Brief definition of culture. Types of culture

Lecture:

The concept of culture

You know that man is a biological, social and cultural being. What kind of people do we call cultured? A polite, tactful person who respects etiquette. Cultural people are not born, they are made in society. Having mastered the knowledge, values, norms, beliefs of society, having mastered the skills of using surrounding objects, performing social roles, a person turns from a biological being into a sociocultural one. What is culture? You need to start with the fact that this is one of the main social institutions of the spiritual sphere of society. The very first understanding of the word "culture" was the cultivation of the land, but over time, the meaning of this concept has changed and many meanings have appeared. Let's settle on this:

culture- the results of creative, creative human activity, accumulated over the centuries and passed down from generation to generation.

Culture was created as a result of human transformational activity. It is defined as the second nature - the artificial habitat of human society. The study of culture is carried out by the social and humanitarian science of cultural studies.

Culture is divided into two parts:

• Material, including artifacts - the results of material production: the entire objective world created by human hands.

Spiritual, including the results of the production of human consciousness: knowledge, ideas, values.

In other words, material culture is a product of the economy, while spiritual culture is a product of art, science, religion, and morality. They are closely related. For example, without knowledge and ideas, an architect will not build a building, or vice versa, the ideas of an artist or writer are reflected on matter (canvas or paper).

Forms of culture: mass, elite, folk

Researchers distinguish several forms of culture: mass, elite, folk.

Signs of mass culture:

1. It is gaining more and more popularity in the context of globalization.

2. Mass culture products are created in large numbers and distributed with the help of modern communication technologies.

3. It has many consumers, because it is generally accessible, easy to perceive and understand for people who do not have education and special training.

4. It is entertaining and does not contribute to spiritual growth.

5. It is of a commercial nature.

Examples of popular culture are cinema, television series, talk shows, humor, television news, fashion, sports, pop music, popular literature (such as novels), visual arts, etc.

In the modern world, scientists distinguish such a variety of mass culture as screen culture. It's a culture created and transmitted by computer. Its examples are computer games, social networks.

Signs of an elite culture:

1. A narrow circle of connoisseurs and consumers. Available, as a rule, to the intelligentsia - people of intellectual labor: scientists, teachers, museum and library workers, artists, composers, writers, critics, etc.

2. Products of elite culture are created by a privileged part of society, or by its order by professional creators.

3. This is a high culture, which is difficult for an unprepared person to perceive, for example, Picasso's painting is not understandable to everyone.

4. It is non-commercial in nature, but sometimes it turns out to be financially successful.

Examples of elite culture are the classical music of Mozart, Bach, Tchaikovsky, the classical literature of Dostoevsky, Shakespeare, the fine arts of Michelangelo, Rodin, Leonard da Vinci, Van Gogh, etc.

Signs of folk culture:

1. Created by anonymous creators with no professional training.

2. It has a local character, because each nation has its own special folk culture (folklore) associated with the traditions of the area.

3. Passed down from generation to generation.

4. Reproduction of folk culture can be individual (story, legend), group (dance or song performance), mass (carnival, carnival).

Examples of folk culture are fairy tales, epics, epics, dances, songs, myths, legends.

Functions culture

As mentioned in the previous lesson, each social institution performs functions aimed at meeting the needs of people. What are the functions of culture? Let's get to know them:

cognitive function allows a person to acquire rich knowledge and experience accumulated by many generations of people with the help of scientific and artistic books, musical compositions, paintings, sculptures, etc.

Information function (continuity function) is that culture includes the world of artifacts (objects and phenomena created by people), as well as the world of language (meanings and signs that form texts), which contain information that is passed down from generation to generation with the help of traditions. For example, the adoption and further spread of Christianity in Russia is a vivid example of continuity.

Communicative function promotes communication between people, through which a person learns cultural norms and values. Communication is also necessary for the creation, preservation and development of culture. As a result of communication, there is an exchange of ideas and spiritual enrichment. As Bernard Shaw said: "When apples are exchanged, each side has only an apple, but when ideas are exchanged, each side has two ideas."

Regulatory or normative function provides order in society with the help of moral and legal norms, traditions and customs, etiquette, etc., which give a person guidelines in behavior and regulate his actions.

