Didactic game, its role in the development of preschoolers. Didactic games for preschoolers Didactic games for preschoolers print

Germogenova Anastasia
Card file of didactic games in kindergarten

Card file of didactic games for older children

Performed: Germogenova A. G. - educator MBDOU DSKV "Sardana"

Didactic game

Card number 1

Games with objects.

"Wonderful bag"

Target: Develop tactile perception, learn to highlight the signs of an object by structure, surface, group objects according to the material from which they are made. (metal, wood, plastic). Activate dictionary; to cultivate observation, the ability to clearly follow the rules of the game.

game rule: You can only place items on a tray that is made of the same material as the item.

Game actions: Guessing the object by touch, guessing the object from the description; search for items made from different materials; grouping them by quality; usage "wonderful bag".

Manuals and materials: Wonderful pouch, items made from different materials.

Rules of the game: It is necessary to touch, without looking at the object, to find out what it is made of, and tell about it so that the children recognize and correctly name it from the description.

Didactic game

Card number 2

Games with objects.

"Who hears what?"

Target: Develop auditory attention, the ability to designate sounds with a word (ringing, rustling, playing, crackling);

Develop ingenuity, endurance.

game rule: You can show the object only after the children correctly name both the object and the sounds it makes.

Game actions: Operate with sounding objects.

Without looking at the object, find out what objects sound.

Manuals and materials: Items that emit sounds: bell, book, pipe, scissors, water.

Rules of the game: A child is invited behind the screen, who plays the pipe or rustles with a book, etc. The children, having heard the sound, guess what it sounded, and the one who played comes out from behind the screen with a sounding object in his hands.

Didactic game

Card number 3

Games with objects.

"Guess what's changed?"

Target: Develop a skill in determining the spatial location subject: right, left, front, back, side, about, etc.;

Develop observation, active memorization, speech and activate vocabulary.

game rule: The change in the arrangement of objects is called only by those children whom Petrushka points to.

Game actions: Behind the screen, objects are rearranged so that the children do not see. Using a puppet character, children guess the permutations.

Manuals and materials: Parsley or doll, various toys and objects.

Rules of the game: The game can be played if the children have certain knowledge and skills in spatial orientation.

Didactic game

Card number 4

Games with objects.

"Score"

Target: Learn to establish value relations of sets, use words in speech. Denoting the size of objects. Perform movements according to their verbal designation. Continue to teach the child to reason; develop attention.

game rule: Children perform only those actions that the teacher says.

Game actions: Only real products should be used in the game (not fake products, so that children feel "lung" and "heavy".

Manuals and materials: Shopping bag, groceries.

Rules of the game: Children together with the teacher go to "score" and words denote what they bought.

Example: I bought a tomato, a cucumber in a vegetable store and put the vegetables in a bag. My bag became heavy, I came home, put vegetables out of a heavy bag and my bag became light.

Didactic game

Card number 5

Board game.

"Paired Pictures»

Target: Develop the ability to find in the objects depicted on pictures similarities and differences; activate dictionary: similar, different, identical; Develop observation.

Game rules: Select only the same Pictures; the winner is the one who never makes a mistake.

Game actions: Search for the same pictures.

Manuals and materials: subject Pictures(10-12 pieces, they are all different, but among them there are 2 identical ones.

Game progress: The teacher asks one of the guys to find and show the same Pictures and show them to all the children. Paired Pictures are put aside. Then the teacher mixes everything Pictures(they should be turned upside down) and imperceptibly puts 1 more steam room picture. Laying them out with their front side, again offers to find the same. The difficulty lies in the fact that among pictures may be very similar, but not the same, for example: cups that are the same color, but the other one does not have a handle. Children talk about objects, note how they are similar and how they differ.

Didactic game

Card number 6

Board game.

"What's extra?"

Target: Learn to notice errors in the use of objects; develop observation, a sense of humor, the ability to prove the correctness of one's judgment; consolidate knowledge about tools.

Game rules: close cardboard box just an extra picture. The first person to find the unwanted item wins.

Game actions: Find and close the image of unnecessary items.

Manuals and materials: Profession cards, subject pictures with tools.

Game progress: In large squares, people of different professions, in the cells they need objects and tools for work, among them, those that they do not need. The child must notice and close cardboard box, leaf unnecessary item.

Didactic game

Card number 7

Board game.

"When does it happen?"

Target: To consolidate knowledge about the parts of the day; exercise in comparison pictures with parts of the day: morning afternoon Evening Night.

Game rules: According to the word that the teacher says, show card and explain why did he pick it up.

Game actions: Search for desired Pictures.

Manuals and materials: Story Pictures reflecting the lives of children in kindergarten: morning exercises, breakfast, etc. For each part of the day there should be several plot pictures.

Game progress: Children choose their own picture, on word "morning" should pick it up and explain why he picked it up.

Didactic game

Card number 8

Board game.

"Domino"

Target: To consolidate knowledge about domestic and wild animals, note the characteristics of animals, continue to cultivate the ability to play together, obey the rules of the game.

Game rules: The winner is the one who finishes the match first pictures, put them on rule: dog to dog, bear to bear - and never make a mistake.

Game actions: Search for desired pictures, sequencing.

Manuals and materials: Board game "Domino"

Game progress: 4 - 6 children play, whoever puts the last one first card, he wins.

Didactic game

Card number 9

Word game.

“Where we were, we will not say, but what we did, we will show”

Target: Learn to call an action a word; use the correct form of verbs (time, face); develop creative imagination, ingenuity.

