Short participles - how they are formed, what questions they answer, examples. What questions does the sacrament answer What question does the sacrament have examples

One way or another, both of them are firmly connected with the verb in terms of morphological features and meaning. The meaning determines which questions the participle answers, as well as the gerund.

Participle

This part of speech has not only verbal characteristics, but also features of an adjective. Linguists give different definitions of participle. Professor A. M. Peshkovsky calls it a mixed part of speech, V. V. Vinogradov calls the participle a hybrid verb-adjective form that combines the specifics of a verb with the features of an adjective. The participle, like an adjective, indicates a sign of an object, but not a simple one, but a sign by action, and this makes it related to the verb.

What questions does the sacrament answer?

Since we are talking about a sign of an object (albeit in terms of action), the sacrament is characterized by questions: which (th, -th, -th)? A short participle answers the questions: what? what are

Now let's see what morphological features the participle inherited from the verb, and which ones from the adjective. Let's find out what questions the participle answers in different grammatical forms.

Verbal signs of participle

Like the verb, the participle has a form, reflexivity, tense, short and full forms in the passive voice.

Participles can be perfect and imperfect: chopped hut / felled bough.

Communions are irrevocable and recurrent: bearing the truth / rushing at full speed.

Participles are used only in two tenses - the present and the past: a playing child / playing the violin.

Active participles and passive

Depending on whether the object itself performs the action or whether it takes on the action of another object or person, participles are divided into two categories: active and passive.

Answers the questions: what (th, -th, -th)? Its meaning is to express a sign of an object that independently performs an action. (Example: Schoolchildren who planted a larch take care of a tree.)

Real participles in the present tense have the following suffixes: -ash- (-box-), -usch- (-yusch-). In the past tense, these participles are written with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-. (Examples: carrying, reading, breathing, dependent, reading, carrying.)

Passive participles respond to the same questions as real participles, and denote a sign of an object that has undergone someone else's action. (Example: The larch planted by the guys took root well.)

This is how the suffixes suffer. participles: -nn-, -enn-, -om- (-em-), -im-, -t-. (Examples: carried, readable, dependent, readable, embedded, washed.)

In the passive voice, there are both full and short participles. What questions does it answer? It is: what? what is it? what? and what are? (Examples: the tree was planted by schoolchildren, the juice was drunk yesterday, the shirt is embroidered on the collar, the vegetables are grown in the garden.)

at communion

Like an adjective, the participle can change by number, gender, and in full form by case. Here it will not be difficult to determine what questions the participle used in a particular case answers. Examples:

Nominative case: a person (what?) thinking, notebooks (what?) scribbled.
Genitive case: a person (what?) thinking, notebooks (what?) scribbled.
Dative case: to a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Scribbled.
Accusative case: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Scribbled.
Instrumental case: by a person (what?) thinking, with notebooks (what?) scribbled.
Prepositional case: about a person (what?) Thinking, about notebooks (what?) Scribbled.

Features of punctuation of participial turnover

The participle, in which there is a dependent word, is a participial turnover. It is separated by commas if it is after the word that defines it. (Example: Oak, growing alone on a plain, was a kind of beacon for me.)

The participial turnover does not require commas if it is placed before the word being defined. (Example: An oak tree growing alone on a plain was a kind of beacon for me.)

Syntactic characteristics of the participle

This part of speech most often appears in a sentence as a definition. “Kinship ties” with the verb make the participle capable of being part of the compound predicate in the sentence, however, this is only available to short forms of the participle. And the participial turnover, which is an indivisible construction and in the sentence is entirely a member of the sentence, can generally be any minor member.

gerund

This part of speech can be figuratively interpreted as an active participle (dee + participle). His questions are more like questions for verbs than for adjectives, like participles. The task of the participle is to designate an additional action with the existing main one, which is expressed by the verb. We can say that the participle adorns the verb: "She walked, looking at the autumn trees." In this part of speech, the characteristics of the verb and the adverb coexist. The gerund participle is related to the verb by the fact that it is reflexive, has a perfect and imperfect forms. The similarity with the adverb is imprinted in its immutability.

Questions that are asked for the participle

They express a completed additional action, and therefore imply the question “what have you done?”. (Examples: playing the piano, making a toast, picking a branch.) They are usually formed from the stem of the perfect infinitive, to which suffix morphemes are added -in, -lice, -shi. Sometimes the participles of owls. species are formed from the stem of future tense verbs, then the suffix is used -and I).