Socialization function - as a result of assimilation of cultural norms and mastery of patterns of behavior, a person is included in a certain cultural context of the society in which he lives. Culture also regulates the gender roles of men and women.

Compensatory function allows a person to be distracted, take a break from life's problems, get an emotional release. A person can receive spiritual compensation from performing religious rites, engaging in artistic culture (for example, reading books, visiting the theater, listening to music), walking in nature, creative passion, collecting, raising children.

Exercise: Give your examples of mass, elite and folk cultures. Write them in the comments 📝

How often in life we ​​hear and use the word "culture" in relation to a variety of phenomena. Have you ever thought about where it came from and what it means? Of course, concepts such as art, good manners, politeness, education, etc. immediately come to mind. Further in the article we will try to reveal the meaning of this word, and also describe what types of culture exist.

Etymology and definition

Since this concept is multifaceted, it also has many definitions. Well, firstly, let's find out in which language it happened and what it originally meant. And it arose back in ancient Rome, where the word “culture” (cultura) called several concepts at once:

1) cultivation;

2) education;

3) veneration;

4) education and development.

As you can see, almost all of them still fit the general definition of this term. In ancient Greece, it was also understood as education, upbringing and love for agriculture.

As for modern definitions, in a broad sense, culture is understood as a set of spiritual and material values ​​that express one or another level, that is, an era, of the historical development of mankind. According to another definition, culture is the area of ​​spiritual life of human society, which includes a system of upbringing, education and spiritual creativity. In a narrow sense, culture is the degree of mastery of a certain area of ​​knowledge or skills of a particular activity, thanks to which a person gets the opportunity to express himself. He develops a character, a style of behavior, etc. Well, the most used definition is the consideration of culture as a form of social behavior of an individual in accordance with the level of his education and upbringing.

The concept and types of culture

There are various classifications of this concept. For example, culturologists distinguish several types of culture. Here is some of them:

• mass and individual;
• western and eastern;
• industrial and post-industrial;
• urban and rural;
• high (elite) and mass, etc.

As you can see, they are presented as pairs, each of which is an opposition. According to another classification, there are the following main types of culture:

• material;
• spiritual;
• informational;
• physical.

Each of them can have its own varieties. Some culturologists believe that the above are forms rather than types of culture. Let's look at each of them separately.

material culture

The subordination of natural energy and materials to human purposes and the creation of a new habitat by artificial means is called material culture. This also includes various technologies that are necessary for the preservation and further development of this environment. Thanks to material culture, the standard of living of society is set, the material needs of people are formed, and ways to satisfy them are proposed.

spiritual culture

Beliefs, concepts, feelings, experiences, emotions and ideas that help establish a spiritual connection between individuals are considered spiritual culture. It also includes all products of intangible human activity that exist in an ideal form. This culture contributes to the creation of a special world of values, as well as the formation and satisfaction of intellectual and emotional needs. It is also a product of social development, and its main purpose is the production of consciousness.

Part of this type of culture is artistic. It, in turn, includes the totality of artistic values, as well as the system of their functioning, creation and reproduction that has developed in the course of history. For the whole civilization as a whole, as well as for a single individual, the role of artistic culture, which is otherwise called art, is simply enormous. It affects the inner spiritual world of a person, his mind, emotional state and feelings. Types of artistic culture are nothing more than different types of art. We list them: painting, sculpture, theater, literature, music, etc.

Artistic culture can be both mass (folk) and high (elitist). The first includes all works (most often - single ones) by unknown authors. Folk culture includes folklore creations: myths, epics, legends, songs and dances - which are available to the general public. But the elite, high, culture consists of a set of individual works of professional creators, which are known only to the privileged part of society. The varieties listed above are also types of culture. They simply refer not to the material, but to the spiritual side.

information culture

The basis of this type is knowledge about the information environment: the laws of functioning and methods of effective and fruitful activity in society, as well as the ability to correctly navigate in the endless streams of information. Since speech is one of the forms of information transfer, we would like to dwell on it in more detail.

