History of development, dynamics and prospects of oil and gas production in Russia and foreign countries. A Brief History of the Development of the Oil and Gas Business

Modern methods Oil extraction was preceded by primitive ways:

Collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;

Processing sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;

Extraction of oil from pits and wells.

Collection of oil from the surface of open reservoirs - this appears to be one of the oldest ways her prey. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil extraction by collecting oil from the surface of the Ukhta River in 1745 was organized by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1858, on about. Cheleken and in 1868 in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches, arranging a dam from planks. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, put a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a vessel.

Processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil, for the purpose of extracting it, they were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ari-osto in the 15th century: not far from Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; then they were placed in bags and pressed with a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing limestone and sandstone layers were developed by the mine method. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. With stirring, oil floated to the surface of the water, which was collected with a scoop. In 1833...1845. on the shore Sea of Azov oil-soaked sand was mined. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and poured with water. The oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with bunches of grass.

Extraction of oil from pits and wells also known from ancient times. In Kissia - an ancient region between Assyria and Media - in the 5th century. BC. oil was extracted with the help of leather buckets - wineskins.

In Ukraine, the first mention of oil production dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. To do this, they dug digging holes with a depth of 1.5 ... 2 m, where oil leaked along with water. Then the mixture was collected in barrels, closed from the bottom with stoppers. When the lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging pits reached 6 m, and later oil began to be extracted from wells about 30 m deep.

Since ancient times, on the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, oil has been extracted using a pole, to which a felt or a bundle made from the hair of a horse's tail was tied. They were lowered into the well, and then the oil was squeezed into prepared dishes.

On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 8th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone to the very oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average cone immersion depth of 9.5 m - at least seven. The average amount of earth excavated when digging such a well was about 3100 m 3 . Further, the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were fixed wooden frame or boards. IN lower crowns made holes for the flow of oil. It was scooped from wells with wineskins, which were lifted with a manual collar or with the help of a horse.

In his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerkhe wrote: “... in Balakhani there were 52 oil wells 20 sazhens deep (1 sazhen = 2.1 m), some of which hit hard, and annually deliver 500 batmans of oil ...” (1 batman = 8.5 kg). According to Academician S.G. Amelina (1771), the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40...50 m, and the diameter or square side of the well section was 0.7...! m.

In 1803, the Baku merchant Kasymbek built two oil wells in the sea at a distance of 18 and 30 m from the shore of Bibi-Heybat. The wells were protected from water by a box of tightly knocked together boards. Oil has been extracted from them for many years. In 1825, during a storm, the wells were broken and flooded with the waters of the Caspian Sea.

By the time of the signing of the Gulistan peace treaty between Russia and Persia (December 1813), when the Baku and Derbent khanates merged into our country, there were 116 wells with black oil and one with “white” oil on the Absheron Peninsula, annually giving about 2400 tons of this valuable product. In 1825, 4126 tons of oil were already extracted from wells in the Baku region.

With the well method, the technique of oil extraction has not changed over the centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the mining department, Fallendorf on Taman, for the first time used a pump to pump oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of the mining engineer N.I. Voskoboinikov. To reduce the amount of excavation, he proposed to build oil wells in the form of a shaft, and in 1836-1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire system of storage and distribution of oil in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main deeds of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.

long time oil production through drilling wells in our country was treated with prejudice. It was believed that since the well cross-section is smaller than that of an oil well, then the oil inflow to the wells is significantly less. At the same time, it was not taken into account that the depth of the wells is much greater, and the complexity of their construction is less.

A negative role was played by the statement of Academician G.V. Abiha that the drilling of oil wells here does not live up to expectations, and that "... both theory and experience equally confirm the opinion that it is necessary to increase the number of wells ..."

A similar opinion existed regarding drilling for some time in the United States. So, in the area where E. Drake drilled his first oil well, it was believed that “oil is a liquid flowing in drops from coal deposited in nearby hills, that it is useless to drill the ground for its production and that the only way to collect it is to dig trenches where it would accumulate.”

However, the practical results of drilling wells have gradually changed this opinion. In addition, statistical data on the influence of the depth of wells on oil production testified to the need to develop drilling: in 1872, the average daily oil production from one well 10 ... 11 m deep was 816 kg, 14 ... 16 m - 3081 kg, and more than 20 m deep - already 11200 kg.

During the operation of wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to the flowing mode, because. it was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany struck in 1873 at the Khalafi site. In 1878, a large oil gusher was produced by a well drilled in the Z.A. Tagiyev in Bibi-Heybat. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the fountain method.

Forced extraction of oil from wells led to the rapid depletion of the oil-bearing layers adjacent to their wellbore, and the rest (most) of it remained in the bowels. In addition, due to the lack of a sufficient number of storage facilities, significant oil losses occurred already on the surface of the earth. So, in 1887, 1088 thousand tons of oil were thrown out by fountains, and only 608 thousand tons were collected. Extensive oil lakes formed on the areas around the fountains, where the most valuable fractions were lost as a result of evaporation. The weathered oil itself became unsuitable for processing, and it was burned out. Stagnant oil lakes burned for many days in a row.

Oil production from wells, the pressure in which was insufficient for flowing, was carried out using cylindrical buckets up to 6 m long. A valve was arranged in their bottom, which opens when the bucket moves down and closes under the weight of the extracted fluid when the pressure of the bucket goes up. The method of extracting oil by means of bailers was called tartan.

