What is the stem of the infinitive. Infinitive in English: complete analysis of the initial form of the verb

Instructions

You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question about it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, dilute, lie down.
There is always a soft sign at the end of such verbs.

It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from the personal form if the word is written in transcription. The recording of the finals of these forms is the same: [uchitka] (studying) - [uchitka] (studying). In this case, pay attention to the vowel before [-tsa] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.

The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which one is an infinitive, you need to identify the grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains the lexical meaning is the infinitive, which requires a soft sign. So, in the sentence “Students will be able to study extra,” the predicate “will be able to study.” And the indefinite form is “to work out.”

The infinitive form of a verb can act as a secondary member of a sentence. It can be determined in such cases by following the logic of reasoning. Ask an indirect case question from the predicate to the infinitive. If this is possible, then in this case it is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do some warm-up,” the word “to do” will be an object (ordered what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “commanded” is performed, and others will perform it. This means that this is not a predicate, because it is simple.

Circumstances expressed in the indefinite form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “for what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train,” we ask the infinitive the question “I came for what purpose?”
To the definition, ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar,” the infinitive is: the ability (what?) to play.

Video on the topic

note

Only in one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate there are no words from which a question is asked to the verb.

Helpful advice

Ask questions from one word to another. If the minor member is expressed by a verb, then it is only an indefinite form. Be sure to write a soft sign.

Sources:

• verbs in indefinite form

A verb is a part of speech with constant and inconstant features. The person of a verb is its non-constant feature, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. For this purpose we will give small instructions how to determine the person of a verb.

Instructions

Secondly, you need to highlight the ending of the verb, for example, the ending “-yat” for the verb “look”.

Next you need to look at the ending and pronoun. If the pronoun “I” or “we” is suitable for the verb, then you have a first-person verb, and it points to. If the pronoun “you” or “you” is suitable for the verb, then it is a second-person verb, and it points to the speaker’s interlocutor. If the verb is combined with one of these: he, she, it, they, then it is a person verb. Our example has the ending “-yat” and the pronoun “they”, which means a third-person verb.

But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. The exception to this rule is impersonal. It is impossible to select a pronoun for such verbs; it is also impossible to attach an action to any object, person, animal, etc. These verbs show what they do naturally, without anyone’s help. For example, this is the verb “it’s getting dark.”
Some verbs may not have forms in all persons; these verbs are insufficient. An example is the verb “to win”; this verb cannot be used in the 1st person singular; in this case they say “I will win” and not “I will run”.

Video on the topic

Schoolchildren begin studying verbs, including their indefinite form, in the elementary grades. If the material is poorly understood, errors in the spelling of “tsya” and “tsya” are possible. Therefore, the teacher needs to draw their attention to the identifying signs of a.

Instructions

You should know that the uncertain form verb often called an infinitive. The verb in this form does not change either in numbers or in persons. It is impossible to determine both its inclination and aspect.

You can, of course, form an indefinite form of a verb using auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. But this method may not always be useful to you. Thus, it is difficult for schoolchildren to put impersonal verbs in the infinitive, which in the future can become a consequence of spelling errors.

Children also confuse verbs in the third person form with the infinitive, which means they will not be able to determine whether to write: “tsya” or “tsya.” For example, for the verb in the syntactic construction “seems successful”, children find it difficult to pose auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. This way they won't be able to check the spelling.

It is easier to find the indefinite form of a verb or form it by paying attention to some details. So, you should know that the infinitive ends in “t” or “ti”. For example, in “bring” the ending will be “ti”, and in the word “to have time” - “t”.

The ending “ti” is indefinite if it is preceded by a vowel sound, and “t” is after a consonant. So, in the infinitive “to bloom” there is a consonant sound “s” before the ending “ti”, and in the word “to see” there is a vowel “e”.

Sources:

• the verb will not happen in the indefinite form

The noun is separate part speeches of the Russian language. It is characterized by the forms of number and case, classifying the categories of gender, as well as animate and inanimate, depending on the objects designated.

Instructions

Imagine several versions of the same thing: “house”, “home”, “home”. How to determine its initial form(or dictionary form)? The initial form of a noun is the nominative form. This case denotes the concept expressed by the word. Most often, names in this case serve as the subject of a sentence, less often - as a predicate. Nominative for questions: “who?”, “what?” Like what?" - “house”, “who?” - "bird". Ask questions like these to determine form noun.