Game rules: All children must correctly depict the proposed action so that you can guess and name it.

Game actions: Imitation of movements, guessing; driver's choice.

Manuals and materials: (No)

Game progress: They choose the host, he goes out, the rest agree that they will portray the action, the driver must guess what the children performed for the action.

Didactic game

Card number 10

Word game.

"It happens or it doesn't".

Target: Develop logical thinking, the ability to notice inconsistency in judgments.

Game rules: Whoever notices a fable must prove why this does not happen.

Game actions: Guessing Fables.

Manuals and materials: (No)

Game progress: The teacher can say something wrong, for example: “In the summer, when the sun is shining brightly, we went out and made a snowman out of the snow”.

Didactic game

Card number 11

Word game.

"Add a word"

Target: Exercise in the correct designation of the position of objects in relation to oneself; develop orientation in space.

Game rules: Only the one to whom the teacher throws the ball answers.

Game actions: Children are looking for the correct words denoting different arrangements of objects in space. The one who caught the ball must quickly complete the sentence with the right word.

Manuals and materials:

Game progress: Children stand in a circle, the teacher throws the ball to the child and asks where is the table? Or a closet? child catching the ball answers: The table is behind me.

Didactic game

Card number 12

word game

Didactic game"Find the mistake".

Goals: learn to clearly pronounce polysyllabic words loudly, develop auditory attention.

Game progress: The teacher shows a toy and calls a deliberately wrong action that this animal allegedly performs. Children must answer whether this is correct or not, and then list the actions that this animal can actually perform. For example: The dog is reading. Can a dog read? Children meet: "Not". What can a dog do? Children list. Then other animals are named.

Lyubov Maksimova

Workshop of a professional teacher.

At preschool age, it is the game that contributes to the versatile development of the child. A game for children is learning, a game for them is work, a serious form of education. The game for preschoolers is a way of knowing the environment. While playing, they study colors, shapes, properties of materials, spatial relationships. In the game, the child receives the first experience of collective thinking. I love to play with children games, especially in didactic. During her work in a preschool institution, she made and spent a lot of didactic games.

№1. Didactic game"Bunnies and Houses"

Target: consolidate knowledge of basic colors: red, blue, yellow, green.

move games: There are 4 houses of different colors in front of the children. Children have 4 bunnies of the same color. The teacher invites the children to hide the bunnies in the houses, as they are very afraid of the wolf, but do not know what color their house is.

№2. Didactic game"Butterflies and Flowers"

Target: to form in children the ability to compare two groups of objects based on comparison, to establish equality and inequality of 2 sets, to activate the words "as many", "equally", "equally".

Material: butterflies and flowers cut out of colored paper according to the number of children.

move games: The teacher invites the children to turn into butterflies (hands out butterflies). Butterflies fly across the meadow. At the signal "Butterflies, fly to the flower!" - they fly to the flower (spread out on the floor) to the house. Did all the butterflies have enough houses? How many butterflies? How many flowers? Are they equal? How else can you say?

Option 2: work with cards at the table.

№3. Didactic game"Decorate the rug"

Target: to develop the ability of children to compare objects by color, shape, size.

move: caregiver: "Children, a hare came to visit us. She wants to give her rabbits beautiful rugs, but she did not have time to decorate them. Let's help her. How will we decorate them? (circles, triangles). What colour? Are the circles the same size? what about triangles? etc. The hare really liked the rugs.

Similar game "Decorate the mitten"

№4. Didactic game"Close the Figure"

Target: to consolidate the knowledge of children of primary colors and their shades, the size of objects. Develop logical thinking, attention, fine motor skills of hands.

Material: cards on which geometric shapes of different sizes and colors are pasted. A set of the same geometric shapes.

№5. Didactic game"Find a couple."

Target: fix the name of geometric shapes; to form the ability to make a pair of two identical cards; develop visual attention.

Material: a set of cards that show 2-3 geometric shapes (2 identical).

№ 6 Didactic game"Paths to houses"

Target: Develop the ability to compare 3 objects in length by application and overlay, navigate in space, activate in speech the words: "long", "shorter", "short"; develop visual attention.

Material: cards with houses in which animals live, 3 strips of different lengths. For every child.

move games: The host tells the children that the animals have built houses for themselves and want to visit each other, but there are no paths and they don’t know where to go. Let's lay paths to the houses, but first carefully examine them, compare them in length, put them between the houses. What path will you lay from the fox's house to the bear's house? What colour? and so on. To whom does the shortest path lead? And the longest one?

№7. Didactic game"Name and Count"

Target: to consolidate knowledge about geometric shapes, exercise in counting objects, develop attention, memory.

Material: Pictures depicting animals.

№8 Didactic game"Count the Sounds"

Content: It is better to start the game by counting toys, calling 2-3 children to the table, after that say that children are good at counting toys, things, and today they will learn to count sounds. The teacher invites the children to count, helping with his hand, how many times he hits the table. He shows how it is necessary to swing the right hand, standing on the elbow, in time with the blows. The blows are made quietly and not too often, so that the children have time to count them. First, no more than 1 - 3 sounds are extracted, and only when the children stop making mistakes, the number of beats increases. Next, it is proposed to play the specified number of sounds. The teacher takes turns calling the children to the table and invites them to hit with a hammer, a stick on a stick 2-5 times. In conclusion, all children are invited to raise their hand (lean forward, sit down) as many times as the hammer strikes.

