persians suddenly attacked them and killed 400 people. In response, the Cossacks destroyed the city of Ferahabad. On the way back, near Pig Island, near the mouth of the Kura River, the Cossack ships were attacked by the Iranian fleet, but suffered complete defeat. The Cossacks returned to Astrakhan and sold the captured booty here.

A successful sea voyage to Yaik and to the shores of Iran sharply increased Razin’s authority among the population of the Don and Volga region. Fugitive peasants and slaves, walking people, the oppressed peoples of the Volga region were just waiting for a signal to raise an open rebellion against their oppressors. In the spring of 1670, Razin reappeared on the Volga with a 5,000-strong Cossack army. Astrakhan opened its gates for him; Streltsy and townspeople everywhere went over to the side of the Cossacks. At this stage, Razin’s movement outgrew the scope of the campaign of 1667-1669. and resulted in a powerful peasant war.

Razin with the main forces went up the Volga. Saratov and Samara met the rebels with ringing bells, bread and salt. But under the fortified Simbirsk the army lingered for a long time. To the north and west of this city, a peasant war was already raging. A large detachment of rebels under the command of Mikhail Kharitonov took Korsun, Saransk, and captured Penza. Having united with the detachment of Vasily Fedorov, he headed towards Shatsk. Russian peasants, Mordovians, Chuvash, Tatars rose to war almost without exception, without even waiting for the arrival of Razin’s troops. The peasant war was getting closer and closer to Moscow. Cossack atamans captured Alatyr, Temnikov, Kurmysh. Kozmodemyansk and the fishing village of Lyskovo on the Volga joined the uprising. Cossacks and Lyskovites occupied the fortified Makaryev Monastery in the immediate vicinity of Nizhny Novgorod.

On the upper reaches of the Don, the military actions of the rebels were led by Stepan Razin’s brother Frol. The uprising spread to the lands south of Belgorod, inhabited by Ukrainians and called Sloboda Ukraine. Everywhere “men,” as the tsar’s documents called the peasants, rose up in arms and, together with the oppressed peoples of the Volga region, fought fiercely against the serf owners. The city of Tsivilsk in Chuvashia was besieged by “Russian people and Chuvash.”

The nobles of the Shatsk district complained that they could not get to the tsarist governors “due to the instability of the traitorous peasants.” In the Kadoma region, the same “traitorous men” set up an ambush in order to detain the tsarist troops.

Peasants' War 1670-1671 covered a large area. The slogans of Razin and his associates raised the oppressed sections of society to fight, the “charming” letters drawn up by the differences called on all “enslaved and disgraced” to put an end to the worldly bloodsuckers and join Razin’s army. According to an eyewitness to the uprising, Razin said to the peasants and townspeople in Astrakhan: “For the cause, brothers. Now take revenge on the tyrants who have hitherto kept you in captivity worse than the Turks or the pagans. I have come to give you freedom and deliverance.”

The ranks of the rebels included Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks, peasants and serfs, young townspeople, servicemen, Mordovians, Chuvash, Mari, and Tatars. All of them were united by a common goal - the fight against serfdom. In cities that went over to Razin’s side, the voivode’s power was destroyed and city management passed into the hands of elected officials. However, while fighting against feudal oppression, the rebels remained tsarists. They stood for the “good king” and spread the rumor that Tsarevich Alexei, who at that time was actually no longer alive, was coming with them.

The peasant war forced the tsarist government to mobilize all its forces to suppress it. Near Moscow, a review of the 60,000-strong noble army was carried out for 8 days. In Moscow itself, a strict police regime was established, as they were afraid of unrest among the city's lower classes.

A decisive clash between the rebels and the tsarist troops took place near Simbirsk. Large reinforcements from the Tatars, Chuvash and Mordovians flocked to Razin’s detachments, but the siege of the city dragged on for a whole month, and this allowed the tsarist commanders to gather large forces. Near Simbirsk, Razin's troops were defeated by foreign regiments (October 1670). Hoping to recruit a new army, Razin went to the Don, but there he was treacherously captured by homely Cossacks and taken to Moscow, where in June 1671 he was subjected to a painful execution - quartering. But the uprising continued after his death. Astrakhan held out the longest. It surrendered to the tsarist troops only at the end of 1671.