Remember from the school curriculum that in the initial form, in most cases it is in the singular. Therefore, to define the vocabulary form of this part of speech, put it in the singular: “many houses” - “one house”.

Please note that some nouns only have form plural, and it is impossible to modify them, leading to a single one. These include, for example, the names of time periods, paired objects, masses of matter: “day”, “glasses”, “pants”, “everyday”, “pasta”, “vacation”, “ink”, “scissors”. The initial form of similar ones is the nominative plural form.

Pay attention to the need for homonyms (words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) from each other. For example: “There is a clock hanging on the wall” (here “clock” will have an initial form only in the plural). Or: “At these hours the sky is usually bright” (the initial form of the noun “hours” will be “hour”).

Verbs to ask questions: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.

Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological characteristics- persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.

Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.

In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different shapes the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.

What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form

If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine from it any features of this part of speech, or morphological features? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.

Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. Verb Not perfect form in initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.

Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in –it, as well as some exception verbs in –at, -yat and –et.

A special form of the verb - also called initial or indefinite - is the infinitive (from the Latin infinitivus - “indefinite”).

It denotes a state and an action that does not relate to person, number, mood, or time.

This unchangeable form is easily recognized by the suffixes TY, TI, CH, which are found either at the end of the word or before the postfix SY: walk, go, take care, laugh.

In general, the infinitive can be called a “chameleon”; it can be similar to nouns, to words of the state category. We can verify this when we analyze sentences with infinitives.

Do you need to know what an infinitive is? When will you need to apply this knowledge? Of course, it is important to have knowledge of verb forms and apply them in practice. Firstly, when we do a morphological analysis of the verb, secondly, to determine its conjugation, thirdly, to choose the correct spelling of personal verb endings and, finally, to find out its syntactic role and not forget about placing a dash between the subject and predicate.

In addition, from the infinitive, forms of the past tense (CHITA+L), forms of the conditional mood (WOULD DECIDE), some forms of participles (CONSIDERED+VSHY, COPY-OUT+N) and gerunds (WIN+V, RETURN+LICE+S) are formed.

Any infinitive has only constant signs:

• type (perfect/imperfect),
• transitivity,
• repayment,
• conjugation.

When we define the type, we set questions: WHAT TO DO? (sing, carry, bake) and WHAT TO DO? (sing, bring, bake).

Transition The infinitive transfers the action to the subject, combining with nouns in Vin. case without a preposition (build a tower, take out tea, take care of the homeland) and in Rod. case when negating or indicating part of the subject and a large number of(can’t find a road, eat meat, pick berries).

Intransitive The infinitive can have the postfix СЯ/Сь, it is then called reflexive (smile, take care, rush). The intransitive infinitive is combined with nouns in Dat., Tvor., Sent. cases (to go to friends, correspond with a friend, think about family), as well as in Vin. and Rod. cases with prepositions (enter the house, wait from a friend).

If we determine the conjugation by the infinitive, then we do not forget about exception words. I have conjugations in IT: SHAVE and LAY; in II there are conjugations for EAT and AT: see, look, twirl, offend, endure, hate, depend and drive, hold, breathe, hear) and differently conjugated forms (want, run, eat, give).

As a rule, we look at the last three letters: I conjugation includes verbs starting from OT, UT, YTY (prick, wither, blow, cover), where Т is preceded by the verbal suffixes O, NU and even the root vowels U, Y.

However, some verbs in AT, YAT, ET with verbal suffixes A, I, E, which are usually attributed to the first conjugation, are also characteristic of the second conjugation, for example: silent - silent, stand - standing, sit - sitting. The examples show that they can be recognized by the stressed personal endings of the conjugated forms. This means we use verification using present tense forms.

Conjugation II mainly includes verbs in IT (repeat) and 11 exception verbs, which we have already listed above. But even here there are some peculiarities: the first conjugation includes a small group of infinitives with the root vowel I (beat, drink, sew, rot).

Let's try to determine the conjugation of the verbs to be, to go, to sit down, to go out, to child, to wander, to go, to reap. We form the plural forms of the present tense: to be - will be, go - go, sit - sit, go out - go out, child - denUt, wander - wander, go - go, reap - reap or press (in meaning!). They all have the I conjugation, but their personal endings can be unstressed or stressed.