Imperfect gerunds express an additional action that is still ongoing, it is not finished. The corresponding question is: what to do?. (Examples: playing the piano, making a toast, tearing off a branch.) This category of gerunds is created by adding the present tense and the imperfect suffix to the stem of verbs -and I). A suffix - teach helps to create the gerund participle ness. aspect of the verb "to be": being.

A feature of the punctuation of the gerund is that it is always separated by commas in a sentence. An exception can be called only those gerunds that have passed into adverbs, in this case they are located after the verb and imply the question: how?. (Example: People watched silently.)

Participial turnover

A gerund plus a dependent word is In writing, like a single gerund, it is always separated by commas. An exception is the adverbial phrases, which have become phraseological units. (Example: Roll up your sleeves.)

The participles always have one - circumstance.

We found out what questions the participle and gerund participle answer, and also saw the features of which parts of speech carry these special forms of the verb.

It's no secret that the Russian language is rich in vocabulary, word formation and, of course, grammar. This is such a huge amount of material that even after graduating from school, many people still have a lot of questions that only linguists and linguists can probably answer.

Grammar is one of the most difficult foundations of the Russian language and, speaking of it, it means not only correct spelling, but, of course, syntax, sentence members and parts of speech.

In contact with

Participle - verb or adjective

Speaking of the latter, it is impossible not to immediately note the verb. What is it? As everyone knows, this part of speech answers the questions what to do / what to do, denotes some action of the subject. Under the verb, educators also mean participles, calling them a specific form of the verb, but many experts in the language field believe that the latter are an independent part of speech, and this statement is not groundless. The fact is that they are distinguished by some features that the verb does not have.

Both parts of speech have similarities: can be perfect and imperfect form, as well as have the past and present tense.

Let's look at a few examples:

Crying, late, reading - present tense, imperfect form.
Crying, late, read - past tense, perfect look.

Very often it can be replaced by a predicate. For example, the phrase "Cured patient" may sound like "patient cured."

In turn, this part of speech is divided in two: passive - describe the sign of the object to which the action is complete, real - describe the sign of the object that performed this or that action.

Passive participles are also divided into two types: full and short. We'll just talk about the latter. Short participles, like an adjective, have the same features.

Touching on their similarities with the adjective, both vary in gender and number. Example:

Playful-playful - playful - playful.

So, how can you still describe the sacrament. This is a special form of speech that denotes the action of an object, while having a sign of definition. Answers the question: What is she doing? what did she do? (the question changes in gender and number, respectively). Therefore, it is not surprising that students often confuse this part of speech with the predicate and definition, which leads to incorrect punctuation and mangling of words.

This form can form a passive participle. As mentioned earlier, it can have a full and incomplete form and answer the question: what? what? what are?.

Beloved is loved.
Desired-desired.
Illuminated - Illuminated.

It should also be noted here that short forms in everyday speech are used very rarely.

A short participle answers the question:

- What is done? - The window is broken.
- What's been done? - The game is on.
- What's done? - The curtains are up.

A prerequisite is the use of one "n". In order to form this part of speech, the suffixes -n and -t are most often used:

Beat - finish off.
Drink - drink up.
Pick up-picked up.
Throw - thrown.

This part of speech (participle) is formed from the full form - from its base with the help of endings: masculine - without ending, feminine - a, middle - o. As for the plural - ending - s.

Short adjective and participle - differences

So, we looked at several examples and, as we said earlier, this part of speech has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. It is logical that the question arises: how to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.

Faced with an example of interest to us in a sentence, we should ask a question from him in the instrumental case.

For example:

"He was very uneducated." We ask the question “uneducated by whom/what?” It turns out a sentence of indistinct meaning. It does not mention either a person or an object to which the question “by whom / what?” could be used. Therefore, in this case, a short adjective is used, which can be replaced by the similar word "ignorant".

Now let's take the following example:

"These patterns on the mountains were formed by nature." In this case, from the word “educated” you can ask questions in the instrumental case “by whom? how?". From this it follows that we have a short communion before us.

It’s also worth pointing out how to correctly write the particle “not” with this part of speech.

As a rule, the negative particle "not" with participles, with verbs is written separately. Here are some examples.

The guy is not hardened.
Detective is not written.
The pear is not washed.

