What are the characteristic features of a healthy personality? How do personality traits manifest themselves and how to recognize them?

Along with individual traits and qualities of character, we can highlight general method adaptation of the individual to the social environment - social type human character. When determining the type of character, we highlight what is essential and similar in the characters of individual people, which determines general style their life activities.

On this basis, we distinguish the following types of characters.

Harmonically integral type characterized by stability of relationships and at the same time high adaptability to environment. A person with this type of character has no internal conflicts; his desires coincide with what he does. He is a sociable, strong-willed, principled person. People with a harmoniously integral character preserve the system own values in all difficult circumstances of life. This is a type of strong-willed fighter for his ideals and principles. Not opportunism, but changing reality in accordance with their ideals - this is the way these people adapt.

The type is internally conflicting, but externally harmoniously consistent with the environment characterized by inconsistency between internal motivations and external behavior, which, in accordance with the requirements of the environment, is carried out with great stress.

A person with this type of character is prone to impulsive actions, but they are constantly restrained by volitional efforts. The system of his relationships is stable, but his communicative properties are not sufficiently developed.

People of this type have complex system correlation of your value orientation with the conditions of reality. These people overcome discord with the outside world through internal tactical adjustments, psychological defense, devaluing current events that do not fit into their value system, preserving the basic values of the individual, but not actively trying to change external circumstances. This is a type of wise contemplator detached from everyday struggle.

Conflict type with reduced adaptation characterized by conflict between emotional impulses and social responsibilities, impulsiveness, the predominance of negative emotions, underdeveloped communicative properties, and insufficient structure of self-awareness. People have separate connections with the world of this type are not included in any general behavioral system. The life of such people follows a simplified scheme: their changing needs should, in their own opinion, be immediately satisfied without much effort.

The psyche of such individuals is not burdened with much experience; they are not concerned about the future. They are not seasoned in the struggle for existence. In childhood, they, as a rule, were subjected to overprotection and were surrounded by excessive care of the people around them. They are characterized by immaturity and inability to overcome life's difficulties. The main mechanism of their life is to obtain pleasure (hedonism). People of this type perceive all difficult situations as acute conflict and resort to unconscious psychological pseudo-defense - a distorted reflection of reality (whims, stubbornness, retreat into the world of dreams and fruitless dreams).

Variable type indicates external adaptation to the environment as a result of instability of positions, unprincipledness, a low level of personal development, and the absence of a stable general way of behavior.

Lack of character and constant opportunism are a surrogate for plasticity of behavior; it should not be confused with genuine plasticity of behavior, with the ability to take into account circumstances to achieve basic goals, without deviating from social norms and requirements. People of this type are simplistic inner world; their struggle for existence is straightforward. They have no doubts about achieving utilitarian goals and do not have any special internal restrictions. They know only one type of obstacle - external. Reality puzzles them only with questions of a “technical” nature - how to achieve it, how it is possible to achieve it more momentary benefits. This is the type of “realists”: they try to satisfy their needs as fully as possible within the limits of realistically existing possibilities. Adaptation, adjusting, adjusting the inner world to external circumstances - this is the general way of adaptation of these people.

Typological characterology can be based on leading personality orientation. Thus, the famous German philosopher and psychologist E. Spranger (1882-1963) distinguishes the following personality types according to their leading orientation.

Science man

IN pure form he knows only one passion - passion for a problem, a question, which leads to explanation, connection, theorizing. His experiences are divorced from real life: he may despair over the impossibility of knowing, or rejoice over a purely theoretical discovery. He exhausts himself as a psychological being in order to generate a purely ideal world of regular connections. For him, only the purity of methods of cognition is valuable - truth at any cost. The world for him is an endless production of entities and a system of relationships of dependence. In its most natural and pure form, this form of life is embodied in professional scientists, who, as a rule, come to formulate their life tasks as a result of free interest. But the preliminary stages of this kind of spiritual organization are found regardless of professional affiliation, and, perhaps, the structural features of the type appear much more clearly on them than in great scientists, who are often very complex natures.

Economic man

This is not necessarily a person associated with production. The most important thing is that the main motive that determines various spheres of personality and the nature of its existence is the motive of utility.

