Define what the science of history studies. How to study history

LESSON #1

What history studies

The purpose of the lesson: form the concept of “history as a science”; show why people need history; introduce the peculiarities of the work of historians and the most important issues of historical knowledge: what happened, where it happened, when it happened; develop the ability to work with textbook text

During the classes

I. Learning new material.

Plan

2. How historians work.

1. History is the science of the past.

You came to history class for the first time. Some of you have already read stories and watched films on historical topics. But all this was fragmentary information. And now the study begins historical science. This work will last until graduation.

Each lesson will pose new questions, step by step we will reveal the value of history. But the most important significance of this science is that it allows you to see the deeds of a person, to understand what he is like.

Look at the illustrations in the textbook on p. 3, 4.

What do they have in common?(All illustrations show what happened in the past.)

Read in the textbook on p. 4 second paragraph. Find a sentence that explains what a story is.

Write on the board (then in your notebook):

The science that studies the life and activities of people in the past is called history.

Pay attention to the first word in the sentence. It is in bold. Science is what gives us knowledge, experience, and teaches. Mathematics is the study of numbers and how to work with them. Zoology studies everything related to the animal world. Sciences are very different. Students will become acquainted with many of them at school.

Story

Drawing up a diagram

Explores the past

Studies people's activities

Always connected with people

What does history give to a person?

Write in your notebook:

History helps you learn about people:

How they lived;

What did you do;

What were we aiming for?

What sorrows and joys did you experience?

Assignment: Use the textbook to determine from which language the word “history” came to us (from Greek). Write it down in your notebook, indicating its meaning and origin.

Writing in a notebook: history (Greek word) - a story about the past, about what has been learned.

2. How historians work.

Herodotus is called the father of history.

There is a glossary at the end of the textbook. Determine what information about Herodotus is contained in the text of the dictionary. (A dictionary is the first assistant in studying history. There are many different dictionaries, but they all help you quickly find out the meaning of an incomprehensible word and its origin).

Reading the textbook on pages 5-6.

Look at the illustrations on pages 5-6 of the textbook. Events from the past are depicted here.

These historical events took place in different places. Waterloo - locality in Belgium, south of Brussels. Pompeii is a city in southern Italy at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. Kulikovo Field - between the rivers Nepryadva, Don, Krasivaya Mecha (now the Tula region). This means that every event has its place and time.

What happened, where it happened, when it happened - these are the main questions with which any historian begins to study the past.

But the answers to these questions are not sufficient for the historian. He faces new questions: why the event happened, what consequences it led to, and many others. The questions may be the most unexpected, the answers to which you have to look for long years.

Write in your notebook:

The main questions of the historian:

What happened

Where did it happen

When did it happen

II. Consolidation.

questions on page 6 of the textbook

Homework:Notebook entries

LESSON PLAN

"What history studies"

Lesson objectives:

Subject – students will be able to define history as a science, will be able to list historical sources, and will be able to characterize auxiliary historical disciplines;
Cognitive – students will be able to compare types of sources and name distinctive features everyone;
Regulatory – students will be able to make decisions in a problem situation, evaluate their activities in the lesson
Communicative– students will be able to express their opinions, learn to negotiate and come to general decision in joint activities, working in pairs.
Personal – students will be able to express their opinion about the role of history in people’s lives, about the role of helping sciences.

Lesson type: lesson in learning new knowledge.

Goals:

Activity:

Forming in students the ability to reflect on a correctional-control type and implement a correctional form (fixing their own difficulties in activities, identifying their causes, constructing and implementing a project to overcome difficulties).

Consolidation and, if necessary, correction of the learned methods of action - concepts, algorithms.

Educational:

Determine the significance of the historical past for the present;
Using the knowledge of students, lead them to an answer to the problematic question that is expressed in the topic of the lesson.

Developmental:

continue speech development through answering questions;
continue the development of text skills
implement an individual and differentiated approach (creative tasks);
develop thinking: the ability to compare, generalize, draw conclusions; develop cartographic skills.

Educational:

cultivate love for the Motherland;
a sense of pride in her past, present and future

development cognitive interest to the subject;
for the purpose of aesthetic development, to instill in students a sense of beauty.

Objectives: as a result of studying the topic, students should be able to:

define the concepts of history, heraldry, historical sources, country, anthem, flag;
give examples of material, written and oral sources;
be able to correlate date and century;
know and name auxiliary historical disciplines;
develop the ability to fill out a table;
determine and explain your attitude to the events of the period under study;
solve educational and life problems from the perspective of a person in the 21st century.