But there are cases when the particle is not written together. For example, if a short form is formed from a verb with the prefix "under-".

The husband is underestimated by the wife.
Wage not received.

Having become acquainted with the features of this part of speech, we can safely say that the participle, along with the verb and adjective, is a unique and, most importantly, a fairly independent grammatical unit, the study of which is not so easy.

A selection of rules: participle (definition, signs, pledge of participle, declension, orthograms).

Participle- this is an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an object that manifests itself in time by action, refers to a noun or pronoun and answers questions which? which? which? which? (whitening, deciding, listening).

signs

1. Permanent signs

pledge (real, passive);
time (present, past);
perfect (from perfective verbs), imperfect (from imperfective verbs);
transitivity (transitive (from transitive verbs), intransitive (from intransitive verbs);
recurrence (from verbs that are not used without -СЯ).

2. Non-permanent signs

genus (male, female, middle);
number (singular, plural);
the form (full, short);
case (only for the full form);
recurrence (from verbs having a form with and without the suffix -sya).

Communion Pledge

valid- denote signs of objects that themselves produce an action ( waiting passenger).
passive- are formed only from transitive verbs and denote signs of such objects on which actions are performed ( expected train).

Full and short participles

Full form have all participles (decorated).

short form only passive participles have perfect form ( decorated).
Short forms of participles change by gender and number.

Participle Declension

The participle in changes by number, by case, by gender.

initial participle form- nominative masculine.

Nominative case — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
Genitive — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
Dative — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
Accusative — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
Instrumental case — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
Prepositional- (about) reading(m.r.), (o) reading(female), (o) reading(s.r.).

Spelling participle suffixes

Valid participles

-USCH-, -USCH- are written in real participles of the present tense, formed from verbs of the I conjugation ( count Yusch uh, write yi uy).
-ASCH-, -YASCH- are written in real participles of the present tense, formed from verbs of II conjugation ( glue crate uh, tremble ash uy).
-VSh- form vsh ooh, hearing vsh uy).
-SH- written in the real participles of the past tense (formed from verbs of an indefinite form) ( passed sh uh, grew up sh uy).

Passive participles

-EM-, -OM- are written in passive present participles formed from verbs of the I conjugation ( carried away eat oh, ved ohm th).
-THEM- is written in the passive participles of the present tense, formed from verbs of the II conjugation ( view them oh, listen them th).
-T- written in the passive past participles ( pony t oh, I'll wrap t th).
-HH- written in passive past participles formed by adding -HH- to suffixes -AND I- verbs of indefinite form ( heard nn oh, dispel nn th).
-ENN-, -ENN- are written in passive past participles formed from verbs of an indefinite form by replacing suffixes -ET, -IT (resentment enn oh, no wind enn oh, shot enn th).

REMEMBER! glimpse - glimmering, basing - basing

Spelling -Н- and -НН- in participles

-NN- is written:

in perfect participles (decide nn th problem);
if there is a prefix ( except NOT) (read nn th book);
if there is a dependent word ( wound nn saber fighter);
in participles on - EVAN / - EVAN(marinova nn th cucumbers). Exceptions: chewing n oh, cova n th.

-N- is written:

in short participles ( eat pizza n a);
if there is no prefix ( baptized n th baby);
if there is no dependent word ( more beautiful n th floor);
if there is a prefix NOT- (uglier n th floor).

REMEMBER: a dead man - a report finished on time, a named brother - named above, a planted father - a tree planted in the park, a bride's dowry - given to something.

REMEMBER!

These participles without prefixes are written with -НН-: bought, deprived, abandoned, decided, promised, born, caught, forgiven, captivated, given, offended, seen, read.

Spelling not in participles

NOT spelled CONTINUOUSLY:

with participles that are without NOT not used ( not visible, not fit);
with participles formed from verbs with a prefix UNDER- (under considered);
if there are no dependent words or opposition ( not observed error).

NOT spelled SEPARATELY:

in the presence of dependent words ( not no one noticed a mistake);
in the presence of opposition ( not noticed but missed error);
with short passive participles ( error not noticed).

Participial

A participle with dependent words is called participle turnover. In the sentence, participial turnover and participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The participle is perhaps the most controversial element in the Russian language. Linguists still cannot unequivocally answer what exactly it is.