In general terms, an economic man is one who puts utility first in all life relations. For him, everything becomes a means of maintaining life, the struggle for existence and the best device own life. It saves material, effort, time - just to extract from it maximum benefit. It would be more accurate to call him a practical person, since the entire field of technology is connected with the concept of economics. The meaning of his actions is not in the activity itself, but in its beneficial effect.

Aesthetic man

Purely aesthetic behavior is not characterized by lust. Direct contact with the world is always painful and associated with the struggle for existence. But there is a second world where pain is as sweet as joy, suffering is as spiritual as joy: this is the world of fantasy. We know that there are people who surround themselves with such fantasies, through which they perceive reality.

When considering the aesthetic type, we mean not so much artists who create material works, but people who create themselves, possessing the internal structure of the aesthetic type.

Social person

A special life form, which is called social, arises when this need for self-denial for the sake of another becomes a leading life need.

Social orientation in its highest manifestation is love. It can be a fundamental feeling for all of life. But it can also be directed at a separate object or a circle of objects and at the same time not lose the character of a leading need that determines all individual existence. The individual becomes the object of love as the center of values. You can love another person because the value of truth, or beauty, or holiness is discovered in him. Akin to such love is a passionate desire to acquire the values of life that are already known to us. But the essence of love itself is even deeper: it remains something in itself, turned to another life for the sake of the values contained in this life. Conceptually defining what ultimately defies formulation, we can say that love discovers in another person - one, several or many - potential bearers of certain values and finds the meaning of its own life in devotion to these people.

Political man

A special case when power in itself becomes the main thing for a person.

Here we have the totality of the worldview: self-affirmation, achievement of success, vitality, energy of being.

A political person strives for a high social status and only then, as a leader, in the rays of glory does he feel in his place.

Religious man

This is one whose spiritual structure is constantly and entirely aimed at achieving the highest meaning of life, postulated by religion.

The behavior of religious people is dominated by an altruistic orientation. They see the highest meaning of their existence in noble, free service to people - in helping the injured, wounded, maimed, infirm, humiliated and lonely. The behavior of such people significantly exceeds the norm of social responsibility.

Religious dogmas are firmly embedded in the sphere of superconsciousness of a religious person and are covered by a complex intuitive mechanism - the mechanism of faith. The behavior of a religious person is modified - ideas of goodness and love for man begin to dominate in his psyche. It is characterized by a desire for sinlessness, and its possible guilty behavior is reorganized through deep repentance and atonement for guilt through good deeds.

All major religious denominations peace affirm spirituality, morality, highest ideals human existence, mobilize a person to walk the earthly path with dignity, postulate unshakable laws of human life among people.

We can safely call every person unique to one degree or another. What makes him such? It’s all very simple, a combination of external data and character traits with the help of which a person appears before you in his usual state. The list of qualities can be continued ad infinitum; they provide a person’s individuality, allowing him to be different from other people. In fact, it is not so easy to take and count the number of characteristic traits that a particular person possesses. Is it necessary to consider only good qualities? Maybe we should put bad characteristics at the forefront? It is very important to adequately characterize a person, give him an assessment and understand at the same time that a person cannot have only a good set of qualities or only a bad one.

List of human qualities

Why make all these lists and lists at all? Psychologists say that thanks to all these lists it is possible to conduct an analysis and highlight a number of aspects. When compiling a list of the qualities of another person, we ourselves will, in one way or another, strive to analyze ourselves, although this happens completely unconsciously, but still. Can be found weak spots and turn them into strong ones, gradually get rid of shortcomings and continue to confidently work on yourself.

Positive character traits

It is impossible to list all the advantages, there are a lot of them. In fact, more than you might imagine. Some characteristics allow you to interact with people, while others allow you to do a great job when asked by your boss at work. Let us outline a number of key positive qualities of a person:

kindness. This quality lives in each of us, but in modern society there is a stereotype that this is not what you can meet kind person. The problem is the crazy pace of life, which dictates its own conditions and quite often locks a person into a framework. Look around, what do you see? There are only egocentrics around who believe that the world should revolve only around them. But you can always find this quality in yourself and try to develop it;
sense of humor. One great classicist called the quality called "gaiety" outstanding. Its peculiarity is that a person can lift the mood of people who are nearby, relieving them of depressing thoughts. It’s nice to be in the same room with such people, they charge you with positivity and set the right mood in life, which allows you to just enjoy life without paying attention to what’s happening around you;
determination. Thanks to this quality, you can feel like an independent person, because many people associate determination with the absence of a sense of fear;
determination. It is important to set a goal and confidently move towards achieving it, so the owners of this quality can safely be called lucky;
feeling of compassion. This quality is valued in our time, because if a person knows how to empathize and support a loved one in difficult times, he will greatly alleviate his suffering and solve his problems;
politeness. This character trait in the eyes of others represents a person as tactful, balanced and not prone to conflict. It is very important to always maintain composure and look dignified;
communication skills. If a person knows how to quickly establish contacts and make friends, then he is a sociable person who will achieve a lot in life and go far;
punctuality. In a world where everyone is late and doesn't follow orders, this quality allows you to stand out from the crowd. Such people know how to plan their time, they value in people the ability to do everything on time and follow the rules;
self-criticism. Each of us must adequately assess the situation and be able to laugh at ourselves. This characterizes you as a strong and confident person who is not afraid to admit her mistake and say publicly that she did something wrong;
modesty. A person who does not exalt himself and does not put himself above everyone else looks decent. And this is even despite the fact that he has something to brag about and stand out from the crowd. It’s always nice to communicate with people who have achieved a lot and at the same time do not try to talk about themselves at every turn;
confidence. A quality that every person strives for. After all, it is so important to be 100% sure that you are doing everything right. Such persons are not afraid to express their opinions publicly; they know how to manage emotions and stressful situations make the only right decision.

Negative human character traits

IN at different ages a person is capable of exhibiting, along with positive qualities, also bad ones, which characterize him from the other side. Why do these qualities arise?

The parents could have made mistakes in raising the child, or the person has always shown a tendency towards unseemly behavior. Despite this. Even bad heredity can and should be fought; now we will look at a number of negative qualities human character:

hot temper. Usually people who have this quality do not know how to control their emotions, they are unrestrained and cause problems to everyone around them. You must try to restrain your emotional manifestations and keep your promises;
envy. It is not for nothing that this quality is called one of the worst character traits that harms the development of a person as an individual. Someone is more beautiful, richer, smarter - which means that the person is definitely worth envying, and some people even try to do everything possible to poison the life of the object of their envy. You should not pay attention to the successes of other people, you need to confidently work on yourself;
arrogance. It is very difficult to contact such people Everyday life, they consider themselves better than others and never tire of repeating this. If you don’t stop in time and try to get rid of arrogance, your family and friends may turn away from you forever;
selfishness. Such persons are doomed to die in splendid isolation, and all because they think only about themselves and care exclusively about themselves. Sooner or later, friends and relatives will turn away from you, who are simply tired of constantly taking care of you;
arrogance. Such persons are always looked down upon and therefore no one likes them. If you do not stop behaving arrogantly and live in splendid isolation, without friends and girlfriends, without support from others;
hypocrisy. A person who says one thing to his face and another behind his back will sooner or later compromise himself with something, and then a scandal will definitely not be avoided. It is necessary to make every effort to eradicate this bad quality in yourself;
pessimism. Often such people complain to others about life, they are constantly dissatisfied with something, and the nerves of those around them lose their nerve very quickly. No one will like the fact that they are always telling you their problems and trying to blame the whole world for your failures. Remember one thing very much important rule: if you initially set yourself up for failure, be prepared for the fact that it will stay with you for a long time;
laziness. Nobody likes lazy people, and no one will definitely work for you either. After all, such a person will definitely find a million excuses for doing nothing. If you don't stop everything free time spend time on the couch and remain an unsuccessful person who will achieve nothing in life;
impudence. Achieving a goal for such people will not be difficult; you can always go over your head, not paying attention to other people’s principles and ambitions. Nobody likes arrogant people, and everyone around them treats them with characteristic aggressiveness;
infantilism. It is very convenient in our society to be a capricious, spoiled person who shows his immaturity in making even the most banal decisions. People around them avoid such people so that they don’t have to solve their problems again;
cruelty. One of the worst human qualities, because such people are capable of any actions and deeds. It all starts in childhood, when a child deliberately tortures an animal, then teases classmates and mature age behaves cruelly towards work colleagues.