A culture of speech

In order for people to communicate with each other, they need to have a culture of speech. Without this, mutual understanding will never arise between them, and hence interaction. From the first grade of school, children begin to study the subject "Native speech". Of course, before they come to the first grade, they already know how to speak and express their children's thoughts with the help of words, ask and demand that adults meet their needs, etc. However, the culture of speech is completely different.

At school, children are taught to correctly formulate their thoughts through words. This contributes to their mental development and self-expression as individuals. Every year the child has a new vocabulary, and he is already beginning to think differently: wider and deeper. Of course, in addition to the school, factors such as family, yard, group can also influence the culture of a child’s speech. From his peers, for example, he can learn words that are called profanity. Some people until the end of their lives have a very meager vocabulary, and, of course, have a low culture of speech. With such baggage, a person is unlikely to be able to achieve something big in life.

Physical Culture

Another form of culture is physical. It includes everything that is connected with the human body, with the work of its muscles. This includes the development of a person's physical abilities from birth to the end of life. This is a set of exercises, skills that contribute to the physical development of the body, leading to its beauty.

Culture and society

Man is a social being. He constantly interacts with people. You can better understand a person if you consider him from the point of view of relationships with others. In view of this, the following types of culture exist:

• personality culture;
• team culture;
• the culture of society.

The first variety refers to the person himself. It includes its subjective qualities, character traits, habits, actions, etc. The culture of the team is formed as a result of the formation of traditions and the accumulation of experience by people united by a common activity. But the culture of society is the objective integrity of cultural creativity. Its structure does not depend on individuals or groups. Culture and society, being very close systems, however, do not coincide in meaning and exist, although next to each other, but on their own, developing according to separate laws inherent only to them.

The concept of culture originally in ancient Rome meant agriculture. Mark Porcius Cato the Elder back in the 2nd century BC. wrote a treatise on agriculture "De Agri Cultura". As an independent term, culture began to be used in the 17th century and meant “education” and “education”. In everyday life, culture has retained this meaning.

Culture - it is a set of various manifestations of human activity, including self-expression, self-knowledge, accumulation of skills and abilities. Simply put, culture is everything that is created by man, that is, it is not nature. Culture as a kind of activity always has a result. Depending on what character this result has (refers to material values ​​or to spiritual ones), culture is distinguished into material and spiritual.

material culture.

material culture- this is everything that is related to the material world and serves to satisfy the material needs of a person or society. Main elements:

• items(or things) - what is primarily meant by material culture (shovels and mobile phones, roads and buildings, food and clothing);
• technology- methods and means of using objects in order to create something else with their help;
• technical culture- a set of practical skills, abilities and abilities of a person, as well as experience gained over generations (an example is a borscht recipe passed down from generation to generation from mother to daughter).

Spiritual culture.

spiritual culture- this is a type of activity associated with feelings, emotions, as well as with intellect. Main elements:

• spiritual values(the main element in spiritual culture, as it serves as a standard, ideal, role model);
• spiritual activity(art, science, religion);
• spiritual needs;
• spiritual consumption(consumption of spiritual goods).

Types of culture.

Types of culture numerous and varied. For example, according to the nature of the attitude towards religion, culture is secular or religious, according to its distribution in the world - national or world, according to its geographical nature - Eastern, Western, Russian, British, Mediterranean, American, etc., according to the degree of urbanization - urban, rural , rustic, as well as - traditional, industrial, postmodern, specialized, medieval, antique, primitive, etc.

All these types can be summarized in three main forms of culture.

Forms of culture.

1. High culture (elite). Fine art of a high level, creating cultural canons. It is non-commercial in nature and requires intellectual decryption. Example: classical music and literature.
2. Mass culture (pop culture). Culture consumed by the masses, with a low level of complexity. It is commercial in nature and aimed at entertaining a wide audience. Some consider it a means to control the masses, while others believe that the masses themselves created it.
3. Folk culture. Culture of a non-commercial nature, the authors of which, as a rule, are not known: folklore, fairy tales, myths, songs, etc.

It should be borne in mind that the components of all these three forms constantly penetrate into each other, interact and complement each other. The Golden Ring Ensemble is an example of mass and folk culture at the same time.