First experiments on deep-well pumps for oil production were performed in the USA in 1865. In Russia, this method began to be used from 1876. However, the pumps quickly became clogged with sand and the oil owners continued to prefer the bailer. Of all the known methods of oil production, the main one remained the bailout method: in 1913, 95% of all oil was extracted with its help.

Nevertheless, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the XIX century. V.G. Shukhov suggested compressor method of oil extraction by supplying compressed air to the well (airlift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914

Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later found use natural gas obtained from wells and wells. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Sura-Khany near Baku, which produced industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.

Khalimov E.M., Khalimov K.E., Geology of oil and gas, 2-2007

Russia is the world's largest producer and exporter of oil and gas on the world market. In 2006, revenues from the supply of oil, oil products and gas abroad exceeded $160 billion, or more than 70% of all export earnings.

The oil and gas complex of Russia, which is the basic sector of the country's economy, provides more than 2/3 of the total consumption of primary energy resources, 4/5 of their production and serves as the main source of tax and foreign exchange revenues for the state.

Already by the above figures, one can imagine how closely the well-being of the country, which has been developing as a raw material power for many years, depends on the state of the oil and gas complex. The relevance of the timely adoption of comprehensive measures for the further sustainable development of the industry, which is characterized by high capital intensity and inertia, is also obvious.

The successes and prospects for the development of the country's oil and gas complex at all stages were determined by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw material base.

The first oil gusher, which marked the beginning of the industrial stage in the history of the Russian oil industry, was obtained in 1866 in the Kuban. The Russian oil industry began to acquire a modern look in the 1930s and 1940s. 20th century in connection with the discovery and commissioning of large deposits of the Ural-Volga region. At that time, the raw material base of oil production was extensively increased due to the growth in the volume of geological exploration work (exploratory drilling, geophysical methods of prospecting and exploration).

In our country 30-70-ies. 20th century were a period of creating a powerful resource base and developing oil and gas production. The discovery and development of the largest oil and gas provinces of the Ural-Volga region and Western Siberia allowed the USSR to take 1st place in the world in terms of the volume of explored reserves and the level of annual oil production.

The dynamics of the development of domestic oil and gas production during this period is clearly characterized by the following indicators:
the volume of explored oil reserves in the country for the period from 1922 (the year of the nationalization of the oil industry) to 1988 (the year of reaching the maximum of the current explored oil reserves) increased 3500 times;
the volume of production and exploration drilling increased 112 times (1928 - 362 thousand meters, 1987 - 40,600 thousand meters);
oil production increased 54 times (1928 - 11.5 million tons, 1987 - the year of maximum production - 624.3 million tons).
For 72 years, 2027 oil fields were discovered (1928 - 322, 2000 - 2349).

The gas industry began to develop in Russia in the early 1930s. 20th century However, more than half a century behind the oil industry was overcome by its rapid development. Already in 1960, 22.5 billion m3 of gas was produced in the RSFSR, and by the beginning of 1965, 110 fields were being developed in the RSFSR with a total production of 61.3 billion m3. The country's gas production industry began to develop especially rapidly in 1970-1980. after the discovery and commissioning of giant gas fields in the north of the Tyumen region.

The quantitative successes of a long period of growth in domestic oil and gas production are a huge achievement of the socialist state, which ensured the successful development of the country's oil and gas complex from the middle to the end of the 20th century, right up to the beginning of the new century.

By the beginning of 2005, 2901 hydrocarbon deposits were discovered in the territory of the Russian Federation, including 2864 onshore and 37 on the shelf, of which 2032 were in the distributed fund, including 2014 onshore and 18 on the shelf.

In Russia, 177 organizations produce oil, including 33 joint-stock companies, included in 13 vertically integrated companies, 75 organizations and JSCs with Russian capital, 43 CJSCs, LLCs, JSCs with foreign capital, 6 subsidiaries of JSC Gazprom, 9 JSCs and organizations of Rostopprom, 11 organizations of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.

Transneft's trunk pipeline system transports 94% of the oil produced in Russia. The company's pipelines run through 53 republics, territories, regions and autonomous regions of the Russian Federation. 48.6 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 336 oil pumping stations, 855 oil tanks with a total capacity of 12 million m3 and many related facilities are in operation.

Natural gas production in the amount of 85% of the all-Russian volume is carried out by OAO Gazprom at 78 fields in different regions RF. Gazprom owns 98% of the country's gas transmission network. The main pipelines are combined into the Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) with a length of 153,000 km and a throughput capacity of more than 600 billion m3. The UGSS includes 263 compressor stations. 179 gas distribution organizations serve 428 thousand km of gas distribution pipelines of the country and provide gas supplies to 80 thousand cities and rural areas settlements RF.

In addition to OJSC Gazprom, gas production in the Russian Federation is carried out by independent gas producers, oil and regional gas companies(JSC Norilskgazprom, JSC Kamchatgazprom, JSC Yakutgazprom, JSC Sakhalinneftegaz, LLC Itera Holding and others providing gas supply to territories not connected with the UGSS).

The state of the raw material base
From the beginning of the 70s. until the political crisis of the late 1980s. in the USSR, the volume of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas was constantly increasing. In 1988, the volume of drilling geological exploration reached a maximum of 6.05 million m, which made it possible this year to discover 97 oil and 11 gas fields with oil reserves of 1,186 million tons and gas reserves of 2,000 billion m3.