Everyone has the right to decide for themselves which qualities to develop in themselves and which ones need to be eradicated as soon as possible. One thing is clear, if you stand still and take absolutely no action, your unpleasant baggage of personal qualities and characteristics will remain with you. You need to work on yourself every day, because depending on the circumstances, certain characteristics appear and it is not always possible to control them in moments of overwhelming emotions. On the other hand, you should definitely make every effort if you realize that you are behaving incorrectly. Positive character traits should be developed, negative ones should be actively combated - it’s all very simple. If you don't like something, you can always correct it or fix it altogether. You cannot characterize a person as “bad” or “good” or give him some other assessment, because everything in this world is relative. A person who is engaged in self-development will never be guided by someone else's opinion and consider it the only correct one. Remember that everything in this life depends only on you and the decisions you make. There are bad and good qualities in each of us, but we have the right to dose them, revealing the facets of our character every day from a new side.

Each person has a unique set of qualities that define his personality. I wonder what character traits there are, what types of qualities there are and how they influence a person’s character?

What are the character traits?

Why bother understanding what character traits exist? In order to be able to determine the type of character of the interlocutor. And knowing what type of character a person has, it is easier to predict his actions, and this will help to avoid various unpleasant situations.

Even without being familiar with the topic, you can name many character traits, how can you understand which of them are decisive for specific person? In psychology, there are concepts of leading and secondary character traits. That is, not every trait will manifest itself with equal force in a person’s behavior. For example, a truth-loving and fearful person will constantly endure ridicule from others, privately reasoning with himself how wrong they are if his fearfulness is the leading one. But if the love of truth prevails, then he will tell everyone who they really are, deep down fearing the consequences.

Therefore, character traits are classified in relation to different aspects of life.

Attitude towards other people: rudeness, truthfulness, tactfulness, deceit, isolation, sociability, friendliness.
Attitude to work: conscientiousness, responsibility, hard work, laziness.
Attitude towards oneself: narcissism, self-criticism, modesty, pride, self-confidence.
Attitudes towards property: greed, frugality, generosity, wastefulness, sloppiness, neatness.

The main group is the attitude towards other people, because it is in society that the main character traits are formed; without assessing behavior with other people, a person’s character cannot be understood. If a person has overly developed certain character traits, then this is called accentuation.

What kind of character does a person have with accentuation?

The most well-known division is into introverts and extroverts, reserved and sociable people, respectively. But there is also such a classification of the types of human character with accentuation.

4 types of character

Figuring out what kind of character a person has is not easy, because there are many classifications. From school we know the concepts of choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic - these are types of temperament, but they are often confused with types of human character. Temperament really has a huge impact on character. Therefore, in order to understand what types of character there are, it is imperative to take into account a person’s temperament.

Studying character traits a certain person, it is possible to identify what qualities characterize a person. Their manifestation is based on the influence of individual experience, knowledge, abilities and capabilities of people. List biological features includes innate characteristics of a person. Other personality qualities are acquired as a result of life activity:

Sociality

It means irreducibility to individual, biological characteristics of people, saturation with socio-cultural content.

Uniqueness

The uniqueness and originality of the inner world of an individual, his independence and impossibility of being attributed to one or another social or psychological type.

Transcendence

Willingness to go beyond one’s “limits”, constant self-improvement as a way of being, belief in the possibility of development and overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to one’s goal and, as a consequence, incompleteness, inconsistency and problematic nature.

Integrity and subjectivity

Internal unity and identity (equality with oneself) in any life situations.

Activity and subjectivity

The ability to change oneself and the conditions of one’s existence, independence from environmental conditions, the ability to be the source of one’s own activity, the cause of actions and recognition of responsibility for the deeds committed.

Moral

The basis of interaction with the outside world, the willingness to treat other people as the highest value, equal to one’s own, and not as a means of achieving goals.

List of qualities

Personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes and motivation. And also separately the following qualities:

Independence;
Intellectual self-improvement;
Communication skills;
Kindness;
Hard work;
Honesty;
Determination;
Responsibility;
Respect;
Confidence;
Discipline;
Humanity;
Mercy;
Curiosity;
Objectivity.