№9. Didactic game"The Cars Go to the Garage" (For children 4 - 5 years old)

Target: To consolidate the knowledge of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the sequence of their construction in a row one after another; develop thinking, attention, speed of reaction to a signal, independence in solving a problem, skills of control and self-control.

Content: The game is played as a competition. Chairs with colored circles represent parking lots. Children are given circles (each column - one color). On the leader's signal (beat on tambourine) everyone runs around the group room. By signal: "Cars! To the parking lot!" - everyone "goes" to their garage, i.e. children with red steering wheels - to the garage marked with a red circle, etc. The cars line up in a column in numerical order, starting from the first. The teacher checks the order of the numbers of cars in each column.

Questions: What is the first number? Why? What number is followed by 2? What is greater than 1 or 2? How much? etc.

№10. Didactic game"Connect the Numbers"

Target: to consolidate knowledge of numbers, to form the ability to connect dots together in the order of the numbers.

Material: diagram cards on which numbers are written near the dots.

№11. Didactic game"Colour the balls."

Target: to help identify ideas about the shape, color, learn to count objects, remember their number.

Equipment: paper, colored pencils.

Age: 45 years.

move games: The teacher offers the child a sheet with balloons and asks to finish the strings so that the balloons do not scatter. The child should color the round balls in blue, and the oval ones in yellow. After that, the teacher asks to count how many blue balls, how many yellow, how many blue and yellow together.

№12. Didactic game"Jump, don't make a mistake" For children 4 - 5 years old.

Goals: consolidate knowledge of numbers and their sequence in a number series; develop attention, logical thinking, speed of reaction and coordination of movements, independence, initiative, the ability to correctly evaluate their own actions and the actions of other children.

Content: children (4 people each) stand inside the hoop, around them there are “bumps” with numbers from 1 to 5. The teacher calls the name of any child standing in the hoop and invites him to complete the task, and the rest of the children to check the correctness of the execution, correcting the error if necessary. The child from the four will perform the movements accordingly task: jumps out of the hoop onto a bump with a figure given by the teacher, after considering his answer. The next task is performed by a child from the other four.

Tasks: 1) jump to the number with which the count begins; 2) jump on the number that comes after 2; 3) jump to a number that is greater than 1 by 1; 4) jump to a number that is greater than 2 by 1; 5) jump on the number showing how many legs the forest animals have.

Having completed the task correctly, the children "fall into a forest clearing."

Rules: draw the attention of children to the correct execution tasks: it is necessary to jump on the "bump" with the number, having previously considered the task; when performing a jump, you need to try to maintain balance, keep your hands on your belt. Encourage children to correctly evaluate their actions and the actions of their comrades.

№13. Didactic game"Will it be enough?"

Target: to teach children to see the equality and inequality of groups of objects of different sizes, to bring to the concept that a number does not depend on size.

Content: The teacher offers to treat the animals. Pre finds out: "Will the bunnies have enough carrots, squirrels of nuts? How to find out? How to check? Children count toys, compare their number, then treat the animals, applying small toys to large ones. Having revealed the equality and inequality in the number of toys in the group, they add the missing item or remove the extra .

№14. Didactic game"Finish the missing figure"

Target: consolidate knowledge of geometric figures: circle, square, triangle, learn to solve a logical problem based on visually perceived information (to establish patterns).

№ 15. Didactic game

"Help Pinocchio paint a picture for Malvina"

Target: to consolidate the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper, to distinguish and name the right and left hands; activate in speech the words: right, left, center, top, bottom.

move: Pinocchio, forgive the children to draw a picture, and which one is he now will tell: draw a house in the center, the sun - at the top, etc.

№ 16. Didactic game"Who where?"

Goals games: to promote the formation of spatial orientation on a sheet of paper.

Equipment: Form with the image of several objects, chips.

Age: 5-6 years.

move games: The child is offered a form with the image of several objects that are differently located in space.

caregiver: "What objects are drawn? Where is the pear drawn? Where is the house drawn? Drum? Ball? Balloon? What is drawn to the right of the house? And to the left? Name the objects in the upper right corner? Etc." . At the end games kids count chips. The winner is the one with the most chips.

№ 17. Didactic game"Football"

Target: teach children to navigate on a sheet of paper, determine spatial directions and designate them words: top, bottom, right, left, top right, top left, etc.

№ 18. Didactic game"When does it happen?"

Target: to fix the idea of ​​​​children about the time of day, exercise them in comparing the picture with the part days: morning afternoon Evening Night. Learn to use correctly the words: "today", "tomorrow", "yesterday". Develop logical thinking, coherent speech.

Rules: According to the word that the teacher says, show the card and explain. why did he pick it up.

game action: Search for a desired picture.

move games: On the table at the playing cards, which depict pictures from life related to a certain time of day. The life of children in kindergarten (regime moments). Children choose any for themselves, carefully consider it. On the word morning, the children raise the picture and each explains why he thinks that he has morning, etc.

№ 19. Didactic game"Graphic Dictation"

Target: the formation of an eye, visual memory in children; development of fine motor skills; development of stable, focused attention, development of visual-motor coordination, arbitrariness, rhythm and accuracy of movements; education of diligence, perseverance.

№ 20. Didactic game"What changed?"

Target: exercise children in the correct determination of the spatial arrangement items: right, left, in front, behind, side, about, etc. Develop observation, develop figurative memory, activate vocabulary.

Rules games: they name changes in the arrangement of objects, only those children whom the puppet character points to.

Game actions: Permutation behind the screen of objects so. so that the children do not see; guessing using a puppet character.