How does the infinitive behave in a sentence? In different ways, being not only a predicate, but also a subject, an object, a definition and a circumstance. It denotes the subject of speech in a two-part sentence and serves as the subject: Smoking is harmful to health (compare: Smoking is harmful to health).

How to recognize the infinitive in this role? The first sign is the position before the predicate. The second is the absence of any dependence on other members of the proposal. The third sign is that the infinitive can be replaced with a synonymous noun.

Let's look at examples:

1) Hunting on skis is very tiring. 2) It’s not so easy to please you.

The infinitive “hunt” comes first in the sentence, does not depend on other words, and is easily replaced by a noun: Hunting on skis is very tiring. But in the second example such a replacement is impossible! We ask a question from the predicate, expressed by the state category EASY, to the subject: easy (what?) to please.

It is not difficult to define the infinitive as a simple verbal predicate. Here we take into account that the form of such a predicate has the meaning of the future tense: I will ask you for help. The predicate consists of two words WILL and ASK. This is a difficult future tense!

When defining a compound verbal predicate (it is also called “infinitive”!), we start from the principle: the infinitive carries the main meaning, and the auxiliary part consists of conjugated forms of modal words and phase verbs.

MODAL verbs, adjectives and words of the state category: can, want, be able to, prepare, decide, love, follow; must, obliged, ready, glad; possible, impossible, necessary, time.

PHASE verbs denote the beginning, continuation or end of an action: begin, become, begin, continue, stop, finish.

Let's analyze examples:

1) She shouldn't think about him. 2) The girl stopped crying and wiped her tears.

In the first case, a MODAL WORD is used, expressed by a short adjective, in the second - a PHASE verb “stopped”.

The most dangerous thing is to confuse a compound verbal predicate with an object, which is the infinitive! In this case, he answers questions of indirect cases, associated with auxiliary verb with the meaning of request/demand: asked, advised, helped, forced, ordered, persuaded, demanded. It can be replaced by a noun as an object.

In the examples (Grandfather forbade me to walk in the rain. He taught me to save words.) we replace auxiliary verbs with nouns and ask questions of indirect cases: forbade (Vin. case: what?) walks; taught (Dan. case: what?) economy.

And besides this, we take into account that with an infinitive as a complement, actions are performed by different persons, and not by one person:

1) I decided to go to the village. 2) Grandfather told me to go to the village.

In the first sentence, “I” myself decided and will leave, in the second, my grandfather ordered, and “I” am going.

The infinitive in the role of an inconsistent definition depends on the noun and is associated with it through adjunction: The habit of wandering overcame him. She asked to help her parents. We make a synonymous replacement: habit (what?) of wandering; with a request (what?) for help. In this case, the connection between the words is control.

The infinitive as a circumstance expresses the meaning of the goal and answers the questions FOR WHAT PURPOSE? FOR WHAT? It is tied to an auxiliary verb with the meaning of movement: he went to freshen up, he hurries to get dressed, they were going to meet him, he sat down to write, he went for a swim, he invited him to dinner.

You can rearrange the sentence and make a synonymous replacement using the subordinate part of the NGN: went to freshen up; hurries to get dressed; gathered to meet; sat down to write; left to take a swim; invited me to have dinner.

Suppose for parsing sentences are given in which you need to find the infinitive and determine its syntactic function:

1) It was difficult to speak. 2) It was difficult to solve the problem. 3) It was decided to go to the village. 4) There is no order to wait for an answer. 5) Given to repair.

In the first two-part sentence, the infinitive “to speak” is at the very beginning, serving as the subject of the predicate “it was difficult.”

In the second and third one-part impersonal sentences, the infinitives “decide” and “go” are included in the compound nominal predicate.

In the fourth, “I” decided to go on my own, of my own free will. Here the infinitive “to wait” is an object: waiting is not ordered (what?), “I” am waiting, but I am not ordered to wait.

In the fifth, the infinitive “repair” is a goal adverbial: given (why?) for repair.

As you can see, determining the roles of the infinitive is difficult, but possible. Let's move on to training. We suggest completing a task to determine the syntactic role of the infinitive. Then you can check the answers!

TASKS

1.Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

I told the coachman to go. I advise you to return home. You asked me to tell you about my project.

2. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Mtsyri had one desire to win. I got the opportunity to get to know my fellow traveler better.

Answer: ____________________________ .

3. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Answer: ____________________________ .

4. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Fishermen settled down on the river bank to fish. We came in to find out about the upcoming excursion.

Answer: ____________________________ .

5. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Fate cannot shower only bounties. The roads began to become muddy literally before our eyes.

Answer: ____________________________ .

6. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Answer: ____________________________ .

7. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

We started working. You must apologize. Have you finished rewriting?

Answer: ____________________________ .

8. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

He won't fight anymore? We will be waiting for you. You will have good dreams.

Answer: ____________________________ .

9. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

The desire to wander attacked him. I also had personal reasons go on vacation to the Caucasus.

Answer: ____________________________ .

10. Which part of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Parents with children come to the park to relax. I went ashore to enjoy the aroma of the sea.

Answer: ____________________________ .

ANSWERS

1.Addition.
2.Definition.
3. Subject.
4. Circumstance.
5. Compound verb predicate.
6.Addition.
7. Compound verb predicate.
8. Simple verbal predicate.
9.Definition.
10. Circumstance.

Literature

1. Glukhikh V.M. The infinitive as a member of a sentence (Material for syntactic analysis in a teacher training college) /Russian language at school. - 2002. - No. 4.

2. Kazakova L.F. Studying the syntactic functions of the infinitive in the 7th grade / Russian language at school. - 1988. - No. 6.

3. Politova I.N. Collocations with a dependent infinitive as part of a sentence / Russian at school. - 2009. - No. 1.

4. Sergeeva Zh.A. On the syntactic functions of the infinitive in sentences like It was decided to go / It was ordered to go / Russian at school. - 2006. - No. 2.

5. Tukhvatulina S.I. Sentences like It’s fun to ride and It’s fun to ride from the point of view of semantic and intonation integrity /Russian language at school. - 2014. - No. 1.

If you want to learn a language, start with verbs. After all, it is this part of speech that occupies the largest place in all reference books and dictionaries of any language, including English. Despite the fact that the verb has several forms, in these same dictionaries it is usually given in its simple (initial) form, and for good reason. After all, the infinitive in English language, perhaps, is used more often than others. This is exactly what we will talk about today.

First, let's figure out what an infinitive is.

An infinitive in English is an indefinite or initial form of a verb that names actions and can serve as both a noun and a verb. The infinitive refers to impersonal verb forms, that is, to English forms, which do not have number, person, tense or mood.

The infinitive has certain features that characterize and distinguish it from any other type of verb:

1. The infinitive is preceded by the particle to, which, however, can be omitted in certain cases. However, if a particle is present, it almost always comes before the infinitive.
2. The infinitive answers the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”

Infinitive in English: forms

While Russian has only one infinitive form, English has six. Table for clarity:

The infinitive in the passive voice is simply not used in the Continuous and Perfect Continuous. Other forms are used extremely rarely, with the exception of simple. Due to the lack of similar forms in Russian, all of them are usually translated into a simple form.

Infinitive phrases

Infinitive phrases in English are divided into the following 3 types:

1. Complex object, also known as The Objective Infinitive Construction.
2. Complex subject (Complex subject) or The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Subjective infinitive construction). The subject infinitive is usually used with verbs in the passive voice.
3. The For-to-Infinitive construction or infinitive phrase with a preposition

Despite such a variety of infinitive phrases, they are not always used. The objective infinitive phrase is the most used phrase in the list, while the second most popular is the subjective infinitive phrase.

Functions of the infinitive in a sentence

In a sentence, the infinitive can act as almost any part of the sentence.

1. As the subject:

1. And the verb part of the compound predicate:

1. In the definition function:

It is worth noting that the word that defines a noun in Russian may not always look like a standard definition.