Since the mid 70s. a natural decrease in the efficiency of geological exploration began, associated both with a decrease in the size of the reserves of newly discovered deposits, and with access to hard-to-reach areas of the Far North. Exploration costs have skyrocketed. Despite the fact that the further development of the national economy of the country required maintaining high increments in reserves and maintaining the already achieved high levels of oil production, the possibilities for increasing state appropriations for these purposes during this period had already been exhausted.

The current state of the mineral resource base of hydrocarbon raw materials is characterized by a decrease in the current explored reserves of oil and gas and low rates of their reproduction.

Since 1994, the increase in oil and gas reserves has been significantly less than the extraction of these minerals. The scope of geological exploration does not ensure the reproduction of the mineral resource base of the oil and gas industry. "Eating" of oil (excess of production over the growth of reserves) in the period 1994-2005. amounted to more than 1.1 billion tons, gas - over 2.4 trillion m3.

Of the 2232 discovered oil, oil and gas and oil and gas condensate fields, 1235 are being developed. Oil and gas resources are confined to the territories of 37 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but they are mainly concentrated in Western Siberia, the Ural-Volga region and the European North. The highest degree of development of explored reserves is in the Ural (85%), Volga (92%), North Caucasus (89%) regions and the Sakhalin region (95%).

The structure of remaining oil reserves in the country as a whole is characterized by the fact that the current oil production (77%) is provided by the extraction of so-called active reserves from large deposits, the availability of which is 8-10 years. At the same time, the share of hard-to-recover reserves in Russia as a whole is constantly increasing and varies from 30 to 65% for the main oil producing companies.

All large and largest oil fields (179), which account for 3/4 of the current oil production in the country, are characterized by significant depletion of reserves and high water cut of the produced products.

786 natural gas fields have been discovered in Russia, of which 338 fields with explored reserves of 20.8 trillion m3, or 44.1% of all reserves of Russia, are involved in development.

The West Siberian province contains 78% of all explored gas reserves in Russia (37.1 trillion m3), including 75% in 21 large fields. The largest free gas fields are the Urengoy and Yamburg oil and gas condensate fields with initial gas reserves of 10.2 and 6.1 trillion m3, respectively, as well as Bovanenkovskoye (4.4 trillion m3), Shtokmanovskoye (3.7 trillion m3), Zapolyarnoye (3.5 trillion m3), Medvezhye (2.3 trillion m3), etc.

Oil production
In 1974, Russia, as part of the USSR, took 1st place in the world in terms of oil and condensate production. Production continued to grow for another 13 years and in 1987 reached a maximum of 569.5 million tons. During the crisis of the 1990s. oil production was reduced to the level of 298.3 million tons (1996) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. PRODUCTION OF OIL WITH GAS CONDENSATE IN THE USSR AND RF AND FORECAST until 2020

1 - USSR (actual); 2 - RF (actual); 3 - expected; 4 – according to the “Energy Strategy…” “Basic Provisions of the Energy Strategy…” approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (Minutes No. 39 dated November 23, 2000).

With the return of Russia to the path of a market economy, the development of the oil and gas complex began to obey the laws of the market. Favorable world market conditions and the rise in oil prices in late 1990 - early 2000 were used by Russian oil companies to the full to intensify production from the existing well stock. In the period 1999-2006. annual oil production increased by 1.6 times (by 180 million tons), which far exceeded the most optimistic scenario of the state "Energy Strategy ...". The volumes of oil production at most of the fields exceeded the design indicators optimized for a long period.

The negative consequences of intensive extractions and the subsequent rapid decline in production associated with them were not slow to affect. After reaching a maximum in 2003 (41 million tons - a rate of 9.8%), annual increases in oil production began to decline. In 2006, the production growth rate decreased by 4 times (2.2%) (see Fig. 1).

An analysis of the state of the raw material base of oil production, the current situation with the reproduction of oil reserves, the structure of reserves of developed fields allows us to conclude that oil production in Russia has naturally entered a critical phase of dynamics, when growing / stable oil production is replaced by a falling trajectory. Such a change comes inevitably after the intensive exploitation of non-renewable reserves. A drop in oil production should be expected, despite the possible continued growth in oil prices, as it is due to objective reasons for the depletion of non-renewable active reserves, which are being developed at a steady pace.

An important condition that reduces the risks of negative consequences from a rapid decline in production and ensures the sustainable development of any mining industry is the timely replenishment and increase in production capacity. The well-being and sustainable development of the oil industry depends mainly on the state of the operating well stock and the dynamics of the development of reserves by operating wells. By the beginning of 2006, the production well stock in the oil industry amounted to 152,612, which is 3,079 wells less than a year ago. The decrease in the operating fund and a significant proportion of the non-operating fund (20%) in it cannot be considered satisfactory indicators. Unfortunately, the industry over the past 10 years has been characterized by generally unsatisfactory performance in commissioning new production capacities (commissioning new deposits and new reserves, production wells) and maintaining the fund in working order. At the end of 1993, the production well stock was 147,049 wells, and the number of operating wells was 127,050. Thus, over 12 years, the production capacity of the industry's well stock not only did not increase, but even decreased.

In the last 6 years, the increase in annual oil production by 180 million tons was carried out by oil companies mainly due to the intensification of production from the existing well stock. Among the stimulation methods, hydraulic fracturing has become widespread. In terms of the scale of application of this method, Russian companies have surpassed the United States. On average, 0.05 operations are performed per well of the operating stock in Russia compared to 0.03 in the USA.
“Basic Provisions of the Energy Strategy…” approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (Minutes No. 39 dated November 23, 2000).