Toys: matryoshka, pyramid, doll.

move games: The game uses a toy - Parsley. Cheerful and mischievous. he constantly rearranges, moves, and then forgets and asks the guys to tell him where he put his toys.

№ 21 Didactic game"Collect (finish) beads"

Target: develop visual perception of form, attention memory, fine motor skills of fingers, repeat the names of colors, geometric shapes, improve the ability to highlight the size of objects.

Equipment: Patterned cards, cardboard equivalents of geometric shapes, felt-tip pens or colored pencils.

move games: The teacher distributes the cards to the children and offers to finish the elements of the existing ones beads: "Look. The doll broke the beads. Can't collect at all. Think about which figure you need to finish first? Then? What kind of beads did you get?" The teacher checks and helps. In case of difficulty, the teacher draws the first version of the beads himself, suggesting the pattern of distribution of figures on the beads. You can not finish the beads, but lay them out from the existing cardboard parts.

№ 22. Didactic game"Make a whole out of parts"

Target: to exercise in the ability to make a whole from separate parts, to develop logical thinking.

move games: problematic situation: The doll's mirror broke. They ask the guys to repair it.

№ 23. Didactic game"Fold the pyramid according to the scheme"

Target: To form the ability to collect objects according to a model based on a schematic image; to learn to analyze the structure of an object using its schematic representation; develop logical thinking, visual attention, imagination.

Material: one pyramid for each player, 4 cards with an outline image of pyramids, assembled in different ways.

№ 24. Didactic game"What is superfluous? Why?"

Target games: to teach children in each row of cards to find an "extra" item. Develop logical thinking, the ability to analyze, compare, generalize.

Material: cards.

Age: 4-6 years old.

move games: the child carefully examines the drawing. caregiver asks: "What item is superfluous here? Why?" The winner is the one who quickly identifies the inappropriate subject and explains correctly. For example, among the clothes there will be dishes.

"Find differences", "Snowmen", "Houses", "Toys".

Target: To develop visual attention and observation in children.

Rules games: You need to carefully look at the picture and indicate. How do snowmen differ from each other. two play and that one wins who will point out more differences in the drawings. The first player names some difference, then the second player is given the floor, etc. The game ends when one of the partners cannot name a new difference. (previously unmarked). You can start the game by reading the poem "Here is a hare standing on its hind legs by the river. There are snowmen with brooms and hats in front of it. The hare looks. He calmed down. He only gnaws at carrots. But he cannot understand what is different with them." Now look what's different about these snowmen.

Option 2: The players find the differences and lay out the chips under their drawing, then they name the differences.

№ 26. Didactic game"Sticks - counters."

Target games: Facilitate the memorization and rapid reproduction of the pattern. Develop fine motor skills of hands, imagination.

Equipment: paper, counting sticks.

Age A: 4-5 years.

move games: 1 option: The teacher invites the children to lay out a pattern on paper with chopsticks. Complication: The pattern is displayed for a few seconds and then removed. 2 option: Exercise children to make figures on their own, think over the course of a decision, develop imagination.

№ 27. Didactic game"What does it look like?"

Target: to teach children to create an image in their imagination based on a schematic representation of objects.

Material: a set of 5-8 cards with various figures.

№ 28. Didactic game"Labyrinths"

Target: To develop in children perseverance and the ability to concentrate, logical thinking, dexterity.

Management: Gradually make the mazes more difficult (a more complex network of passages, an increase in the number of dead ends, branches). Together with the child, trace the moves with a pencil, and then visually. Encouragement of manifestations of sustained attention, concentration, desire to achieve the goal.

№ 29. Didactic game"Find the signs of difference"

Target: Continue to develop the ability to compare objects, establish their similarities and differences (how are these items similar and different, etc.).

Continue to develop the ability to sequentially consider objects. Develop attention, memory, thinking. Activate the speech of children. The form organizations: individual or subgroup.

Methodological techniques: The main technique is looking at illustrations, talking. Carrying out options games: Option No. 1 (integration with the educational area "Socialization") An adult shows the child an illustration and offers to consider it, describe it, then offers to consider the second part of the illustration. When looking at the second part of the illustration, it invites the child to find differences and determine how they differ.

№30. Didactic game"Go Through the Gate"

Target: exercise children in the composition of the number of two smaller numbers.

Material: Large maps with various geometric shapes depicted on them (from one to four)- one for each child.

Content: Two children depict a gate - they hold one or another card. The rest of the small cards walk around the room. Upon the leader's blow to the tambourine, those playing in pairs go through the gate (the pair is made up of children whose number of figures on the cards is equal to the number on the gate). It is better to start playing with the number 2, gradually increasing the number of players by adding two cards with the next number. For the purpose of greater coverage of the game of children, it is possible to make of them not pairs, but fours.

Rules games: If the number is incorrect, you cannot enter the gate, they are closed.

Option games: More than one gate is displayed (up to five). The players must go only into their own gates.

№31. Didactic game"What houses do friends live in?"

Target: to consolidate the ability to distinguish between different types of polygons; to cultivate purposefulness in achieving the goal, to develop ingenuity, attention.

Three friends: Kitten, Puppy and Cockerel settled in new homes. Guess who lives where? The Kitten's house has a square door, a square window, and a triangular chimney. In the puppy's house, the door is hexagonal, the window is rectangular, and the chimney is quadrangular. The cockerel lives in a house with a pentagonal door, a quadrangular window and a hexagonal chimney.