1. Purpose circumstance:

In this case, conjunctions can often be used before the infinitive: in order to (in order to) and so as (to):

Use with the particle to

The infinitive with the particle to is used in 99 percent of cases. For example:

1. An objective infinitive almost always requires the particle to. This infinitive phrase is characterized by verbs that express:

• Desire: want (want), wish (desire), desire (want):

• Mental activity: think, believe, expect, suppose:

• The objective infinitive phrase also includes words expressing an order, permission or prohibition: order (order), encourage (encourage), allow (allow), permit (allow), prohibit (prohibit):

1. The subjective infinitive phrase also did not stand aside. It uses the particle to with verbs:

• say (say), state (declare), allow (allow) in the passive voice:

• perception and mental activity in the passive voice:

• with verbs such as appear / seem (seem), happen (happen):

• And also with to be (un)likely - probably / unlikely, to be certain / to be sure - to be sure / definitely:

1. The particle to in English is also inherent in the infinitive phrase with the preposition for. This construction is formed by attaching the preposition for to a noun or pronoun with an infinitive. The noun in this case uses the general case, and the pronoun uses the objective case. Personal pronouns in English in the objective case should in no case be confused with their subject (or subjective) case:

As you can see, the objective case tends to be used as a complement, while the subject pronouns are characterized by the role of the subject.

The objective case can be translated different ways, however, since it is preceded by the preposition for (for), accordingly, in this case, the objective case of the pronoun will answer the questions “for whom?” or “who?”

Let's look at the objective case and the infinitive using an example:

1. A verb in the infinitive without the particle to can also be used in short imperative sentences. They usually do not pay attention to the subject and other parts of the sentence. Moreover, these terms can be omitted.

Infinitive in English: gerund or infinitive

Using the infinitive in English can sometimes cause a number of difficulties. It seems that everything is simple, you take a verb from the dictionary and insert it into English sentence. However, with further development of the forms of English verbs, when the study reaches the gerund or a verb with an ing suffix, confusion begins to occur in the head. To avoid this problem, let's look at verbs that are used only in the infinitive or only in the ing form:

1. Verbs such as agree, refuse, manage, decide, plan, offer, attempt, forget, promise, deserve deserve) are always used with an infinitive. These English verbs you just need to remember. Examples from the table:

1. At the same time, there are verbs that are used in gerunds and do not have an infinitive form after them. These include: miss (get bored), give up (stop), go on (continue), carry on (continue), involve (include), finish (finish). A few examples:

1. There are also words that can be used in both forms without significantly changing the meaning:

1. The meaning of other words can change depending on whether you use the infinitive or gerundial form. Study the table with the following examples:

Infinitive in English: infinitive without the particle to

There are also situations in which you need to use infinitives, but without the particle to. So, for example, the to particle is omitted after:

1. English verbs make (to force) and let (to allow) with a noun or object pronoun:

1. Verbs of perception feel (feel), see (see), hear (hear), for which the objective infinitive phrase is responsible.

1. Modal verbs:

Exceptions are modal verbs, which contain the particle to. These include: have (got) to, ought to and be to.

Infinitive in English: negation

Particular attention should be paid to the formation of negative sentences. The fact is that to use the infinitive in a sentence, you can use two forms of negation. You cannot confuse them, because otherwise you may simply be misunderstood.

• To sentences for negating the main action (verb before the infinitive), a simple English negative form with an auxiliary verb and a negative particle not is added:

• To negate an action in the infinitive, the negative not is placed before the particle to:

Infinitive in English: other features

1. If a sentence uses several verbs with infinitive forms, and the particle to is used in their case, then it is placed only on the first infinitive:

1. The English sentence is characterized by one more feature: if in a sentence the infinitive, which was used at the beginning, is used again at the end, the verb itself is usually omitted, and only the particle to remains in the sentence, which implies it (this verb):

Today we looked at the infinitive in English. As you can see, using the infinitive is not very difficult, but there are certain aspects of its use that are worth considering. To consolidate the topic, periodically return to the rules and examples in the tables, do exercises and reinforce each such exercise with practice. After all, there is nothing simpler and more effective in learning a language than communicating with native speakers.

The infinitive translated from Latin means “indefinite.” It is more common to hear and use the term indefinite form of the verb. The infinitive of a verb in Russian is an interesting and complex phenomenon.

Linguistics about the infinitive

The infinitive denotes the action of the verb and always answers the questions what to do? (nesov. v.) or what to do? (Soviet century).

Linguistic scientists have different opinions about the functions and use of the infinitive. The final ones cause debate. Some argue that it is a suffix, while opponents call it an ending.

The word in this form also denotes an action, but without relation to person, number, grammatical tense and mood. In the infinitive it is impossible to determine these inconsistent features. But there are constant grammatical features, they are determined. This is aspect, transitivity, conjugation.