In the conditions of active "eating" of non-renewable oil reserves, inadequate increase in the number of production wells and aggressive exploitation of the existing fund, the tendency of further decline in oil production is becoming more and more evident. According to the results of 2006, 5 out of 11 vertically integrated companies experienced a decline in annual oil production, including TNK-BP, Gazpromneft, and Bashneft. It is expected that in the next 2 years (2007-2008) the current trend of falling oil production in Russia as a whole will continue. Only in 2009, due to the commissioning of the Vankor, Talakanovskoye and Verkhnechonskoye fields in Eastern Siberia there will be an opportunity to increase oil production.

Gas production
The gas industry began to develop in Russia in the early 1930s. 20th century In 1930, 520 million m3 were mined. During the most difficult period of the war (1942), the Elshanskoye field in the Saratov region was put into operation.

In 1950-1960. in Stavropol and Krasnodar region a large number of gas fields were discovered (Severo-Stavropolskoye, Kanevskoye, Leningradskoye, etc.), the development of which ensured a further increase in natural gas production (Fig. 2). For the development of the gas industry, the discovery in 1964 of the Vuktylskoye and in 1966 of the Orenburg gas condensate fields was of great practical importance. The extraction and raw material base of the European part of the country received further development with the discovery in 1976 of the Astrakhan oil and gas condensate field and its development.

Rice. 2. GAS PRODUCTION IN THE USSR AND RF AND FORECAST UNTIL 2020

1 - USSR (actual); 2 - RF (actual); 3 – for “Energy Strategy…”

By the beginning of 1960, a unique gas-bearing province in the world with giant fields was discovered in the north of the Tyumen region: Urengoyskoye, Medvezhiy, Yamburgskoye, etc. The commissioning of gas from these and other fields made it possible to sharply increase production to 450-500 billion m3 in 1975-1985.

After reaching a peak in 1990 of 815 billion m3 (in the USSR, including the RSFSR - 740 billion m3), gas production in Russia decreased to 570 billion m3. In the last 6 years, production has been maintained within the range of 567-600 billion m3, which is below the level provided for by the minimum version of the “Energy Strategy…”. The lag is due to OAO Gazprom's failure to fulfill the program for the development of new gas fields on the Yamal Peninsula.

In contrast to the previous period of rapid growth in production for 1991-2005. characteristic is the suspension of the growth of annual gas production produced by OAO Gazprom. This is due to the specifics of the retirement of production capacities at highly productive fields intensively developed in natural mode in conditions of a sparse network of production wells. Decommissioning of production capacities due to gas extraction and reservoir pressure drop occurs continuously in time. At the same time, new production wells are connected to the prefabricated networks only after the completion of the construction of new installations. integrated training gas (GTP), compressor stations (CS), booster compressor stations (BCS), which are single capital, complex structures in construction. In 2000-2005 the number of these facilities commissioned on average per year was: UKPG-3, DKS-4, KS-5.

In 2006, 86% of the total Russian volume of gas was produced by OJSC Gazprom, in which the main production is provided by the three largest fields in the north of Western Siberia (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye). For 15-25 years, these fields have been intensively developed in a natural regime without maintaining reservoir pressure, providing up to 80% of the total Russian gas production. As a result of intensive exploitation, reservoir pressure in them decreased, and the production (depletion of reserves) of Cenomanian deposits of dry gas reached 66% at Urengoy, 55% at Yamburg, and 77% at Medvezhye. The annual decline in gas production at these three fields is now occurring at a rate of 8-10% per year (25-20 bcm).

In order to compensate for the decline in gas production, the Zapolyarnoye oil and gas condensate field, the largest oil and gas condensate field, was commissioned in 2001. Already in 2006 this field produced 100 bcm of gas. However, production from this field is not sufficient to compensate for the decline in oil production from the underlying depleted fields.

Since the beginning of 2006, OAO Gazprom has been showing signs of a current decline in natural gas production. Daily gas production from February to July 2006 fell from 1649.9 to 1361.7 million m3/day. This led to a decrease in daily gas production in Russia as a whole from 1966.8 to 1609.6 million m3.

The final stage of development of the Cenomanian deposits of the basic fields of Western Siberia is characterized by low reservoir pressure and declining production. The operating conditions of the deposits become much more difficult. Further development is possible with:
efficient operation of wells in conditions of watering and destruction of the bottomhole zone;
extracting gas trapped by intruding formation water;
extension of production and increase in production of low-pressure gas;
field processing of hydrocarbons at low inlet pressures (< 1 МПа).

In addition, it is required to create highly efficient equipment for compressing low-pressure gas, as well as to develop technologies and equipment for processing low-pressure gas directly in the field.

Solving the problem of using low-pressure gas will make it possible to ensure the effective additional development of the world's largest gas fields located in high northern latitudes and at a considerable distance from natural gas consumption centers.

The most important condition for ensuring the guaranteed sustainable development of the gas industry in the period considered by the state “Energy Strategy ...” is the accelerated commissioning of new fields and natural gas reserves.

OAO Gazprom plans to increase gas production to 550-560 bcm by 2010, to 580-590 bcm in 2020 (see Fig. 2), and to 610-630 bcm by 2030. The planned level of gas production up to 2010 is supposed to be achieved at the expense of existing and new fields put into development in the Nadym-Pur-Taz region: Yuzhno-Russkoye, Lower Cretaceous deposits of Zapolyarnoye and Pestsovoy, Achimov deposits of Urengoyskoye. The reality and economic feasibility are due to the proximity to the existing gas transmission infrastructure.

