How to determine the form of ownership of the organization. What are the types of ownership? There are two types of production structures

Enterprises are usually classified according to a number of criteria. There are the following main classifications of enterprises.

1) Classification by type and nature of activity.

First of all, enterprises differ from each other by belonging to a particular sector of the country's economy - industry, construction, agriculture, transport, trade, marketing, science, education, healthcare, culture, etc.

2) Classification according to the size of the enterprise.

One of the important characteristics of an enterprise is its size, which is determined primarily by the number of employees employed. As a rule, on this basis, enterprises are divided as follows:

micro-enterprises - up to 15 people;

small enterprises - from 15 to 100 people;

medium-sized enterprises - from 101 to 250 people,

large - more than 250 people,

especially large - over several thousand people.

Determining the size of an enterprise by the number of employees can be supplemented by other characteristics - sales volume, asset value, profit received, etc.

3) Classification by form of ownership.

The form of ownership underlies the legal status of the enterprise. According to the form of ownership, private, state or municipal enterprises, enterprises owned by public organizations, enterprises of mixed ownership are distinguished.

Private enterprises are based on the property of citizens. They can exist in the form of independent independent companies - individual private enterprises, or in the form of associations (partnerships and companies) created on the basis of a participation system or on the basis of agreements between the participants in the association.

Under the state (municipal) enterprises are understood as purely state (municipal) and mixed or semi-state. In purely state (municipal) enterprises, the state (municipal formation) owns all the property of the enterprise, and in mixed enterprises - only part of it. In the case of mixed capital, the state (municipal formation) exercises control over the activities of the enterprise.

4) Classification by organizational and legal forms.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes the composition of the organizational and legal forms of enterprises - legal entities. Legal entities that are commercial organizations can be created in the form of economic partnerships and companies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises. The most common forms of commercial enterprises today are business partnerships and companies. Business partnerships are associations of persons, and business companies are associations of capital.

Business partnerships- These are commercial organizations with an authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership). Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships can be individual entrepreneurs and commercial organizations, and investors in limited partnerships can be citizens and legal entities.

General partnership (Art. 69-81 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) - when the participants (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and bear joint responsibility for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. In Russian business practice, this form has practically not found its application due to the full and unlimited property liability of participants in a general partnership in the event of bankruptcy, not only with their contribution, but also with personal property.

Faith partnership or limited partnership (Art. 82-86 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation)- when, along with the participants carrying out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property (general partners), there are one or more contributors (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership, within the limits of the amounts of their contributions and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership. A limited partnership differs little from a general partnership, except that it includes two groups of participants: general partners and contributors (commanders). At the same time, the investor is extremely limited in his rights to manage the partnership, but has the right to receive part of the profits. Just like general partnerships, limited partnerships are not widely used in the Russian Federation.

Business companies- These are commercial organizations with an authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Citizens and legal entities may be participants in economic companies.

Joint Stock Company (Art. 96-104 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares and is formed at the expense of the nominal value of shares acquired by shareholders. Members of a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, to the extent of the value of their shares. This organizational and legal form is by far the most common in the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the current legislation, open joint stock companies (OJSC) and closed joint stock companies (CJSC) can be formed.

An open joint stock company is a company whose members can alienate (sell, donate, transfer) their shares without the consent of other shareholders. OJSC has the right to conduct an open subscription for shares issued by it and their free sale. The number of shareholders of an OJSC is not limited. JSC is obliged to annually publish an annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss account.

A closed joint stock company is a joint stock company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons. Such a company is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for shares issued by it or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons. Shareholders of a CJSC have a pre-emptive right to acquire shares sold by other shareholders of this company. The number of participants in a closed joint stock company is limited by the law on joint stock companies and must not exceed 50 shareholders.

Limited Liability Company (Art. 87-94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a company established by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; members of a limited liability company (LLC) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the LLC within the value of their contributions. The minimum amount of the authorized capital of an LLC must be at least 100 minimum wages (minimum wage). The total number of participants in an LLC should not exceed 50 founders. This organizational and legal form of an enterprise is very common in the Russian Federation, since it has a number of advantages, for example, such as the absence of liability with all its property for the obligations of the company.

An additional liability company (Article 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a type of LLC. The main difference between an LLC and an additional liability company (ALC) is that the ALC participants assume additional liability for the obligations of the company not only in the amount of contributions made to its authorized capital, but also with their other property, in the same multiple size for all to the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company.