Forms of student work:group, individual, written, oral, paired.

Necessary Technical equipment: computer, projector, presentation.

Lesson plan:

I. Organizational moment.

II. Learning new material:

1. What is history.

2. Historical sources.

3. History assistants.

4. Chronology

5. What the historical map will tell you about.

6. Consolidation.

7. Homework

8. Summary

During the classes:

1. Creating a problematic situation

During the classes :

I. Organizational moment.

II. Updating knowledge.

1. What do you see on the slides? Name those that you know.

The legendary singer Bayan, talking about bygone times, our Slavic ancestors meeting overseas merchants. The canvas by Vasily Ivanovich Surikov depicts the Russian commander Suvorov, making a heroic transition through high mountains Alps, this is a painting by Alexander Pavlovich Bubnov “Morning on the Kulikovo Field”. In the center is a photograph of a rocket, symbolizing our country’s exploration of outer space.

2. Explain what unites the paintings (pictures of the past of our Motherland)

3. What do you think we will talk about in class today? About the science of history

4. What will help us in our work? Textbook,

2. Formation of the problem. (written on the board)

Today we will talk about history. This is a very interesting and fascinating subject. We will travel in time. Today we will be historians.

What is history? Why is history needed?

The word "history" has many meanings. We often say: “I’ll tell you an interesting story...” or “It happened to me. interesting story…»

III. Learning new material.

1. What is history.

Why is history needed?

– What assumptions do you have, versions of how to solve the problem?

Under educational problem records keywords highlighted by the version authors themselves:

1) learn about the past;

2) understand why it happened this way;

– Using a dictionary, explain what the word “history” means.

1) Working with a dictionary.

The concept of “history” has several interpretations - an incident; story about what happened (narration); the science.

This is how history is defined encyclopedic Dictionary – STORY (from the Greek historia - a story about the past, about what has been learned),

1) the process of development of nature and society.

2) a complex of social sciences (historical science) that study the past of mankind in all its specificity and diversity.Facts, events and processes are studied on the basis of historical sources, which are dealt with by source studies and a number of auxiliary historical disciplines.

Find out two meanings of the word:

1. History - development processhuman society;

2) history is science, helping to restore humanity's past;

So, history is a science that studies the past of people. Yesterday is already HISTORY.

2) Working with a historical source.

Read the text. Answer the questions and retell it.

HISTORY AS A SCIENCE

History is the science of the emergence and development of human society! Man has existed on Earth for about two million years. Human society develops and changes. The process of development of human society has its own laws, and history studies and explains these laws. History tells us how people lived many thousands of years ago. This science plays a big role in the study of the life of society and the culture of the people.

Answer the questions.

1.What is history as a science?History is the science of the emergence and development of human society!

2.What does history study?History tells us how people lived many thousands of years ago.

3. Why this science plays important role in the life of society?The process of development of human society has its own laws, and history studies and explains these laws.

Guys, you get basic knowledge of history from a school textbook.

Where else can you learn about the past?

I will help you, look at the table and read where else you can get knowledge on history. – But there is a problem, all the definitions of the terms are mixed up.

Guys, try to match the correct definition of each term.

Hypotheses:

2. Historical sources

How do historians learn about the past? After all, it is not there, it has passed, disappeared! It disappeared, but not without a TRACE, but leaving TRACES.

We are used to calling footprints or paw prints. Historians call traces everything that remains from the past that can tell us about the past.

Analyze the text “Historical Sources” using the following icons.

"Historical Sources"

History is a serious, complex science that studies the past different countries and cities, the lives of great people of different centuries. To distinguish legends from real historical facts, historians use special sources. All schoolchildren who study history know what a historical source is. This is one of the main concepts in science, because it is with the study of historical sources that the study of this or that begins. historical fact. A historical source is an object or document that belongs to a specific era. This object serves as a kind of witness to some event. It is with these indications that the analysis of a particular historical event begins, and ideas about the reason for the actions of a particular historical figure are formed.