LECTURE No. 1. General concepts of the history of culture

1. What is culture

2. The subject and object of the study of culture

3. Structure of culture

4. Forms of culture, its classification

5. The meaning and functions of culture

6. Methods and problems of studying culture

When in the Middle Ages a new way of cultivating cereals appeared, more progressive and improved, called the Latin word culture , no one could yet guess how much the concept of this expression would change and expand. If the term agriculture and in our time means the cultivation of cereals, then already in the XVIII-XIX centuries. the very word culture will lose its usual meaning. A person who possesses elegance of manners, upbringing, and erudition began to be called cultural. The "cultured" aristocrats were thus separated from the "uncultured" common people. In Germany there was a similar word culture , which meant a high level of development of civilization. From the point of view of the enlighteners of the XVIII century. the word culture was explained as "reasonableness". This rationality related primarily to social orders and political institutions, the main criteria for its evaluation were achievements in the field of art and science.

To make people happy is the main goal of culture. It coincides with the desires of the human mind. This direction, which considers that the main goal of a person is to achieve happiness, bliss, joy, is called eudemonism. His supporters were the French Enlightener Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755), Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico (1668-1744), French philosopher Paul Henri Holbach (1723-1789), French writer and philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), French philosopher Johann Gothfried Herder (1744-1803).

As a scientific category, culture began to be perceived only in the second half of the 19th century. The concept of culture is becoming more and more inseparable from the concept of civilization. For some philosophers, these boundaries did not exist at all, for example, for the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the existence of such boundaries was indisputable, he pointed to them in his writings. An interesting fact is that already at the beginning of the XX century. German historian and philosopher Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), on the contrary, opposed the concept of "culture" to the concept of "civilization". He "revived" the concept of culture, comparing it with a certain set of closed "organisms", endowing them with the ability to live and die. After death, culture turns into its opposite civilization, in which naked technism kills everything creative.

The modern concept of culture has expanded significantly, but the similarities in its modern comprehension and in its understanding in the 18th-19th centuries are very different. stayed. It, as before, for most people is associated with various types of art (theater, music, painting, literature), good education. At the same time, the modern definition of culture has discarded the former aristocracy. Along with this, the meaning of the word culture is extremely broad; an accurate and well-established definition of culture does not yet exist. Modern scientific literature gives a huge number of definitions of culture. According to some data, there are about 250-300 of them, according to others - over a thousand. At the same time, all these definitions, in turn, are correct, because in a broad sense the word culture is defined as something social, artificial, it goes in contrast to everything natural, created by nature.

Many scientists and thinkers have been involved in the definition of culture. For example, the American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 - October 5, 1960), being one of the leading representatives of the school of cultural anthropology of the 20th century, was engaged in the study of the concept of culture, tried to group the main features of culture into one clear, clear core definition.

Let us present the main interpretations of the term "culture".

Culture (from lat. culture- “education, cultivation”) - a generalization of artificial objects (material objects, relationships and actions) created by man, which have general and special patterns (structural, dynamic and functional).

Culture is a way of life of a person, which is determined by his social environment (various rules, norms and orders accepted in society).

Culture is the various values ​​of a group of people (material and social), including customs, behaviors, institutions.

According to the concept of E. Taylor, culture is a combination of various activities, all kinds of customs and beliefs of people, everything created by man (books, paintings, etc.), as well as knowledge about adaptation to the natural and social world (language, customs, ethics, etiquette, etc.).

From a historical point of view culture is nothing but the result of the historical development of mankind. That is, it includes everything that was created by man and transmitted from generation to generation, including various views, activities and beliefs.

According to psychological science, culture is the adaptation of a person to the world around him (natural and social) to solve various problems at his psychological level.

According to the symbolic definition of culture, it is nothing more than a collection of various phenomena (ideas, actions, material objects), organized using all kinds of symbols.

All these definitions are correct, but it is almost impossible to make one from them. One can only make a generalization.

Culture is the result of people's behavior, their activities, it is historical, that is, it is transmitted from generation to generation along with the ideas, beliefs, values ​​of people through study. Each new generation does not assimilate culture biologically, it perceives it emotionally during its life (for example, with the help of symbols), makes its own transformations, and then passes it on to the next generation.