Production cooperative(Article 107-112 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a commercial organization, which is a voluntary association of citizens for joint production or other economic activities based on their personal labor or other participation. A production cooperative may be organized in the sphere of production, processing, marketing of industrial, agricultural and other products, performance of work, trade, consumer services, provision of other services.

unitary enterprise(Article 113-115 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is a commercial organization that is not endowed with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it. In a unitary enterprise, property is indivisible. Only state and municipal enterprises can be created in the form of unitary enterprises. The property of such enterprises is in state or municipal ownership on the basis of economic management (federal, state or municipal unitary enterprises) or operational management (federal, state or municipal state-owned enterprises). These forms of enterprises limit the possibilities of the state and municipalities in entrepreneurial activity through the creation of legal entities - commercial organizations.

According to the legal status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia, the following types of enterprises are distinguished in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: 1) business partnerships and companies; 2) production cooperatives; 3) state and municipal unitary enterprises; 4) non-profit organizations (including consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations/associations, foundations, etc.); 5) individual entrepreneurs.

According to the forms of ownership, the property of an enterprise can be private, state, municipal, and also be owned by public associations (organizations).

Household partnerships can be established in the form of a general partnership and in the form of a limited partnership. A partnership is considered to be complete if the participants, in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with their property. A limited partnership (limited partnership) is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property, there are one or more participants-contributors (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership , within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them, and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership.

Limited Liability Company a company founded by one or more persons is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents. The participants of this company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of their contributions.

Company with additional liability a company founded by one or more persons is considered, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents. The participants in such a company jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations with their property in the same for all one-time amount to the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company. In case of bankruptcy of one of the participants, its liability for the obligations of the company is distributed among the other participants in proportion to their contributions, unless a different procedure for the distribution of responsibility is provided for by the constituent documents of the company.

joint stock company a company is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares. Members of a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company within the value of their shares. Joint-stock companies, in turn, are divided into open, whose participants can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, and closed, whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons.

Production cooperatives (artels) is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and the association of its members (participants) of property shares.

unitary enterprise a commercial organization is recognized that is not endowed with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it by the owner. The property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. In the form of unitary enterprises, only state and municipal enterprises. The property of a state or municipal enterprise is, respectively, in state or municipal ownership and belongs to such an enterprise on the basis of the right of economic management or operational management.

Non-profit organizations, unlike commercial ones, do not pursue profit making as the main goal of their activities and do not distribute the profit received among the participants of this organization.

In the economies of developed countries, large, medium and small enterprises simultaneously operate, as well as activities based on personal and family work.

Division of labor, cooperation, specialization.

Concentration, centralization and diversification of production.

The division and socialization of labor are expressed directly in production processes in the form of differentiation and concentration of operations for the manufacture of products, and at the level of social production as a whole, in sectoral differentiation and concentration of production.

Concentration is the main form of social organization of production and is a process of concentration of production in all larger enterprises.

The concentration of production has four forms: consolidation of enterprises, specialization, cooperation and combination.

Consolidation of enterprises is the concentration of production at large enterprises, determined by the scientific and technological progress of the tools of labor (growth in the productivity of unit capacities of machines, units, apparatus, improvement of control technology, etc.) and the growth of output.

Specialization - the concentration (concentration) of homogeneous production, which by its type is mass or large-scale.

Cooperation - direct production links between enterprises (associations) participating in the joint production of certain products.

Combination - a combination of different industries, which are successive stages of processing raw materials, complex processing of raw materials or the use of production waste in one enterprise (combine).

Specialization and cooperation of production

specialization, on the one hand, is a consequence of the social division of labor, and on the other hand, the result of the concentration of homogeneous production. Consequently, specialization is a dialectical unity of two opposite processes: differentiation and concentration.

The specialization of production in industry is carried out in five main forms: subject, detail, technological, auxiliary and intersectoral production.

Subject specialization means the concentration of production of certain types of end-use products. The subject of such specialization may be a machine-tool or automobile plant.

Detailed specialization - the concentration of production of certain parts and assemblies, blanks and semi-finished products. In certain industries, it can have specific varieties, for example, in mechanical engineering - by detail, aggregate, and nodal. An example of a detailed specialization is a ball bearing factory, a car piston factory, etc.

The transformation of individual phases of production or operations into independent production - technological specialization (or staged), for example, a foundry, centrolites that produce blanks for machine-building plants.

It is necessary to single out the specialization of auxiliary industries and the specialization of intersectoral industries. An example of specialization of auxiliary industries is repair plants (firms), and an example of specialization of intersectoral industries is enterprises for the production of general machine-building products (crankshafts, gearboxes, gears, etc.).