Historical sources are any traces of human activity, accidentally or deliberately left on the earth. This is the entire complex of documents and objects of material culture that directly reflect the historical process and individual facts and events, on the basis of which the idea of a particular historical era is recreated, hypotheses are put forward about the causes or consequences of certain historical events. Historical sources are very diverse. The entire set of historical sources in modern historical science is usually divided into the following groups:

1. Written sources are all kinds of writings, including literary works the era under study, inscriptions of various contents that have reached us;

2. oral;

3. Material sources are various monuments of material culture (remains of buildings, tools and weapons, household items, coins, etc.);

4. Ethnographic sources are customs, rituals, beliefs, etc.,

5. Linguistic sources are language data (vocabulary, grammatical structure, etc.);

6. Folklore sources are monuments of oral folk art (stories, songs, fables, proverbs, etc.) that have come to us thanks to the fact that they were subsequently written down;

7. cinema - photographic documents;

8. phonodocuments –sound recordings.

For example, in a cave that was a refuge for ancient people, they were discovered cave drawings. The cavemen depicted a hunting scene on the wall, where several men are trying to shoot a bull with a bow, and the rest of the inhabitants are throwing spears at the animals. Such a picture immediately gives historians several realistic conclusions. Firstly, already in those years the inhabitants of the cave were hunting, and secondly, they were interested in large prey, and since they killed the animal together, it means that their mental development was already at that level. high level. In addition, they already knew how to make primitive weapons.

Historical sources- this is all that can tell us about people’s past.

Even children's rhymes and sayings can be traces of the past. “It’s raining, it’s raining more, I’ll give you the thicket”! - children shout during the rain and do not even suspect that this is an ancient promise of a gift to the god of rain. It remains from the times when our ancestors believed in such gods.

2) Working with a historical source according to options.

Option 1. Source #1.

“Archaeologists found a lot of bones in a garbage pit in an ancient village. Most belonged to wild animals and birds; there were much fewer bones of domestic animals: dogs, pigs, goats; cow bones - not a single one. Marrow bones, including those of dogs, are crushed by sharp stones. Many shards of pottery were found among the garbage.”

Draw conclusions from these findings:

1.What activities were familiar to the residents of the village?

2. What was more developed - cattle breeding or hunting?

3. Which animals have already been domesticated?

Option 2. Source No. 2.

Imagine that in the mountains you see an inscription carved on a rock:

“I, the great king, the mighty king, the king of kings, set out on a campaign to a neighboring country. I defeated the enemy army, killed six thousand soldiers, burned twenty cities, took one hundred thousand men and women captive, stole horses, camels, and countless sheep. Whoever destroys this inscription, may the terrible gods punish him.”

What will this tell scientists? written source?

3) Practical work. Physical exercise.

Divide the sources into physical and written.

If a written source is called, the first option comes up.

If the source is called real, the second option arises.

1. certificates 2. weapons 3. coins 4. clothes. 5. shoes 6. documents 7. tools 8. household utensils 9. diaries 10. epics 11. medals 12. memories.

Written: 1,6,9,10,12.

1. certificates

6. documents

9. diaries

10. epics

12. memories

Real: 2,3,4,5,7,8,11.

2. Weapons

3. coins

4. clothes.

5. Shoes

7. tools

8. household utensils

11. medals

5) Creative task:

What historical information can be gleaned from Russian fairy tales?

Difficulties in “reading” sources: finding, understanding, saving.

3. History assistants.

By studying sources, scientists are reconstructing the past bit by bit. Sometimes this work is like a puzzle, unknown letters, language, material, and scientists need to put all the information together.

Guys, look at the screen, what do you see??? (Table)

Let's imagine that the table top is the story, and the legs are its helpers. Let's remove the legs from the table, will it be a table?

No.

This means that history will not exist as a science if it does not have assistants. And history is helped by the following sciences.

1) Working with a dictionary. Familiarize yourself with supporting historical disciplines.

Which ones do you know?

List the sciences that help history

1. – archeology 2. – paleography 3. – onomastics 4. – heraldry 5. – sphragistics 6. – numismatics 7. – genealogy 8. – metrology

1. – archeology – historical discipline , studying the historical past of mankind from material sources

2. – paleography – an auxiliary historical discipline (special historical and philological discipline) that studies the history of writing, the patterns of development of its graphic forms, as well as monuments of ancient writing in order to read them, determine the author, time and place of creation.

3. – onomastics - a science that studies proper names of all types and their origin.4. -5. –

4. – heraldry – studyingcoats of arms , as well as the tradition and practice of their use.

5. – sphragistics - an auxiliary historical discipline that studiesprint (matrices) and their imprints on various materials.

6. – numismatics – an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of coinage and monetary circulation.