A person’s personal qualities consist of internal perception and external manifestations. External manifestation includes a list of indicators:

innate or acquired artistry;
attractive appearance and sense of style;
ability and clear pronunciation of speech;
competent and sophisticated approach to .

The main qualities of a person (her inner world) can be classified according to a number of characteristics:

a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the absence of conflicting perceptions of information;
an inherent love for people;
open-minded thinking;
positive form of perception;
wise judgment.

The level of these indicators determines individual characteristics being studied.

Structure of individual qualities

For more precise definition qualities of a person’s personality, one should highlight his biological structure. It consists of 4 levels:

Temperament, which includes characteristics of genetic predisposition (nervous system).
Degree of unique mental processes, allowing you to determine the personal qualities of a person. The level of individual perception, imagination, manifestation of volitional signs, feelings and attention influences the achievement of results.
The experiences of people, characterized by knowledge, abilities, capabilities and habits.
Indicators of social orientation, including the subject’s attitude to the external environment. The development of personal qualities acts as a guiding and regulating factor of behavior - interests and views, beliefs and attitudes (state of consciousness based on previous experience, regulatory attitude and), moral norms.

Traits of people that characterize their temperament

The innate qualities of a person shape him as a social being. Behavioral factors, type of activity and social circle are taken into account. The category is divided into 4 concepts: sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

Sanguine - easily adapts to a new environment and overcomes obstacles. Sociability, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main personality traits.
Melancholic – weak and sedentary. Under the influence of strong stimuli, behavioral disturbances occur, manifested by a passive attitude towards any activity. Introversion, pessimism, anxiety, reasoning and touchiness - character traits melancholic.
Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic personality traits. They are quick-tempered and unrestrained. Touchiness, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability are clear indicators of a restless temperament.
A phlegmatic person is a balanced, inert and slow person, not prone to change. Personal indicators are easy to overcome negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence - distinctive features calm people.

Individual character traits

Character is a set of traits of an individual that are manifested in different types activities, communication and relationships with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background life processes and the type of activity of people. To more accurately assess the character of people, behavioral factors in specific circumstances should be studied in detail.

Types of character:

cycloid – mood swings;
hyperthymic accentuation consists of high activity and failure to complete tasks;
asthenic – capricious and depressive personal qualities;
sensitive – timid personality;
hysterical - the makings of leadership and vanity;
dysthymic – focused on negative side current events.

Individual abilities of people

Individual psychological qualities of a person contribute to the achievement of success and excellence in a certain activity. They are determined by the social and historical practice of the individual, the results of the interactions of biological and mental indicators.

There are different levels of ability:

giftedness;
talent;
genius.

The development of the algorithm of personal qualities and abilities of people is characterized by the ability to learn new things in the mental sphere. Special features are manifested in a specific type of activity (musical, artistic, pedagogical, etc.).

Strong-willed traits of people

Adjusting behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort makes it possible to determine personal qualities: the level of effort and plans for taking actions, concentration in a given direction. Will manifests itself in the following properties:

– level of effort to achieve the desired result;
perseverance – the ability to mobilize to overcome troubles;
restraint - the ability to limit feelings, thinking and actions.

Courage, self-control, commitment are the personal qualities of strong-willed people. They are classified into simple and complex acts. IN simple case promptings to action flow into its implementation automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of drawing up a plan and taking into account the consequences.

Human feelings

People's persistent attitudes towards real or imaginary objects arise and are formed on the basis of the cultural and historical level. Only the ways of their manifestation change, based on historical eras. individual.

Personal motivation

Motives and incentives that contribute to the activation of actions are formed from. Stimulating personality traits can be conscious or unconscious.

They appear as:

desire for success;
avoiding trouble;
gaining power, etc.

How do personality traits manifest themselves and how to recognize them?