Some are absolutely sure that this is a separate and independent part of speech. But others insist that this is just a special form of the verb that resembles.

What is the sacrament - what questions does it answer and examples

That is why it is very difficult to give a single definition of the sacrament. So let's write a little streamlined:

The participle is an independent part of speech or a special form of the verb that indicates the sign of some object in relation to the action. It simultaneously combines the features of both an adjective and a verb.

What questions does the sacrament answer (examples)

Let's first remember what questions they answer adjectives and verbs:

But in order to recognize the sacrament in the text, find the words that would answer the questions “Which?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”. Or try replacing them with " What is doing?», « What did?”, “What did you do?”.

Another feature that helps to distinguish the participle from the adjective is the presence they have the following suffixes:

To make it clearer what we are talking about, we will immediately give a few participle examples:

LYING - from the verb LYING
WRITTEN - from the verb WRITE
WASHED - from the verb WASH

Interestingly, any participles can only be used past or present time. But they don't have a future. For example:

WISHING (present) and WISHING (past)
Hugging (present) and Hugging (past)
COLLECTED (present) and COLLECTED (past)

For fun, you can try to "break the language" and imagine these words in the future tense. I'm sure you won't succeed!

Signs of the verb in participles (passive, real)

Since the participle is called a special form of the verb, then it must also have the corresponding verbal signs.

Among them:

Signs of adjectives in participles (short, number, gender, case)

In parallel, participles have all the features that can be found in adjectives:

The form- full and short
READ - READ (short participle), PAID - PAID (short participle), DONE - DONE (short participle)
Number- singular and plural
FLYING - FLYING, FEEDING - FEEDING, CLOTHED - CLOTHED
Genus- male, female and middle
PAINTED – PAINTED – PAINTED, STANDING – STANDING – STANDING
case- all participles decline
READING (nominative) - READING (genitive) - READING (dative) - READING (accusative) - READING (creative) - READING (prepositional)

How to distinguish participle from adjective

The simplest way to distinguish a participle from an adjective is shown in the figure below.

Adjectives simply show the sign of the subject (noun). For example, "WHITE DAISMOS". And participles show a sign of the subject by action. For example, "BLOOMING DAISMOS".

How to distinguish a participle from a verbal adjective

This is perhaps the most difficult moment to understand. For example:

How to be? After all, the words are exactly the same and at the same time they are different parts of speech. All these words are formed from verbs. How to be? Remember the rule:

Participles have only direct meaning. They are not used in a figurative sense. Therefore, any participle can be replaced by a combination of the word WHICH and the verb from which it is formed.
And an adjective can be replaced by an adjective.

For example, the participle in the phrase "THE BRILLIANT LIGHT IN THE DISTANCE" can be replaced with "THE LIGHT THAT SHINES IN THE DISTANCE." Well, the “FLOWERING GARDEN” is “THE GARDEN THAT FLOWERS”.

The adjective in the phrase "BRILLIANT ACTOR" can only be seen as a synonym, for example, "TALENTED ACTOR".

How to distinguish passive participles from a verb

Usually short forms of passive participles are confused with verbs. For example:

How to be, because the meaning of these sentences is absolutely synonymous. If before the word you can insert the link "BE" in past or future tense. With the participle it will work, with the verb no. For example:

CAFE WAS CLOSED
TASKS WILL BE SOLVED
THE ARTICLE WAS WRITTEN

With a verb, this trick will not work.

Rules for writing participles

With the correct spelling of participles, many students have certain difficulties in exams. Especially when it comes to the suffixes "-Н-" and "-НН-" and the particle "NOT-".

Spelling in suffixes -Н- and -НН-

double letters " HH» are written in participles in the following cases:

if the participles have a perfect form, for example, a SOLVED PROBLEM;
if there is any prefix other than "NOT", for example, READ BOOK;
if there is a dependent word, for example, a WOUNDED SABER FIGHTER;
if the words end in "-ed" or "-ovated", for example, PICKLED CUCUMBER.

There are a few exceptions to the last rule. So, the words FORGED (fence) and CHEWED (piece) are written with one letter “H”, since in this case we are not talking about suffixes, but about part of the root of the words.

One "H" is written in participles if:

they are short ones, for example, MEAT IS EATEN;
there is no prefix, for example, BAPTISMED CHILD;
there is no dependent word, for example, WOUNDED FIGHTER (compare with what was a little higher);
there is a prefix "NOT", for example, a RASHED DECISION.