We can consider the history of mankind as the expedient activity of people. It is the same with the history of culture, which can in no way be separated from the history of mankind. This means that this activity approach can help us in studying the history of culture. It lies in the fact that the concept of culture includes not only material values, products of human activity, but this activity itself. Therefore, it is advisable to consider culture as a combination of all types of transformative activities of people and those material and spiritual values ​​that are the products of this activity. Only by considering culture through the prism of human activity, peoples, one can understand its essence.

Being born, a person does not immediately become a part of society, he joins it with the help of training and education, i.e., mastering the culture. This means that it is precisely this familiarization of a person with society, with the surrounding world of people that is culture. Comprehending culture, a person himself can make his own contribution, enriching the cultural baggage of mankind. A huge role in mastering this baggage is played by interpersonal relationships (they appear from birth), as well as self-education. Do not forget about another source that has become very relevant in our modern world - the media (television, Internet, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc.).

But it is wrong to think that the process of mastering culture affects only the socialization of a person. Comprehending cultural values, a person, first of all, leaves an imprint on his personality, makes changes in his individual qualities (character, mindset, psychological characteristics). Therefore, in culture there are always contradictions between socialization and individualization of the individual.

This contradiction is not the only one in the development of culture, but often such contradictions do not hinder this development, but, on the contrary, push it towards it.

Many humanities are engaged in the study of culture. First of all, it is worth highlighting cultural studies.

Culturology- This is a humanitarian science that deals with the study of various phenomena and laws of culture. This science was formed in the XX century.

There are several versions of this science.

1. Evolutionary, that is, in the process of historical development. Her supporter was the English philosopher E. Taylor.

2. Non-evolutionary, based on education. This version was supported by the English writer Iris Murdoch(1919- 1999).

3. Structuralistic, it includes activities of any kind. Supporter - French philosopher, historian of culture and science Michel Paul Foucault(1926-1984).

4. Functional, advocated by a British anthropologist and cultural scientist Bronislav Kasper Malinowski(1884- 1942).

5. Game. Dutch historian and idealist philosopher Johan Huizinga(1872-1945) saw the basis of culture in the game, and the game as the highest essence of man.

There are no specific boundaries between cultural studies and related philosophy of culture. But still, these are different sciences, since the philosophy of culture, unlike cultural studies, is engaged in the search for super-experienced principles of culture. The philosophers of culture include the French writer and philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher-educator, deist Voltaire(1694-1778), representative of the "philosophy of life" movement, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900).

In addition to these humanities, there are a number of others that are based specifically on culture. These sciences include: ethnography (studies the material and spiritual culture of individual peoples), sociology (studies the patterns of development and functioning of society as an integral system), cultural anthropology (studies the functioning of society among various peoples, which is determined by their culture), morphology of culture (studies cultural forms), psychology (the science of the mental life of people), history (studies the past of human society).

Let us dwell on the basic concepts of culture in more detail.

Artifact(from lat. artefactum- "artificially made") of culture - a unit of culture. That is, an object that carries with it not only physical features, but also symbolic ones. Such artifacts include clothes of a particular era, interior items, etc.

Civilization- the totality of all the characteristics of society, often this concept acts as a synonym for the concept of "culture". According to the public figure and thinker Friedrich Engels a(1820-1895), civilization is the stage of human development following barbarism. The American historian and ethnographer adhered to the same theory. Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881). He presented his theory of the development of human society in the form of a sequence: savagery > barbarism > civilization.

Etiquette- the established order of conduct in any circles of society. It is divided into business, everyday, guest, military, etc. Historical traditions are elements of cultural heritage that are passed down from generation to generation. There are optimistic and pessimistic historical traditions. Optimists include the German philosopher Immanuel Kant English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), German philosopher, esthetician and critic Johann Gottfried Herder . These and other optimistic philosophers viewed culture as a community of people, progress, love, and order. In their opinion, the world is dominated by a positive principle, that is, goodness. Their goal is to achieve humanity.