After 2010, it is planned to start developing fields on the Yamal Peninsula, the shelf of the Arctic seas, in the waters of the Ob and Taz bays, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

OAO Gazprom in December 2006 decided to put into development the Bovanenkovskoye (2011), Shtokmanovskoye (2013) and Kharasaveyskoye (2014) gas condensate fields.

Conclusion
Oil and gas production at the current stage is developing according to scenarios that differ from the government's "Energy Strategy ...". Annual levels oil production significantly exceeds the maximum variant, and gas production has practically not been growing for 10 years. The observed deviations from the “strategy” are associated both with the fallacy of the idea that focuses on the closed economic borders and self-sufficiency of the country, and the underestimation of the dependence of the national economy on global processes, such as changes in oil prices. However, the prevailing reason for non-fulfillment of the strategic program is the weakening of the role of the state in the regulation and management of the energy sector of the economy.

In the light of the events that have taken place in the last 10 years and changes in the structure and quantitative characteristics of the raw material base of oil and gas production, the state of production facilities, the prevailing conditions for oil production at developed fields, existing and under construction main oil and gas pipelines, an adjustment of the “Energy Strategy…” for the medium and long term is extremely necessary. The development of such a strategy will assess real opportunities oil and gas production based on the technical and economic target characteristics of explored recoverable reserves and emerging new realities in the country and the world.

A fundamentally important circumstance that determines the further successful development of oil and gas production in Russia is the need to develop large-scale, most complex and expensive new oil and gas projects characterized by hard-to-reach extreme mining-geological and natural-geographical conditions (fields on the Yamal Peninsula, the shelf of the Arctic seas, in the waters of the Ob and Taz bays, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East). Global oil and gas projects require huge expenditures for their development, large-scale cooperation and consolidation of forces and means, fundamentally new technologies in all stages of production, new models of machinery and equipment.

In terms of the complexity of solving technical, organizational, financial problems, the laboriousness of the work, these projects are commensurate with space programs. This is evidenced by the experience of the first attempts to develop unique oil and gas facilities (on the Yamal Peninsula, Sakhalin, Eastern Siberia, etc.). Their development required huge material and financial resources and new non-traditional forms of organization of work, concentration of efforts, production and intellectual potential of not only domestic, but also leading world transnational corporations. The development of the started works is constrained by existing rules and regulations that differ from modern world practice.

The possibility of implementing large-scale unique oil and gas projects, to an even greater extent than for traditional objects, depends on the stimulating legislative and regulatory framework for subsoil use (the Law “On Subsoil”), the size of differentiated rent payments and taxes on mineral extraction.

Overcoming legal obstacles to the further development of oil and gas production is important condition implementation of the ambitious plans declared by the state, guaranteeing their own and regional energy security.

Literature
1. Federal directory. Fuel and energy complex of Russia. – M.: Rodina-Pro, 2003.
2. Khalimov E.M. Development of oil fields in market conditions. - St. Petersburg: Nedra, 2005.

Modern methods of extracting oil were preceded by primitive methods:

collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;

processing sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;

extraction of oil from pits and wells.

The collection of oil from the surface of open reservoirs is, apparently, one of the oldest methods of its extraction. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil extraction by collecting it from the surface of the Ukhta River in 1745 organized by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1868, in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches, arranging a dam from planks. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, put a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a vessel.

Processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil, with the aim of extracting it, were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ariosto in the 15th century: near Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; then they were placed in bags and pressed with a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing limestone and sandstone layers were developed by the mine method. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. With stirring, oil floated to the surface of the water, which was collected with a scoop. In 1833-1845. oil-soaked sand was mined on the shores of the Sea of Azov. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and poured with water. The oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with bunches of grass.

In Ukraine, the first mention of oil production dates back to the beginning of the 15th century. To do this, they dug digging holes 1.5-2 m deep, where oil leaked along with water. Then the mixture was collected in barrels, closed from the bottom with stoppers. When the lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging holes reached 6 m, and later oil was extracted from wells with a depth of about 30 m.

On the Absheron Peninsula, oil extraction from wells has been known since the 13th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone to the very oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average cone immersion depth of 9.5 m, at least seven. The average amount of earth excavated when digging such a well was about 3100 m 3, then the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were fastened with a wooden frame or boards. Holes were made in the lower crowns for the flow of oil. It was scooped from wells with wineskins, which were lifted with a manual collar or with the help of a horse.

In his report on a trip to the Apsheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerkhe wrote: “... In Balakhani there were 52 oil wells 20 sazhens deep (1 sazhen - 2.1 m), some of which hit hard, and annually deliver 500 batmans of oil ...” (1 batman 8.5 kg). According to Academician S.G. Amelina (1771), the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40-50 m, and the diameter or side of the square of the well section was 0.7-1 m.

With the well method, the technique of oil extraction has not changed over the centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the mining department, Fallendorf on Taman, first used a pump for pumping oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of the mining engineer N.I. Voskoboinikov. To reduce the amount of excavation, he proposed to build oil wells in the form of a shaft, and in 1836-1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire system of storage and distribution of oil in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main deeds of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.

For a long time, oil production through drilling in our country was treated with prejudice. It was believed that since the well cross-section is smaller than that of an oil well, then the oil inflow to the wells is significantly less. At the same time, it was not taken into account that the depth of the wells is much greater, and the complexity of their construction is less.