Opening and closing of enterprises, reorganization and bankruptcy.

State registration of legal entities is an act of the registering body, carried out by entering into the state register information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities, as well as other information about legal entities

Information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities is entered into the state register on the basis of documents submitted by the applicant during the state registration of legal entities and amendments to the state register.

The founders (participants) of a legal entity or the body that made the decision to liquidate the legal entity are obliged to notify in writing the registration authority at the location of the legal entity being liquidated within three days, attaching the decision to liquidate the legal entity.

Reorganization - a system of measures to improve the financial situation of enterprises, carried out in order to prevent their bankruptcy or increase competitiveness

Insolvency (bankruptcy) - the inability of the debtor (citizen or organization) recognized by the arbitration court to fully satisfy the requirements of creditors for monetary obligations and (or) fulfill the obligation to pay mandatory state payments. This term has a special legal meaning, as it entails a set of specific legal consequences: an insolvency procedure (competitive process), which has as its primary goal the most equal and fair satisfaction of the interests of creditors of an insolvent debtor. The law provides for the application of the insolvency procedure for both legal entities and individuals.

property use possession disposal

Complexity and multidimensionality property appears not only in its content, but also in diversity types, forms and species.

Type property determines the most general principles of its functioning, the essence of the nature of the connection of workers with the means of production, i.e. production relations regarding the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods.

The form property- this is a stable system of production relations and economic relations, which determines the appropriate way to connect the worker with the means of production, i.e. relations regarding the organization of the direct use of factors of production as elements of the productive forces.

View property characterized by a specific method of appropriation of goods and methods of management.

Stories known two major type property: general and private.

General own means that its objects are the common property of all its subjects. That is, objects of common property cannot be distributed among its subjects, and therefore no part of common property can be the property of an individual subject. Each subject of common property is equal with others in terms of use, possession, disposal and economic realization of its objects. The main form of individual appropriation is the distribution of income, and the measure of its distribution is labor. The principle justified in Christian teaching is being implemented: labor is the basis of people's lives, therefore, distribution should be carried out according to labor.

General own speaks in two forms: state and collective.

State property there may be natural resources, fixed production assets, working capital, information representing part of the public property - transferred by the will of the people and the decision of the organs of democracy to the jurisdiction and disposal of state bodies under certain conditions of use with simultaneous delegation of responsibility. This form of ownership expresses relations regarding the appropriation of the means and results of production between all members of society associated within the boundaries of the state, which are regulated by state bodies.

The state form of ownership can be of two types: nationwide when the subject of appropriation is the central state authorities, and communal when the subject of appropriation is one or another local authority.

Collective own characterizes the belonging of the means and results of production to a separate team, a group of persons. It expresses the unity of labor and property, i.e. their state in which each member of the collective is a co-owner of the means of production and the products produced. This, of course, gives rise to a new type of economic interests - a collective material interest in the best use and increase of group property.

Collective property can be divided into joint property, in which the object of property belongs to all participants, persons on an equal footing, without allocation of shares, and shared property, in which the share of each of the individual owners, participants, persons in the common ownership right is determined.

species collective property may to be:

• - own team enterprises, which is transferred by the state to the disposal of the labor collective on the terms of redemption or lease and is used in accordance with existing legislation;
• - cooperative own- this is a property created on a voluntary basis for the implementation of common activities. It, as a rule, is formed at the expense of the material and monetary resources of the members of the cooperative and income from their joint labor activity. Incomes are distributed according to the contributed share and the labor contribution of the members of the cooperative;

own public, religious and cultural organizations. Its subjects are parties, trade unions, churches, sports and other public organizations. This type of property is created at the expense of donations from citizens, own funds or by transferring state property.

General own often identify With public property, which means the joint appropriation of means and results of production. However, they can hardly be identified, because social property expresses not just the ownership of the means and results of production by all members of society, but the real right of each of them to own, use and dispose of them, taking into account personal, collective and public interests. This is the fundamental difference between "public" and simply "common" property. It can be argued that public property in its adequate content has never existed anywhere and never, because. its implementation is a matter of unique complexity.

Private own- this is a type of property when the exclusive right to use, possess, dispose of the object of property and receive income belongs to a private person.

Private property is divided into two forms:

• - individual labor;
• - using hired labor.

The individual labor form of ownership has two types:

• - sole;
• - family.

sole proprietorship own characterized by the fact that the means of production belong to an individual. The economic content of individual property determines the use, possession and disposal of the means of production by the subject to which they belong. The economic realization of individual property is carried out on the basis of the labor of the owner of the means of production. The economic forms of realization of sole labor property is the appropriation by its subject of the product of its production or income from its sale.