The opposite of optimism is pessimism(from lat. pessimus- "worst"). According to pessimistic philosophers, it is not good that prevails in the world, but the negative principle, i.e. evil and chaos. The pioneer of this doctrine was the German philosopher-irrationalist Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). His philosophy became widespread in Europe at the end of the 19th century. In addition to A. Schopenhauer, supporters of the pessimistic theory were Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist, the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), as well as Friedrich Nietzsche, who advocated the anarchy of culture. These philosophers were interesting in that they denied all cultural boundaries, were against all sorts of prohibitions imposed on human cultural activity.

Culture is an integral part of human life. It organizes human life as a genetically programmed behavior.

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2. culture - culture I f. 1. The totality of mankind's achievements in the field of social-intellectual and industrial relations. || The totality of such achievements in a certain era, among a certain people. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
3. culture - Latin - cultura (I cultivate, cultivate the land). In the middle of the XVIII century. the word spread in Russian in the meaning of "plant breeding". Semyonov's etymological dictionary
4. culture - CULTURE - 1. A process that ensures the cultivation of saprotrophic fungi and other microorganisms on artificial nutrient media or parasitic fungi on plants. 2. Organism or organisms that grow during cultivation Botany. Glossary of terms
5. culture - CULTURE s, w. culture f.<, лат. cultura. 1. Разведение, выращивание (растений). Сл. 18. Реченный садовник.. деревам и цветам, которыя к украшению садов принадлежат, имена знает, и в культуре их.. искусство имеет. 1747. МАН 8 575. Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms
6. CULTURE - CULTURE (from Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) - a system of historically developing supra-biological programs of human life (activity, behavior and communication) ... New Philosophical Encyclopedia
7. culture - -s, w. 1. The totality of the achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual life. material culture. Spiritual culture. Small Academic Dictionary
8. culture - Culture, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures, cultures Zaliznyak's grammar dictionary
9. culture - CULTURE, s, f. 1. The totality of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of people. History of culture. K. ancient Greeks. 2. The same as cultural (see cultural in 2 meanings). A man of high culture. 3. Breeding, cultivation of some kind. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
10. culture - (from lat. cultura - education, upbringing, cultivation) - a system of spiritual forms of ensuring the life of people. K. is a specific sign of a person, inherent in him from the beginning of his existence. Ethnographic dictionary
11. culture - noun, number of synonyms ... Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
12. Culture - (from Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) a historically determined level of development of society and a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and people's activities ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
13. culture - 1. the totality of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of people; 2. high level of something, high development, skill. Big accounting dictionary
14. culture - CULTURE -s; and. [lat. cultura] 1. The totality of the achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual life. Material k. Spiritual k. Achievements of culture. History of culture. K. of the ancient world. K. Ancient Russia. medieval k. Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
15. culture - Cultures, w. [Latin. cultura] (book). 1. only units The totality of human achievements in the subordination of nature, in technology, education, social order. History of culture. The development of culture occurs in leaps and bounds. Large dictionary of foreign words
16. CULTURE - CULTURE (lat. cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education) - a system of historically developing supra-biological programs of human activity, behavior and communication ... The latest philosophical dictionary
17. CULTURE - CULTURE (from the Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) - a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people's life and activities ... Big encyclopedic dictionary
18. Culture - (from the Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) a historically determined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and people's activities ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
19. Culture - (English culture, German Kultur). 1. Any human activity represented by artifacts (material K.) or beliefs (spiritual... Archaeological Dictionary
20. culture - orff. culture, -s Lopatin's spelling dictionary
21. culture - CULTURE (from lat. culture - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) - a system of historically developing supra-biological programs of human life (activity, behavior and communication) ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
22. culture - Culture/a. Morphemic spelling dictionary
23. CULTURE - (English culture) - values, norms and products of material production, characteristic of a given society. The concept of "K." (as well as the concept of "society") is extremely widely used in human science: sociology, human psychology, etc. Big psychological dictionary
24. culture - (inosk.) - mental and moral education (a hint of culture, care, cultivation of the land - to obtain earthly wealth) Cultivate (inosk.) - take care of the prosperity of something; study Wed. Michelson's Phraseological Dictionary
25. culture - CULTURE - NON-CULTURE Cultural - uncultured cultural - uncultured cultural - uncultured From time immemorial, we have been accustomed to consider: a professor is a person of high culture. ... Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language