7. – genealogy – an auxiliary historical discipline that studiesof people , history of childbirth, origin of individuals, establishment of family ties, compilation And .

8. – metrology – the science of measurements , methods And ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy.

2) Blitz tournament

I offer you a Blitz tournament to determine what science studies the subjects that I will show you.

A leaf from an old book – paleography.
Medal – faleristics.
Coat of arms - heraldry.
Coin – numismatics.
Printing – sphragistics
Family tree – genealogy.
Flag - flag studies

Vexillology is a historical discipline that deals with the study of flags and banners. It is related to heraldry. Indeed, flags have many features in common with coats of arms; very often flags were just one of the ways to convey a coat of arms. But still, coats of arms and flags should not be identified. Although they are “birds of a feather,” there are plenty of differences in their history.

Scoop – archeology
Kettlebell – metrology

4. Chronology is the science of time.

People at all times valued time, learned to count it correctly and save it. This is especially important for history. Without knowledge of dates there can be no knowledge of history. I have to complete a task on knowledge of chronology. Let's remember the national holidays of the Russian Federation.

1. Work in pairs, mutual testing.

Public holidays in Russia. Match the holidays and their dates.

New Year;
Labour Day;
Defender of the Fatherland Day;
Nativity;

	XVII	XVIII

5. What the historical map will tell you about

“There are seas, but you can’t swim,

There are roads - you can’t go,

There is land - you can’t plow it. What is this?"

That's right - this is a historical map.

It is good to know history, to visually represent events to us, and a historical map helps.

What states of the Ancient World have you studied?

I propose to compare the Roman state in different periods of its existence.

Roman Republic in 4th – 3rd centuries. BC.

What answer to the main question of the lesson can we give? Whose versions were confirmed?

IV Consolidation.

“History is the past of humanity and the science of the past of humanity”

Expected conclusion on the problem:

History is needed in order to understand the past and understand the present, and historical knowledge helps us with this.

APPLYING NEW KNOWLEDGE

1) work in groups

Do you think we, people of the 21st century, should remember what happened in the past? Formulate your position and argue (explain) it. Write down your answer.

Position

I believe that _____________

_________________________

Argument(s)

Because _______________

_________________________

Game technique:

Students take turns (or at will) to express their opinion about history, starting with the words"The world of history is...". The one whose judgment you like will win more classmates.

V . I would like to end the lesson with the words of the ancient Roman orator Cicero: “Not knowing history means always being a child.”

Let's study history so we can become adults!FORWARD! INTO THE WORLD OF HISTORY!

Class: 5

Item: Ancient world history

Teacher: history and social studies

Sergeeva Sargylana Alekseevna

Lesson topic: “What history studies”

Lesson objectives:

Subject– students will be able to define history as a science, will be able to list historical sources, and will be able to characterize auxiliary historical disciplines;

Cognitive– students will be able to compare types of sources and name the distinctive features of each;

Regulatory– students will be able to make decisions in a problem situation, evaluate their activities in the lesson

Communicative– students will be able to express their opinions, learn to negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, working in pairs.

Personal– students will be able to express their opinion about the role of history in people’s lives, about the role of helping sciences.

Lesson type: lesson in learning new knowledge.

Goals:

Activity:

Forming in students the ability to reflect on a correctional-control type and implement a correctional form (fixing their own difficulties in activities, identifying their causes, constructing and implementing a project to overcome difficulties).

Consolidation and, if necessary, correction of the learned methods of action - concepts, algorithms.

Educational:

Determine the significance of the historical past for the present;

Using the knowledge of students, lead them to an answer to the problematic question that is expressed in the topic of the lesson.

Developmental:

continue speech development through answering questions;

continue the development of text skills

implement an individual and differentiated approach (creative tasks);

develop thinking: the ability to compare, generalize, draw conclusions; develop cartographic skills.

Educational:

cultivate love for the Motherland;

a sense of pride in her past, present and future

development of cognitive interest in the subject;

for the purpose of aesthetic development, to instill in students a sense of beauty.

Objectives: as a result of studying the topic, students should be able to:

define the concepts of history, heraldry, historical sources, country, anthem, flag;

give examples of material, written and oral sources;

be able to correlate date and century;

know and name auxiliary historical disciplines;

develop the ability to fill out a table;

determine and explain your attitude to the events of the period under study;

solve educational and life problems from the perspective of a person in the 21st century.