And there are certain exceptions as well. They do not have prefixes, but they are still written with two letters "НН":

forgiven, bought, captive, deprived, given, abandoned, offended, decided, seen, promised, read, born, caught.

And there are so-called paired participles, in which both one and two letters "H" can be written at the same time. And it all depends on the context. There is no specific rule here, you just need to remember these pairs:

FINISHED (on time report) - FINISHED (man)
NAMED (higher in the text) - NAMED (brother)
PLANTED (flower) - PLANTED (father at the wedding)
DOWN (to something) - DOWN (of the bride)

Spelling with the prefix NE-

"NOT" is spelled together in communion if:

no opposition or dependent words, such as NEUTRALIZED ERROR;
there is a prefix "NEDO", for example, MISSED SALARY;
participles simply cannot be used on their own, for example, INDITATOR or HATED.

BUT separately the prefix "NOT" with participles is written in the following cases:

if there is a dependent word, for example, ERROR NOT NOTICED BY ANYONE (compare with what was a little higher);
if there is a contrast, for example, NOT OBSERVED BUT MISSED MISTAKE;
if the participles are short and in a passive form, for example, ERROR NOT OBSERVED.

There is such a thing in Russian as participial turnover. So they call some participle with a dependent word. For example:

FAIL
GROWING AT THE PORCH
DOUBLED WITH WATER

Regarding spelling, in relation to participial turnover, the main difficulty is that it must be separate with commas or not. And there is a strict rule in which no exceptions are allowed.

If the participial turnover is after the main word, then it is separated by commas.

And if in front of him, then punctuation marks are not needed. Compare:

A flower GROWING AT THE PORCH died from drought
A flower growing near the porch died from drought

Instead of a conclusion

And there is also such a concept in Russian,. This is the name of the additional action to the main verb. For example:

WALKING BENDING
I THOUGHT Grieving
FALL HIT

By the way, linguists are also arguing about the participle as to whether it should be considered an independent part of speech or another form of the verb.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

Morphological signs of communion.

1. The participle is inextricably linked with the verb, since it is formed from it, therefore it takes over from the verb such signs:

Transitivity;

Recurrence.

2. Despite the similarity in features with the verb, participles do not have a future tense form. Only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have the present tense form: read (imperfective) - reading (present tense), reading (past tense); read (perfect form) - read (past tense).

3. On behalf of the adjective, the participle has the following signs:

The ability to change by gender (in singular), numbers and cases: flying, flying, flying, flying;

Ability to agree with a noun in number, gender and case: thinking old man, used opportunity, boiled milk;

Like qualitative adjectives, passive participles have not only full, but also short form: P rochitanny - read, completed - completed.

Ranks of sacraments.

According to the lexical feature, two categories of participles are distinguished: real participles and passive participles.

Valid participles- participles that denote a sign of an action performed by an object, object or person referred to in the sentence (text):

A reader will always be one step ahead of what he does not like to read.

Passive participles- these are participles that indicate a sign that appears in an object, person or object under the influence of another object:

A song sung by an artist is a song that an artist sang, a tree cut down by lumberjacks is a tree cut down by lumberjacks.

Features of passive participles.

Passive participles have a full and short form: book read - book read; watched movie - the movie was watched.
Passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs: watch movie - watched movie; listen to music - listened to music.
Passive participle phrases can be extended by the pronoun or noun that is the subject of the action: an abstract written (by whom?) by the student; cooked (by whom?) girl lasagna.

The syntactic role of the participle in a sentence.

Communions, like adjectives, can act as a definition in a sentence or :

Nature looked asleep until spring (compound nominal predicate). I took it from the shelf more than once read book (definition).

Short participles also act as compound nominal predicate:

I read the book in 3 hours.

Plan and sample of the morphological analysis of the sacrament.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament carried out according to the following plan:

1) Part of speech;

2) Initial form;

3) The discharge of the sacrament;

4) Signs of the verb: aspect, recurrence, time;

5) Signs of an adjective: full or short form (for passive participles), number, gender, case;

6) What member of the proposal is he?

Example. Our house was built in just six months.

built - participle, indicates the sign of the object by action, answers the question "what?"; n.f. - built; passive, perfective, irrevocable, past tense; short form, singular, masculine; acts as a predicate in a sentence.