Answers: Kitten lives in house number 3, Puppy - number 5, Cockerel - 6.

№ 32 Didactic game"Living Numbers"

Target: counting exercise (forward and reverse) within 10.

Material: Cards with circles drawn on them from 1 to 10.

Rules games: If any of the children got in the wrong place, he becomes the leader. If the driver makes a mistake, he leads again. If the driver made a mistake when counting three times, he leaves games.

Option games. "Numbers" are built in reverse order from 10 to 1.

№33. Didactic game"Guess what number is missing"

Target: Determine the place of the number in the natural series, name the missing number.

Material: Flannelgraph, 1 cards with circles on them from 1 to 10 (each card has circles of a different color. Flags.

Content: The teacher arranges the cards on the flannelograph in sequence of natural numbers. We invite the children to see how they stand, if any number is missing. then the guys close their eyes. and the teacher removes one card. After the children guess which number is missing, the teacher shows the hidden card and puts it in its place.

Rules games: Do not peek when the card is removed. Whoever first notices which number is missing gets a flag.

№ 34. Didactic game"What number is next?"

Target: Exercise children in determining the next and previous number to the one named.

Material: ball.

Rules games: If the child made a mistake, everyone calls the correct number in unison. The game continues.

Option games:

1. Children agree in advance what number they will call: previous or next.

2. Children call not one, but two numbers at once - both the previous and the next.

No. 35. Educational B games. P. Nikitin "Fold a square", "Fold a pattern", "Unicube".

Target: to develop in children spatial representations, figurative thinking, the ability to combine, design, combine shape and color, folding flat and three-dimensional figures, develop creativity and independence.

Material: planar sample cards for planar figures; cubes painted in three bright colors - for voluminous figures.

Games to recreate figurative and plot images from geometric figures according to the image and own design.

1. "Tangram"

2. "Columbus egg"

3. "Mongolian game"

4. "Vietnamese game"

1. Children get acquainted with a set of figures for the game, select figures according to their shape, examine, count, overlap each other.

2. According to the word of the educator, they make up a square, a triangle from triangles (from two smaller ones, a quadrilateral.

3. Compilation of figures according to the image and design.

4. Reconstruction of figures based on contour patterns.

used literature:

1. L. A. Wenger, O. M. Dyachenko " Games and exercises for the development of mental abilities in preschool children.

2. Z. A. Mikhailova "Game entertaining tasks for preschoolers."

3. V. V. Danilova, T. D. Richterman, Z. A. Mikhailova "Teaching Mathematics in Kindergarten".

4. V. P. Novikova "Mathematics in kindergarten".

5. V. Sotnikova "The development of the child in play activities."

6. E. V. Solovieva "Numbers for you".

7. Sorokina " Didactic games in kindergarten".

The leading activity of a preschooler is a game, with the help of which the baby learns the world around him. It is generally accepted that the lack of play negatively affects the formation of the personality of the child. A significant part of the time a preschooler spends in kindergarten among peers, under the supervision of educators. Only a teacher who owns gaming technologies can achieve high results in working with children.

The value of didactic games in kindergarten

The necessary minimum of a teacher's competencies lies in the ability to distinguish a didactic game (DI) from other game forms, in knowledge of its structure, types, file cabinets of basic games, basic regulatory requirements. Using gaming technologies, the educator should not forget that while playing, the child satisfies his key needs, masters activities such as work and study, develops and forms as a person. Therefore, the educator should approach the organization of children's play activities responsibly, relying on basic pedagogical knowledge.

The concept of a didactic game

The activity of preschoolers has different forms, one of them is play activity. For the educator, the game is both a tool for teaching and educating, and a form of organizing the life of children in a preschool educational institution (DOE). The fact that the game is the most productive form of employment or directly educational activity (GCD) of preschoolers has been scientifically substantiated and practically confirmed.

GCD in preschool educational institutions is carried out in accordance with sanitary rules and regulations (SANPIN 2.4.1.3049–13), which determine, in particular, their duration (up to 10 minutes for babies, up to 30 minutes for older age groups). Note that not all games of preschoolers are didactic (they are also called subject-based or educational). S. L. Novosyolova in the program "Origins" (1997) classifies games based on who is the initiator - an adult or a child. Signs by which it is easy to distinguish CI:

• its initiator will always be an adult (teacher);
• such a game is aimed at solving an educational problem (“didactics” in translation from ancient Greek - teaching);
• for children, the educational nature of the game should not be obvious.

In the game, preschoolers explore the world and learn to interact

It is important for the educator to understand that the educational results that he wants to receive depend on the fact that the preschooler does not know about the need to achieve them. In a game situation, the very possibility of activity, success, pleasure is important for a child. Educational outcomes are a side effect for him, learning happens unintentionally. It’s a big mistake to start the game with the words: “Your game task is to learn to distinguish colors and find objects on this basis.”

Educational games have a long history, contain elements of folklore and reflect national characteristics. Such games as “Ladushki”, “Forty-white-sided”, “Lady” and others have survived to our time. Ancestors laid the educational meaning and educational character in the games, thereby passing on life experience from generation to generation, preparing children for early adulthood. Currently, such games are aimed not so much at preparing preschoolers for adulthood, but at organizing leisure.