Any verb in the dictionary is represented by the infinitive form. Just as the initial form of a noun is the nominative case, so the initial form of a verb is the infinitive.

In the linguistic dictionary you can find out that historically this is not a verb form, but a form of a noun of the 3rd declension in the indirect case (to know - to know, to become - stati, stove - ovens). Linguistic scientists are almost unanimous on this.

In syntax, the infinitive also shows originality. Nominal origin allows you to appear in a sentence different members offers.

Infinitive - subject and predicate

The infinitive subject in a two-part sentence usually takes a position before the predicate. It can easily be replaced with a verbal noun.

Example.

Smoking is prohibited here. (Wed. Smoking is prohibited here.)

Smoking is harmful to health. (Smoking is harmful to health.)

The infinitive can be part of a simple verbal predicate (future complex tense, indicative tense). The lexical meaning expresses the imperfective verb in an indefinite form, and the grammatical meaning expresses the conjugated verb to be.

Example.

I will talk to the whole world.

Smoke will curl up by the river.

In a compound verbal predicate, the infinitive is an indispensable component that contains the lexical meaning.

Example.

I couldn't look around for a long time.

I was ready to love the whole world.

Infinitive as an object

This word form can denote an action as an object of someone’s activity.

Example.

The rain started forcing us to return to the tent.

My father asked me (about what?) to put the kettle on.

The object should not be confused with the predicate. Actions are performed by different objects. (Father asks, but I will put the kettle on).

Infinitive as a definition

Often a verb in the indefinite form refers to a noun and is an inconsistent modifier.

Example.

The regiment received an order (what?) to cross the river.

Infinitive as adverbial

The indefinite form acts in a sentence as an adverbial adverbial goal. She explains the predicate with the meaning of movement, answers questions about the circumstances of the goal. The adverbial clause can be easily converted into a subordinate clause.

Example.

I went out into the air (why?) to freshen up. (I went out into the air to freshen up).

The doctor came to arrange a vacation. (The doctor came in to arrange a vacation.)

The infinitive is the main member of a one-part sentence.

I like to sleep sweetly, but I’m ashamed to get up late. (Definitely personal).

Listen, you need to know the honor. (Impersonal).

Our language keeps many secrets; the infinitive of a verb in Russian is not the last mystery.

Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - indefinite form a verb that names an action or procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relationship to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.

As the most abstract, most generalized verbal form, infinitive contrasted with a complex of personal forms. is the most “pure” representative lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological characteristics which are constant for all verb forms: reflexivity, transitivity, aspect, conjugation.

In relation to finite forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in the Russian language there are almost no finite forms of the verb from which an infinitive cannot be formed and vice versa.

is opposed to the finite forms of the verb because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write – write), grammatical meanings of reflexivity ( build - be built) and transitivity ( paint, lie) associated with the category of collateral.

The means of forming the infinitive, How verb form, are suffixes(do, sleep, live, saw) And -ty (carry, crawl, go).

Most infinitives with a stem ending in a vowel sound have suffix -т. Some verbs may have this suffix after a consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ti(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant base. This suffix is ​​always stressed. Some forms s-ti have options s:carry – carry(were common in literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes And -ty formative and therefore do not form part of the infinitive.

In Russian there is verb infinitives ending on -whose(preserve, guard, bake). In these verbs -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -г, -к, -х with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, bake. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.

In addition to the formative suffixes-t and -ti, The infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, rest, etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.

The girl began writing poetry at the age of 6 simultaneously in Russian, German and French (predicate).

And the queen laughs and shrugs her shoulders (predicate).

Smoking is prohibited (subject).

Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).

I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).

We went into some ditch to shoot and swim in a small river (circumstance).

As The subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is located before the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.

, part of the predicate, denotes the action of the person named as the subject.

An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverbial purpose, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced with a noun.

Infinitive as an object denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.

All verb forms are formed from two stems: the basics of the infinitive and the basics of the present tense.

From the stem of the infinitive the actual infinitive, past tense and subjunctive mood, participle and past participle, from present tense basics– present tense, imperative mood, participle and present participle.

To find the stem of the infinitive, from the form singular female of the past tense we take away the final -la: say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.

To find the basis of the present tense, from the 3rd person plural form of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: say, say - the basis of the present tense is say-.

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