Family labor own arises in conditions when the labor of family members is used in the economy (for example, a family farm).

Private own With using hired labor (unemployed) may appear in the following forms:

• - individual with the use of hired labor;
• - partnership;
• - corporate (stock).

Individual private own With using hired labor means that the conditions of production belong to a separate individual who carries out production through the use of someone else's (wage) labor. This type of property is economically realized through the appropriation by the owner of the means of production of that part of the income from the sale of the product belonging to him, which remains with him after the payment of wages to the employee.

Affiliate own- this is property that is created by agreement of two or more individuals (including legal entities) by combining their property. As a rule, shares are deposited in any form and are withdrawn upon withdrawal in the same form in which they were deposited.

Corporate (shareholder) own formed by issuing and selling shares. Its subjects are shareholders (owners of shares), and its object is real capital (means of production and other property) and fictitious capital (shares, bonds and other securities).

Corporate ownership makes it possible to combine disparate funds into one large capital through the issuance and sale of shares, as well as to bring the degree of responsibility of a shareholder in line with the amount of his contribution to the capital of a joint-stock company (JSC).

If we consider the economic implementation of corporate property through the relations of ownership, disposal and management, then the bearers of ownership relations are the separate owners of shares who receive income from them. The relations of disposal and management are implemented not by an individual shareholder, but by the owners of a controlling stake, who dispose and manage the capital of a joint-stock company as common property. And in this sense, corporate property combines the features of private and common property, going beyond the classical private property.

The public or private property types are basic. Based on their integration (in various combinations), a mixed type of ownership arises. The main types of mixed ownership are:

• - public-private;
• - state-corporate;
• - state-collective;
• - private-collective;
• - joint with the attraction of foreign capital.

Is it possible to give preference to a certain type, form or type of property?

It seems that the question cannot be put in this way. The fact is that each form and type of ownership is an expression of a certain level of development of the technological mode of production, the nature and method of combining factors of production, the target function of production, the content and forms of appropriation of income. A change in such factors leads to a change in property relations, the entire system of production relations, which marks the transition to a new form or system of management.

In the current conditions, property relations are characterized by a fairly high dynamism and fundamentally new development trends, the most important of which are:

Expanding pluralism of forms of ownership. Now there is no such state in the world in which this or that form of property would dominate in its pure form. The notion that private-individual property occupies a leading place in a market economy is clearly erroneous. The current market economy is characterized mainly by collective, corporate, mixed forms of ownership. In a fairly typical capitalist economy, 10-15% of the means of production are individually privately owned; 60-70% - in collective-corporate, joint-stock; 15-25% in the state. These forms interact and complement each other, which ensures the development of competition and the efficient functioning of the economy as a whole;

strengthening the processes of democratization and socialization of property relations: associated forms of ownership of labor collectives are being created, the share of shares among employees of enterprises is increasing, they are involved in the management and distribution of income, provided with housing, medical care, etc.;

• - change in the structure of property objects: such objects of property as information, computer programs, new technologies, skilled labor, scientific knowledge, spiritual benefits, etc. become priority;
• - expansion of forms and objects of international property on the basis of deepening the international division of labor and strengthening economic ties between countries. Integral property, which has received the greatest development within the European Union, has become a qualitatively new form.

Law Ukraine "O property" proclaims the equality of all forms of ownership on the territory of the state. In accordance with this law, they include the following forms of ownership:

• - private;
• - collective;

state.

It is also expected to create mixed forms property by combining property that is the property of citizens, legal entities (enterprises, organizations, etc.) and the state.

For the first time in our legislation, intellectual own into a separate species. Its objects can be works of literature, art, scientific discoveries, inventions, etc. A separate section of the law also highlights the ownership of other states.

The development of various forms of ownership in Ukraine is an important condition for the transition to a more efficient mixed economic system.

Property is the core of any society. It arose at the dawn of human development, expressed in the appropriation of property personally and collectively.

There can be no talk of a society if there is no form of ownership in it. During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced a number of objective difficulties. One of the main reasons is the problem of ownership. To do this, it is necessary to distinguish and understand the forms, types and types of property, which will be discussed in the article.

The concept of ownership

The concept of ownership are relations of distribution and appropriation. They lie in the fact that a person or a group of persons (subject of ownership) has the right to dispose of property (object of ownership) for certain purposes.

Subjects there must be at least two. Forms and types of ownership, from the point of view of law, depend on the subject of ownership.