The personal qualities of an individual are determined by analyzing behavioral factors:

self-esteem. manifest themselves in relation to themselves: modest or confident, arrogant and self-critical, decisive and brave, people with high level self-control or lack of will;
assessment of the individual's attitude to society. Distinguish different degrees relationships of the subject with representatives of society: honest and fair, sociable and polite, tactful, rude, etc.;
a unique personality is determined by the level of interests in the labor, educational, sports or creative spheres;
clarification of a person’s position in society occurs in close connection with opinions about him;
when studying psychological factors, Special attention attention is paid to memory, thinking and attention, which characterize the development of personal qualities;
Observing the emotional perception of situations allows us to assess the individual’s reaction when solving problems or its absence;
measuring the level of responsibility. The main qualities of a serious personality are manifested in labor activity as creative approach, enterprise, initiative and getting things done to the desired result.

A review of the individual properties of people helps to create an overall picture of behavior in professional and social sphere. The concept of “personality” is a person with individual properties determined by the social environment. These include personal characteristics: intelligence, emotions and will.

Grouping of features that contribute to personality recognition:

subjects who are aware of the presence of their inherent social traits;
people taking part in the social and cultural life of society;
personal qualities and character of a person are easy to determine in social relationships through communication and the work sphere;
individuals who are clearly aware of their uniqueness and significance in the public.

Personal and professional quality of a person are manifested in the formation of worldview and internal perception. An individual always asks philosophical questions about life and his significance in society. He has his own ideas, views and life positions, affecting

Before proceeding with the classification and listing of human character traits, it is necessary to understand the meaning and concept of this term. Translated from Greek, “character” means difference, sign or sign. The personality of each person is multifaceted and intertwined in each large quantity personal properties that determine a person’s behavior in a given situation. What are there?

Classification of personality traits

Conventionally, the main character traits are divided into three main groups.

The first characterizes emotions, the second – will, and the third – intellect. There is also a division according to the direction of impact.

First of all, this is characterized by the attitude towards the external environment - society and the people around.

Secondly, by the attitude towards one’s own person, and thirdly, by the attitude towards activity, that is, work and learning.

The emotional group, which includes such traits as aggressiveness, apathy, artistry, quick temper, impressionability, good nature, cheerfulness, isolation, impulsiveness, capriciousness, love of love, melancholicity and others, are formed in early childhood, when the child’s psyche undergoes a stage of formation under the influence of many various factors.

Strong-willed character traits are acquired throughout life - these are power, masculinity, assertiveness, resourcefulness, obsession, prudence, pedantry, devotion, etc. The intellectual group includes insight, rationality, prudence, independence, savvy, intelligence, intelligence, integrity, etc.

The decisive factor here is natural predisposition, which is influenced hereditary genes and temperament.

However, the child’s environment cannot be discounted: it would be more correct to say that it plays the same role in the development of personality as what is inherent in nature.

The baby grows, gains experience in interacting with the outside world and a set of positive and negative personality traits. This process continues throughout life and the list of existing character traits is constantly updated with new personality traits. And if at first this process occurs unconsciously, reflexively, then later, when a person realizes his actions, he can already make a choice. This conscious choice opens up opportunities for character transformation, that is, personal growth.

Basic personality traits

Today, the list of character traits consists of several hundred different definitions.

Their very different combinations can be found in the same person. But in general, the personal qualities that exist today are divided into positive and negative.

However, to say with one hundred percent certainty that this is bad trait character, but this is good, it’s impossible.

For example, adventurism can be called as negative trait, and positive, depending on the impact it has on human behavior.

If he is excessively and thoughtlessly carried away by various adventures of an incomprehensible nature, then this most likely will not bring him any good.

The healthy adventurism inherent in a successful businessman allows him to move forward, invest money in promising projects and prosper. Or, for example, envy. Everyone will say that this trait is extremely negative.

But psychologists say that it is the engine of progress, forcing people to strive forward and achieve more than others have. In most cases, it is worth talking about certain sets of properties that, depending on the current situation, can have greater influence per person. But from a social and moral point of view, they can all be divided into positive and negative.

Negative character traits

Here are some of them:

TO negative qualities personality can also include rudeness, boasting, familiarity, sullenness, vanity, obstinacy, bitchiness, arrogance, promiscuity, etc.

List of positive human character traits

Here are some of them:

TO positive qualities personality can also be attributed to meekness, sincerity, caring, gullibility, restraint, politeness, nobility, accuracy, etc.