The structure of the didactic game

The productivity of DI implies knowledge of its structure and understanding of the relationships between the main structural elements. There are 3 such elements:

• Teaching / didactic task. In the game process, the educator lays down specific learning tasks that are adequate to the form and content of the game, the age group of children: fixing synonymous words in the child’s active dictionary, developing fine motor skills, forming ideas about color, and many others. What is the task, you can often determine by the name of the game: "Collect the puzzle", "Guess the musical instrument", "Name the object." Recall that the educational task of the didactic game for the child is hidden. When playing, a child of 5–6 years old does not seek to learn something, he is interested in the final result (winning) and getting pleasure. Kids are not even interested in winning, they are curious about the process of game interaction.
• Game actions, i.e., ways of showing the activity of the child in the game. For kids, the game actions are quite simple (disassemble / assemble a simple object; guess the source of the sound, find a pair); older children require more complex actions (be careful, choose the right option from the set, name the phenomenon); in the games of children of older groups, actions of an analytical and creative nature (correlate, generalize, classify, invent) predominate.
• Rules of the game. It is important to understand that the rules must be followed by all participants, including adults. The rules are determined by the educational and subject content of the game, the tasks laid down in the game, the complexity or simplicity of the game actions largely depends on them. The rules of the game are determined by the initiator.

Types of didactic games

Some didactic games may include integrated tasks for the development of speech, the world around us, mathematics and fine arts

According to the material used, teachers divide DI into groups:

• didactic games with objects,
• board games,
• word games.

Didactic games with objects

The items in these games are educational material. Toys, household items, natural material, works of arts and crafts - everything can be used. The creative approach of the educator allows you to organize an excellent game using high-tech industrial toys, special play complexes (for example, the Froebel Gifts play set), and any materials at hand, even those that are usually thrown away as garbage (lids, chocolate egg cases, shreds ) and literally lies underfoot (leaves, pebbles). Variations of games with objects will be dramatizations, plot-didactic and didactic games with motor-oriented toys (pyramids, nesting dolls, cubes).

As a didactic material, you can use ordinary pebbles painted with acrylic paints.

August Froebel is a famous German teacher. It was he who introduced the expression "children are the flowers of life." He proceeded from the fact that “good gardeners” should raise children.

Play sets such as Froebel's Gifts, which is part of the Montessori school materials, develop fine motor skills, color perception, logical thinking and other abilities of preschoolers

If we talk about educational tasks solved during the DI with objects, then, first of all, they develop the mental operations of the child. Children develop the ability to analyze, they learn to find common things in objects and distinguish them, master the skills of handling different objects. Games with objects expand erudition and horizons, bring up self-control of behavior, attention. Games aimed at physical development improve coordination of movements, fine and large motor skills.

The educator, modifying the content of the game, can achieve solutions to problems of varying complexity. Consider the example of the game "Wonderful bag".

Table: an example of the complication of the game depending on the age of the pupils

Board games

These games help to solve important learning tasks:

• expand the horizons and clarify the child's ideas about the world around them;
• systematize existing knowledge;
• develop thought processes, logic, attentiveness;
• stimulate the imagination.

1. Pupils of younger groups are offered pictures for easy recognition.
   

   Such pictures with images of animals are designed for easy recognition in working with younger preschoolers.

2. A more complex version of the same game may be as follows: the animals are not presented in full color, but in the form of shadows and moved from their previous places.
   

   The illustration shows a more complex version of the pictures, aimed at recognizing animals by their shadow.

3. The most difficult version of the game: children must guess the beast along the contour.
   

   The illustration shows pictures that orient children to recognize animals by their contours.

In addition to games with pictures, other board games are widespread - various lottos, Labyrinth-type games, constructors, mosaics. Mostly these are collective games, so they have a competitive effect stimulating children, for example, who will go through the maze faster. Older preschoolers are increasingly offered didactic computer games, which is quite in line with the spirit of the times, the practice of using business games in a simplified version is being actively introduced. Puzzles have become very popular.

Puzzles (from the English puzzle) - a game of endurance. The first puzzles were wooden and represented a map of England, they were made by the English engraver Spilsbury in 1763. These puzzles were used at school as teaching aids and were very expensive. It wasn't until 100 years later that jigsaw puzzles were made out of cardboard and became widely available.

The assortment of lotos from different manufacturers is very wide - from classic games to the selection of associations.

For younger preschoolers, simple lottos are suitable, aimed at studying objects of the immediate environment, flora and fauna.

More complex versions of the game "Lotto", which form the basis of literacy, counting, understanding the world around, etc., are intended for children of older groups.

Older preschoolers will be interested in games containing new information

word games

They are characterized by the fact that the solution of the educational problem by the child occurs as a thought process. While playing, the child imagines, fantasizes, mobilizes the knowledge he has without the help of game material, without any visualization. During such a game, the auditory (auditory) channel of information perception is involved, which contributes to the solution of such problems as the formation of attention, the development of speech, the speed of reaction, the understanding of humor, allegories, allegories. Due to the indicated specifics of word games, they are difficult for kids and are more often used when working with older children.

Among the word games there are many folk rhymes, riddles, jokes. As information material for word games, the educator can use poems, short excerpts from works of art. The teacher can develop his own version of the word game or use ready-made developments, for example, A. I. Sorokina, O. M. Dyachenko and other authors.

The attribute of many word games is the ball, which allows pupils to speak in turn

Card file of didactic games

Modern preschool educational institutions operate in strict accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education (FSES DO). The Standard prescribes that preschool institutions should ensure the socio-communicative, cognitive, speech, artistic, aesthetic and physical development of children (clause 2.6.). Therefore, when developing a calendar-thematic plan for the GCD, the educator must take into account the classes implemented in the form of DI. The thematic plan should include games that meet the requirements of the standard in terms of their educational objectives.