During the operation of wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to the flowing mode, because. it was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany struck in 1873 at the Khalafi site. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the fountain method.

However, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the 19th century. V.G. Shukhov suggested compressor method of oil extraction by supplying compressed air to the well (airlift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914

Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later found the use of natural gas obtained from wells and wells. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Surakhani near Baku, which produced industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.

In the development of the oil industry There are five main stages:

Stage I (until 1917) - pre-revolutionary period;

Stage II (from 1917 to 1941) the period before the Great Patriotic War;

Stage III (from 1941 to 1945) - the period of the Great Patriotic War;

Stage IV (from 1945 to 1991) - the period before the collapse of the USSR;

Stage V (since 1991) - the modern period.

pre-revolutionary period. Oil has been known in Russia for a long time. Back in the 16th century. Russian merchants traded Baku oil. Under Boris Godunov (XVI century), the first oil produced on the Ukhta River was delivered to Moscow. Since the word "oil" entered the Russian language only at the end of the 18th century, it was then called "thick burning water."

In 1813, the Baku and Derbent khanates with their richest oil resources were annexed to Russia. This event had a great influence on the development of the Russian oil industry in the next 150 years.

Another major oil-producing region in pre-revolutionary Russia was Turkmenistan. It has been established that black gold was mined in the Nebit-Dag region already about 800 years ago. In 1765 on about. Cheleken, there were 20 oil wells with a total annual production of about 64 tons per year. According to the Russian explorer of the Caspian Sea N. Muravyov, in 1821 the Turkmens sent about 640 tons of oil to Persia by boat. In 1835, she was taken from about. There are more Cheleken than from Baku, although it was the Absheron Peninsula that was the object of increased attention of the oil owners.

The beginning of the development of the oil industry in Russia is 1848,

In 1957, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 70% of the oil produced, and Tataria came out on top in the country in terms of oil production.

The main event of this period was the discovery and development of the richest oil fields in Western Siberia. Back in 1932, Academician I.M. Gubkin expressed the idea of the need to start a systematic search for oil on the eastern slope of the Urals. First, information was collected on observations of natural oil seeps (the rivers Bolshoi Yugan, Belaya, etc.). In 1935 Geological exploration parties began to work here, which confirmed the presence of outcrops of oil-like substances. However, there was no "big oil". Exploration work continued until 1943, and then was resumed in 1948. Only in 1960 was the Shaimskoye oil field discovered, followed by the Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye, Samotlor, Varyoganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Kholmogorskoye, etc. 1 million tons. Already in 1970, oil production here amounted to 28 million tons, and in 1981 - 329.2 million tons. Western Siberia became the main oil-producing region of the country, and the USSR came out on top in the world in oil production.

In 1961, the first oil fountains were obtained at the Uzen and Zhetybay fields in Western Kazakhstan (the Mangyshlak Peninsula). Their industrial development began in 1965. The recoverable oil reserves from these two fields alone amounted to several hundred million tons. The problem was that Mangyshlak oils are highly paraffinic and had a pour point of +30...33 °C. Nevertheless, in 1970, oil production on the peninsula was increased to several million tons.

The systematic growth of oil production in the country continued until 1984. In 1984-85. there was a drop in oil production. In 1986-87. it rose again, reaching a maximum. However, starting from 1989, oil production began to fall.

modern period. After the collapse of the USSR, the decline in oil production in Russia continued. In 1992 it amounted to 399 million tons, in 1993 - 354 million tons, in 1994 - 317 million tons, in 1995 - 307 million tons.

The continued decline in oil production is due to the fact that the influence of a number of objective and subjective negative factors has not been eliminated.

First, the raw material base of the industry has deteriorated. The degree of involvement in the development and depletion of deposits in the regions is very high. In the North Caucasus, 91.0% of the explored oil reserves are involved in the development, and the depletion of the fields is 81.5%. In the Ural-Volga region, these figures are 88.0% and 69.1%, respectively, in the Komi Republic - 69.0% and 48.6%, in Western Siberia - 76.8% and 33.6%.

Secondly, the increase in oil reserves decreased due to newly discovered fields. Because of sharp decline funding, exploration organizations have reduced the volume of geophysical work and exploration drilling. This led to a decrease in the number of newly discovered deposits. So, if in 1986-90. oil reserves in newly discovered fields amounted to 10.8 million tons, then in 1991-95. - only 3.8 million tons.

Thirdly, the water cut of the produced oil is high.. This means that with the same costs and volumes of formation fluid production, the oil itself is produced less and less.

Fourth, the costs of restructuring. As a result of the breakdown of the old economic mechanism, rigid centralized management of the industry was eliminated, and a new one is still being created. The resulting imbalance in prices for oil, on the one hand, and for equipment and materials, on the other, made it difficult to equip the fields with technical equipment. But this is necessary right now, when most of the equipment has worked out its life, and many fields require a transition from the flowing method of production to pumping.

Finally, there are numerous miscalculations made in past years. Thus, in the 1970s, it was believed that the oil reserves in our country were inexhaustible. In accordance with this, the emphasis was not on the development of their own types of industrial production, but on the purchase of finished industrial goods abroad with the currency received from the sale of oil. Enormous funds were spent on maintaining the appearance of prosperity in Soviet society. The oil industry was financed to a minimum.

On the Sakhalin shelf back in the 70-80s. large deposits were discovered, which have not yet been put into operation. Meanwhile, they are guaranteed a huge sales market in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

What are the future prospects for the development of the domestic oil industry?