The property of a person or household is called personal or private property. When it comes to a group of persons, such property can be collective, cooperative, joint-stock, public or state. Legislatively, 16 types of property are approved in the Russian Federation.

Property objects- this is movable and immovable property, securities, products of labor, money, etc. Conditionally can be classified as follows:

• Material:
  • inanimate — objects, resources, fossils;
  • living - animals, rarely - people (in the slave system).
• Intangible property includes intellectual property, as well as water, air and outer space.

Classification of forms of ownership

There are 2 types of property: private and collective. Based on these two types, different forms of ownership arise.

In the Russian Federation, there are the following forms of ownership:

• private;
• public;
• mixed forms of ownership.

Each of the forms is also classified into small forms, depending on a number of objective reasons.

In a market system, the main type of property is private, which is subdivided into the following forms.

Single- characterized by the fact that an individual or legal entity implements the possession, use and disposal of property. Often they are a farm or family farm, that is, producers of goods.

An individual can be represented in the form of ownership of a particular person who uses hired labor.

Affiliate- this form involves the unification in a specific form of property, or the unification of the capital of a number of individuals or legal entities. The main goal is to conduct general business activities. In this case, we mean enterprises founded with the help of share contributions of the founders. Share contributions are: land, money, material values, innovative ideas, etc.

Corporate- is based on the work of capital, which is formed by selling shares. Each owner of shares is the owner of the capital of a joint-stock company.

Forms of public ownership

Within the framework of public property, there are: collective, state and public property.

Collective- is formed by its distribution among the employees of the collective, workers at a single enterprise. In other words, it is a closed joint stock company.

State- the property of all members of society. The peculiarity lies in the fact that the state is engaged in the implementation of relations of appropriation through relations of ownership. The state in this case is called upon to personify the socio-economic interests of all citizens and strata of the population, including social and professional groups of society.

nationwide- this type of property implies the belonging of the entire public domain simultaneously to everyone and to everyone individually. According to Art. 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the Russian Federation both private, state, and municipal and other forms of ownership are recognized and protected equally.

The concept of mixed form

This type of property is characterized by the penetration of some forms and relations of property into others and, as a result, the internal content becomes more complicated.

A vivid example of this is that structures of private entrepreneurial activity and a cooperative nature are being created within state enterprises.

Today, the economy, for the effective operation of various projects, comes to the unification of different forms of ownership, each of which retains its own special content. Thus, combined forms are created. These include joint ventures, holdings, concerns, financial and industrial groups, etc. Everyone has equal rights to manage, distribute profits and dispose of property.

So, according to Art. 35 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to own property, dispose of it at his own discretion, both individually and jointly with other persons.

It is worth noting that forms of ownership can be transferred from one to another. This is implemented in the following ways:

• Nationalization. For example, land, transport or industry (private property) becomes the property of the state;
• Privatization. There is a transfer of state possessions to private ones. For example, legal entities or individuals acquire various objects, shares of joint-stock companies, etc. from the state. Objects of national heritage and cultural values ​​are not subject to privatization;
• Denationalization. The state in this case returns the property to the former owners;
• Reprivatization. State property is returned to private ownership. It is carried out through the purchase of enterprises, land, shares.

The modern economy and its formation has necessitated the transformation of property relations.

Forms of ownership.

From a legal point of view, there are many forms of ownership. Basic forms of ownership in the economy depend on the subject of ownership. If we are talking about a person or a household, then this is a personal or private property. If we are talking about a group of people, then it can be collective property, cooperative, joint-stock, public or state property. In the Russian Federation, 16 types of property are approved by law:

1. Russian property.
2. State property.
3. federal property.
4. Property of the subjects of the Federation.
5. municipal property.
6. Property of public associations (organizations).
7. Private property.
8. Mixed Russian ownership (without foreign participation).
9. Russian property as part of mixed ownership (with foreign participation).
10. Foreign property.
11. Property of international organizations.
12. property of foreign states.
13. Property of foreign legal entities, citizens and stateless persons.
14. Mixed foreign ownership (without Russian participation).
15. Foreign ownership as part of mixed ownership (with Russian participation).
16. Mixed ownership with joint Russian and foreign participation.

The objects of property can be products of labor, money, securities, movable and immovable property, etc. All of them can be classified as follows:

1. Material:
   • inanimate (objects, resources, fossils);
   • living (animals, in the slave system - people).

1. Intangible (intellectual property, as well as water, air and outer space).

The Constitution and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation recognize and guarantee any form of ownership and protect the rights to it. Everyone has ownership property, right of disposal property and right of use property - this is the so-called "triad" of the Civil Code in Russia.