Table: card file of didactic games in younger groups

Table: card file of didactic games in the middle group

Table: card file of didactic games for older preschoolers

It should be noted that the names of the games, tasks and descriptions given in the card files can be specified, supplemented depending on the game situations, the individual characteristics of the participants, as well as the desire of the teacher to mobilize his professional and personal potential when conducting classes in a game form. Game attributes can be very diverse, up to improvised materials. The teacher can use ready-made game material, he can make it himself, including with the help of children, and for word games no material is required at all.

Preparation and conduct of a didactic game

Conducting a didactic game is preceded by its development in the form of a summary. The abstract is drawn up according to a certain scheme. Note that there are no strict requirements for the abstract, but the following structure is considered generally accepted (see table).

Didactic game is built according to a certain plan

Table: the structure of the summary of the didactic game

Table: an example of a synopsis of a didactic game in the middle group (fragments)

Video: musical and didactic game in the younger group

Video: didactic math game in the middle group

Video: didactic game on patriotic education

Analysis and evaluation of didactic play in kindergarten

CI has a great semantic load and significance in shaping the child's personality, so it must be effective. The assessment is carried out on the following key points:

• the expediency of conducting this particular game with specific children;
• compliance of educational tasks with the age and psychophysiological characteristics of pupils;

Didactic material should be safe, aesthetic and age-appropriate.

The questions of the method of conducting the game itself also require an answer: what is the role of the educator as an initiator and leader, what methods of coordination and organization of the children's play activities were used.

Table: sample protocol for evaluating a didactic game

Age group
Amount of children
Name of the game
caregiver
the date
Questions for analysis	Activity analysis
Game start time
Didactic tasks
Number of children playing
Who is the initiator of the game
game material
Understanding and acceptance by children of didactic tasks
Children following the rules
Compliance with ethical standards of conduct (underline)	benevolence, responsiveness, sensitivity, mutual aid, ability to negotiate empathy, justice.
The presence of negative qualities (underline)	Conflict and its resolution aggressiveness, controversy, the desire to always be the first, rudeness in handling.
The role of the educator	Plays with children watching the games assigns roles, helps with advice asking questions, corrects the activities of children.
End of the game, debriefing
Game duration
Notes, suggestions
Cit. by: https://nsportal.ru/detskiy-sad/upravlenie-dou/2018/01/05/karta-analiza-didakticheskoy-igry

Organization of children's leisure in preschool educational institutions through didactic games

In addition to the fact that a didactic game is a form of organization of GCD in kindergarten, it is also a good way to organize leisure time for preschoolers outside of classes, mainly in the afternoon. The most suitable for these purposes will be quiz games. They do not require special training, complex game material and can be exclusively verbal. When conducting quiz games, it is important to focus on the average and low level of erudition of children, especially if the topic is new, gradually complicating questions, focusing on the increasing intellectual baggage of pupils.

CI can also be built into the holiday scenario. Guests present, for example, parents, can be involved in such a game. One should not miss the opportunity to solve the problems of educating and educating children during festive and other recreational activities. Evenings of musical and didactic games can be organized in the kindergarten. The scenario of such an evening is based on the principle of the game “Guess the melody”, “Continue the verse”, “Guess who is singing?” etc.

If a holiday in kindergarten is held by invited animators, it is advisable to discuss the script in advance and, if necessary, make adjustments.

Script examples

Examples of leisure and entertainment scenarios with didactic games in preschool educational institutions:

• Summer leisure for children of primary preschool age "On a visit to the bear cub" (Chernikova N.V.). Purpose: creation of a favorable emotional state in children through the activation of musical and motor activity.
• Sports entertainment "A fairy tale helps us to do sports" (Alekseevtseva E.V.). Pupils in the form of a game develop the basic physical qualities: strength, agility, speed, endurance, coordination of movements, accuracy.
• Thematic leisure for older preschoolers "Traveling with the game" (Nekrasova G.V.). The event is aimed at creating positive motivation for the development of dynamic activity of children, patriotism and empathy, gender tolerance.
• Musical entertainment in the senior group "Wonder Tree" (Osipova M. L.). Purpose: to systematize the knowledge of children with the help of musical and didactic games.

A didactic game for an educator is an effective method of achieving educational goals. Preschoolers enthusiastically perform game tasks and at the same time develop the necessary skills and abilities for further successful socialization.

Didactic games are a method of studying with children in the form of special educational games, which are a way of active learning. The basis of didactic games is the development of the cognitive sphere of the child.

Choosing such a game, the age of your baby, the level of his knowledge, as well as the mood and state of health. With the help of didactic games, the baby acquires knowledge and receives the necessary new information.

For preschoolers, the game is the leading activity, thanks to which they fully develop.
Didactic games are complex in that they are both a game, a means of learning and the comprehensive development of the child. In the process of such a game, the baby develops all mental processes and personal characteristics are formed.

Didactic game is a fascinating way of all-round development of personality:

Didactic games are an effective and unusual way of raising kids in different areas:

1. Mental education. Systematizes knowledge, develops sensory abilities, enriches knowledge about the surrounding reality;

2. moral education. Forms a careful attitude to surrounding objects, norms of behavior with people, character traits;

3. Aesthetic education. Forms a sense of beauty;

4. Physical education. They develop fine motor skills of the hands, form cultural and hygienic skills, develop the emotionality of the child.