There is no unambiguous assessment of oil reserves in Russia. Various experts give figures for the volume of recoverable reserves from 7 to 27 billion tons, which is from 5 to 20% of the world. The distribution of oil reserves across Russia is as follows: Western Siberia- 72.2%; Ural-Volga region - 15.2%; Timan-Pechora province - 7.2%; The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk region, shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk - about 3.5%.

In 1992, the restructuring of the Russian oil industry began: following the example of Western countries, they began to create vertically integrated oil companies that control the extraction and processing of oil, as well as the distribution of oil products obtained from it.

Modern methods of extracting oil were preceded by primitive methods:

Collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;

Processing sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;

Extraction of oil from pits and wells.

Collection of oil from the surface of open reservoirs - this seems to be one of the oldest ways to extract it. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil extraction by collecting oil from the surface of the Ukhta River in 1745 was organized by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1858, on about. Cheleken and in 1868 in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches, arranging a dam from planks. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, put a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a vessel.

Processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil, for the purpose of extracting it, they were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ari-osto in the 15th century: not far from Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; then they were placed in bags and pressed with a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing limestone and sandstone layers were developed by the mine method. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. With stirring, oil floated to the surface of the water, which was collected with a scoop. In 1833...1845. oil-soaked sand was mined on the shores of the Sea of Azov. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and poured with water. The oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with bunches of grass.

On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 8th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone to the very oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average cone immersion depth of 9.5 m - at least seven. The average amount of earth excavated when digging such a well was about 3100 m 3 . Further, the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were fastened with a wooden frame or boards. In the lower crowns, holes were made for the flow of oil. It was scooped from wells with wineskins, which were lifted with a manual collar or with the help of a horse.

Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later found the use of natural gas obtained from wells and wells. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Sura-Khany near Baku, which produced industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.

Introduction

Oil and gas have been known to mankind since prehistoric times. Archaeological excavations have established that oil was produced on the banks of the Euphrates 6-4 thousand years BC. e.

Until the middle of the nineteenth century. oil was extracted in small quantities, mainly from shallow wells near its natural outlets on the day surface. The origin of the oil and gas industry began in the late 60s of the last century with the start of oil drilling. Oil and natural gas are now at the heart of the global energy mix. Oil refining products are widely used in all industries, Agriculture, transport and at home.

The share of oil in total energy consumption is constantly growing: if in 1900 oil accounted for 3% of world energy consumption, then by 1914 its share had grown to 5%, in 1939 to 17.5%, reached 24% in 1950, 41.5% in 1972 and about 65% in 2000.

Oil industry V different countries The world exists only 110 - 140 years, but during this period of time, oil and gas production has increased by more than 40 thousand times. The rapid growth in production is associated with the conditions of occurrence and extraction of this mineral. Oil and gas are confined to sedimentary rocks and are distributed regionally. Moreover, in each sedimentation basin there is a concentration of their main reserves in a relatively limited number of deposits. All this, taking into account the increasing consumption of oil and gas in industry and the possibility of their quick and economical extraction from the bowels, make these minerals an object of priority exploration.

A Brief History of the Development of the Oil and Gas Business

Approximately 3 thousand years BC. e. Middle Easterners are starting to use oil as fuel, for making weapons, for lamps and building material(bitumen, asphalt). Oil was collected from the surface of open reservoirs.

347 CE e. In China, for the first time, wells were drilled in the ground to extract oil. Hollow bamboo trunks were used as pipes.

7th century AD e. In Byzantium or Persia, a super weapon of that time was invented - "Greek fire", made on the basis of oil.

1264. The Italian traveler Marco Polo, passing through the territory of modern Azerbaijan, reported that local residents collected oil seeping from the ground. Around the same time marked the beginning of the oil trade.

Approximately 1500. In Poland, for the first time they began to use oil for street lighting. Oil came from the Carpathian region.

1848 The world's first oil well modern type drilled on the Absheron Peninsula near Baku.

1849 Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner was the first to obtain kerosene.

1858 Oil began to be produced in North America(Canada, Province of Ontario).

1859 Beginning of oil production in the USA. The first well (21 meters deep) was drilled in Pennsylvania. It allowed to produce 15 barrels of oil per day.

1962 The emergence of a new unit of volume, which measured the amount of oil - "barrel", "barrel". Oil was then transported in barrels - railway tanks and tankers had not yet been invented. A barrel of oil is 42 gallons (one gallon is about 4 liters). This volume of an oil barrel is equal to the volume of a barrel officially recognized in Great Britain for transporting herring (the corresponding decree was signed in 1492 by King Edward the Fourth). For comparison, a "wine barrel" is 31.5 gallons, a "beer barrel" is 36 gallons.

1877 For the first time in the world, Russia is starting to use tankers to deliver oil from Baku fields to Astrakhan. Around the same year (data from various sources differ), the first railroad tank car was built in the United States to transport oil.

1886 German engineers Karl Benz and Wilhelm Daimler created a car powered by gasoline engine. Previously, gasoline was only a by-product formed during the manufacture of kerosene.

1890 German engineer Rudolf Diesel invented diesel engine capable of operating on by-products of oil refining. Now the industrialized countries of the world are actively restricting the use of diesel engines, which cause significant damage to the environment.