The didactic game develops the independence and cognitive activity of the child, as well as his intellect.

The value of didactic games:

Develop the cognitive abilities of the baby;
Contribute to the assimilation of knowledge;
Have developmental value;
Educate moral qualities: honesty, justice, exactingness, compliance;
Develop the child's speech.

The structure of the didactic game:

1. Familiarization with the course of the game;
2. Explanation of the content and rules of the game;
3. Demonstration of game actions;
4. Distribution of roles;
5. Summing up the game.

Types of didactic games:

Games with objects or toys;

Board games;

Word games.

Item games:

This type of games provides for the direct perception of various objects by the baby, which contributes to the development of the desire to manipulate them for the purpose of learning.

Didactic games with objects are aimed at studying the differences between objects, comparing them with each other. In the process of such games, children learn the color, size and quality of objects. Nature games involve the use of natural materials: seeds, leaves, flowers, stones, cones, fruits.

Examples of didactic games with objects:

Game "Find the object"

An adult prepares two identical sets of items. One is covered with a napkin, and the second is placed in front of the child. Then mom or dad takes the covered set and sets it in front of him. He takes out any object, shows it to the child and calls it. After that, he hides it again. The child needs to find this item and name it correctly. The task of the child is to identify all the prepared items.

Game "Position right"

An adult prepares toys of animals and cubs. For example, a chicken is a chicken, a kitten is a cat, a puppy is a dog. The child must arrange toys: a baby animal is an adult animal. Then name them and describe them.

Board games:

Board games include didactic games aimed at getting to know kids:

With the world that surrounds them;
With objects of nature;
With plants and animals.

Board games are:

Lotto;
Paired pictures;
Domino.

Board game features:

The board game is effective for development:

speeches;
Thinking;
attention;
Decision making skills;
The ability to independently control their actions and deeds.

What can be didactic board games?:

Game "Wonderful Cars"

Mom or dad gives the child a train that is pre-cut out of thick paper. It has four wagons. Separately, the child is given pictures depicting flowers, fruits, animals, trees. These will be the so-called passengers. It is necessary to arrange them in wagons, correctly distributing them into groups. There should be similar representatives in one group. Tell them how they are similar, why they are in the same group, what one word they can be called.

Word games:

This kind of didactic games is aimed at the development of children's speech, as well as the education of independence in children. In such games, both words and all kinds of actions are used. Toddlers learn to describe various objects, recognize them by descriptions, determine common and distinctive characteristics.

Didactic word games have the following goals:

Consolidation of knowledge;
Refinement and expansion of information about the world;
Formation of cognitive interests;
Development of mental processes;
Effective development of thinking and observation in children.

Examples of verbal didactic games:

Game "Seasons"

An adult reads a text about the seasons of the year. The child guesses which one is being discussed.

"Guess from the description"

An adult has six different items on the table. Then he describes one of them. The child determines from the description which object the adult described. Repeat the game until the adult describes all the items.

The role of parents in organizing didactic games:

An important role in the development and upbringing of the child is played by the participation of parents in games. Parents who do not take part in the children's game deprive themselves of the opportunity to get close to the baby, it is better to study his personality traits. Parents should not be the leader of the game. It is necessary to be a partner of your child, while achieving mutual understanding.  This is what distinguishes a parent's communication in the game from everyday communication, when an adult is a mentor for his crumbs. Parents, organizing didactic games with a child, implement the following tasks:

Implementation of the moral education of the child;

Development of the correct behavior of the child and the formation of positive relationships in the family;

Contribute to the formation of ways of teaching the child.

For a child, play is the most serious occupation. Without play, the full mental development of the child is impossible. Play is a way to develop curiosity in toddlers.

Dear parents! Support toddlers' play activities. So you can solve many pedagogical and psychological problems.

Didactic games for children - a section where you will find games and game aids made by preschool teachers and parents in order to enrich the educational process with methodological developments and ideas. Game aids are teaching, developing and educating in nature. They are aimed at the development of a comprehensively developed personality and the disclosure of the potential of preschool children.

DIY games for children

• Books and books with their own hands. Homemade, baby, tactile
• Board games. Board-printed children's games with their own hands
• Construction games. Construction from building material, constructor
• Card file of games for children: didactic, mobile, folk, finger, role-playing
• Puzzles. Games and activities with puzzles and cut-out pictures

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This section contains didactic games used in kindergarten. Some game activities are aimed at the development of coherent speech, others develop creative thinking, imagination. There are materials for the development of spatial and temporal ideas in a child, others teach them to provide first aid.

There are three types of didactic games.

• Playing with objects or toys. Aimed at the development of tactile sensations, the ability to manipulate various objects and toys, the development of creative thinking and imagination.
• Word games. For the development of auditory memory, attention, communication skills, as well as for the development of coherent and dialogic speech, the ability and desire to express one's thoughts.
• desktop printed. Used as a visual aid aimed at developing visual memory and attention.

Mandatory attributes in the gameplay are educational and educational tasks, clear rules and the exact sequence of actions.

A didactic game is a multifaceted phenomenon that can be a teaching method, a form of learning. Made by the hands of teachers, they allow the child to reveal their potential using body analyzers (auditory, visual, tactile) and direct the educational process to achieve positive results.

Preschool specialists practicing educational activities often resort to making educational toys with their own hands or together with the pupils of the group from various waste materials. Self-production allows you to diversify the presentation of program material, taking into account the capabilities of the children's contingent.

All kinds of games can be created or recreated by the hands of educators, making them colorful and interesting.