1896 Inventor Henry Ford created his first car. A few years later, he was the first in the world to use the conveyor assembly method, which significantly reduced the cost of cars. This was the beginning of the era of mass motorization. In 1916, there were 3.4 million cars in the United States, three years later their number increased to 23.1 million. During the same time, the average car began to cover twice the distance in a year. The development of the automotive industry has led to a rapid growth in the number of gas stations. If in 1921 there were 12 thousand gas stations in the USA, then in 1929 - 143 thousand. Oil began to be considered, first of all, as a raw material for the production of gasoline.

1904 The largest oil-producing countries were the United States, Russia, modern-day Indonesia, Austria-Hungary, Romania and India.

1905 In Baku (Azerbaijan, then Russian empire) occurred the first large-scale fire in non-oil fields in world history.

1907 British Shell and Dutch Royal Dutch merged to form Royal Dutch Shell

1908 The first oil fields were discovered in Iran. Anglo-Persian Oil Company Anglo Persian Oil, which later became British Petroleum, was created to operate them.

1914-1918. World War I. For the first time, a war was waged, among other things, to gain control over oil fields.

1918 For the first time in the world Soviet Russia nationalized the oil companies.

1932 Oil fields are discovered in Bahrain.

1938 Oil fields have been discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

1951 For the first time in US history, oil has become the main source of energy, pushing coal into second place.

1956 Suez Crisis. After the invasion of the Anglo-French troops in Egypt, world oil prices for a short time have doubled.

1956 Oil fields have been discovered in Algeria and Nigeria.

1959 The first attempt to create an international organization of oil suppliers. The Arab Petroleum Congress was held in Cairo (Egypt), the participants of which concluded a gentlemen's agreement on a joint oil policy, which was supposed to increase the influence of the Arab states in the world.

1960 In Baghdad (Iraq), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting States (OPEC) was formed. Its founders were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Currently, OPEC includes 11 countries.

1967 Six Day War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. World oil prices rose by about 20%.

1968 Large oil fields have been discovered in Alaska.

1969 The first major environmental disaster caused by an oil spill. The cause was an accident on an oil platform off the coast of California.

1973 First oil embargo. On the eve of the Jewish holiday Yom Kippur, Syrian and Egyptian troops, supported by the USSR, attacked Israel. Israel turned to the United States for help, which responded to this request with consent. In response, the Arab oil-exporting countries decided to reduce oil production by 5% every month and completely ban oil exports to countries that supported Israel - the United States, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

As a result, world non-oil prices rose from $2.90 to $11.65. In the US, motor gasoline has risen in price by 4 times. The United States has introduced tough measures aimed at saving oil. In particular, all gas stations did not work on Sunday, one filling of the car was limited to 10 gallons (about 40 liters). The US began building an oil pipeline from Alaska. European states and the United States began large-scale scientific research to find alternative sources energy.

1986-1987 years. "Tanker war" between Iraq and Iran - attacks by aviation and naval forces of the warring parties on oil fields and tankers. The United States created an international force to protect communications in the Persian Gulf. This marked the beginning of the permanent presence of the US Navy in the Persian Gulf.

1988 The largest accident on an oil platform in history. The British platform in the North Sea Piper Alpha caught fire. As a result, 167 people out of 228 who were on it died.

1994 Created the first car using hydrogen as a fuel - VW Hybrid.

1995 General Motors has unveiled its first electric car, the EV1.

1997 Toyota created the first mass-produced car powered by gasoline and electricity - the Prius.

1998 Large scale economic crisis in Asia. World oil prices have fallen sharply. The reason for this was an unusually warm winter in Europe and North America, an increase in oil production in Iraq, oil consumption by Asian countries and a number of other factors. If in 1996 the average price of a barrel of oil was $20.29, in 1997 - $18.68, then in 1998 it fell to $11. The fall in oil prices led to the largest financial crisis in Russia. To stop the fall in prices, OPEC countries have reduced oil production.

A 50-year moratorium has been signed on the development of oil fields in the Antarctic region.

Major oil mergers: British Petroleum acquired Amoco and Exxon acquired Mobil.

1999 Merger of major French oil companies: Total Fina and Elf Aquitaine.

2002 As a result of the nationwide strike, Venezuela has sharply reduced oil exports. Saudi Arabia was the top oil supplier to the US in 2001, according to the Energy Information Administration. In 2002, Canada became the largest supplier of oil to the US market (1926 thousand barrels per day). The top ten countries that supply oil to the US now include only two countries from the Persian Gulf - Saudi Arabia (1,525 thousand barrels) and Iraq (449 thousand barrels). Most of the US oil is obtained from Canada (1926 thousand), Mexico (1510 thousand), Venezuela (1439 thousand), Nigeria (591 thousand), Great Britain (483 thousand), Norway (393 thousand), Angola (327 thousand) and Algeria (272 thousand).

The construction of the Baku-Ceyhan oil pipeline has begun.

Major oil companies Conoco and Phillips have merged.

Off the coast of Spain, the tanker Prestige crashed - twice as much fuel spilled into the sea as in 1989 (Exxon Valdez).

Mass sales of cars running on alternative fuels began.

2003 The US started the war in Iraq. British Petroleum has acquired 50% of the major Russian oil company THK. The US Senate rejected a proposal to start oil development in the largest reserve in Alaska. World oil prices have risen significantly (the main reasons are the war in Iraq, the strike in Venezuela, the devastating hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico) and have reached about $30 per barrel.

2004 Oil prices reached a record, exceeding $40 per barrel. The main factors are the US problems in Iraq and the growth in the consumption of petroleum products in Asian countries, especially in China, which for the first time in history began to import oil. The world's top five oil importers include the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany and Italy .