Forms of student work: group, individual, written, oral, paired.

Required technical equipment: computer, projector, presentation.

Lesson plan:

I. Organizational moment.

II. Learning new material:

1. What is history.

2. Historical sources.

3. History assistants.

4. Chronology

5. What the historical map will tell you about.

6. Consolidation.

7. Homework

During the classes:

1. Creating a problematic situation

During the classes:

I. Organizing time.

II. Updating knowledge.

1. What do you see on the slides? Name those that you know.

The legendary singer Bayan, talking about bygone times, our Slavic ancestors meeting overseas merchants. The canvas by Vasily Ivanovich Surikov depicts the Russian commander Suvorov making a heroic transition with his soldiers through the high mountains of the Alps; this is the painting by Alexander Pavlovich Bubnov “Morning on the Kulikovo Field”. In the center is a photograph of a rocket, symbolizing our country’s exploration of outer space.

2. Explain what unites the paintings (pictures of the past of our Motherland)

3. What do you think we will talk about in class today? About the science of history

4. What will help us in our work? Textbook,

2. Formation of the problem. (written on the board)

Today we will talk about history. This is a very interesting and fascinating subject. We will travel in time. Today we will be historians.

What is history? Why is history needed?

The word "history" has many meanings. We often say: “I’ll tell you an interesting story...” or “An interesting story happened to me...”

III. Learning new material.

1. What is history.

- Why is history needed?

– What assumptions do you have, versions of how to solve the problem?

Under the educational problem, writes down the keywords highlighted by the authors of the versions themselves.:

1) learn about the past;

2) understand why it happened this way;

– Using a dictionary, explain what the word “history” means.

1) Working with a dictionary.

The concept of “history” has several interpretations - an incident; story about what happened (narration); the science.

This is how the encyclopedic dictionary defines history: STORY(from the Greek historia - a story about the past, about what has been learned),

1) the process of development of nature and society.

2) a complex of social sciences (historical science), studying the past of mankind in all its specificity and diversity.

Find out two meanings of the word:

Facts, events and processes are studied on the basis of historical sources, which are dealt with by source studies and a number of auxiliary historical disciplines. development process 1. History -

human society; 2) history – the science,

helping to restore humanity's past;

2) Working with a historical source.

Read the text. Answer the questions and retell it.

So, history is a science that studies the past of people. Yesterday is already HISTORY.

Answer the questions.

1.What is history as a science? History is the science of the emergence and development of human society!

2.What does history study? History tells us how people lived many thousands of years ago.

3. Why does this science play an important role in the life of society? The process of development of human society has its own laws, and history studies and explains these laws.

Guys, you get basic knowledge of history from a school textbook.

Where else can you learn about the past?

I will help you, look at the table and read where else you can get knowledge on history. – But there is a problem, all the definitions of the terms are mixed up.

Guys, try to match the correct definition of each term.

Hypotheses:

1. Archive
2. Library
3. Museum

1. Archive	B. Place of storage of authentic written monuments of the past
2. Library	B. A place where books are collected and stored in order to be read.
3. Museum	A. A place where monuments of the past (clothing, weapons, paintings) are stored, studied, and shown to visitors.

2. Historical sources

How do historians learn about the past? After all, it is not there, it has passed, disappeared! It disappeared, but not without a TRACE, but leaving TRACES.

We are used to calling footprints or paw prints. Historians call traces everything that remains from the past that can tell us about the past.

- Analyze the text “Historical Sources” using the following icons.

What I knew		Not clear, doubtful	I want to know

"Historical Sources"

History is a serious, complex science that studies the past of different countries and cities, the life of great people of different centuries. To distinguish legends from real historical facts, historians use special sources. All schoolchildren who study history know what a historical source is. This is one of the main concepts in science, because it is with the study of historical sources that the study of a particular historical fact begins. A historical source is an object or document that belongs to a specific era. This object serves as a kind of witness to some event. It is with these indications that the analysis of a particular historical event begins, and ideas about the reason for the actions of a particular historical figure are formed.

1. Written sources are all kinds of works, including literary works of the era under study, inscriptions of various contents that have reached us;

2. oral;

3. Material sources are various monuments of material culture (remains of buildings, tools and weapons, household items, coins, etc.);

4. Ethnographic sources are customs, rituals, beliefs, etc.,

5. Linguistic sources are language data (vocabulary, grammatical structure, etc.);

6. Folklore sources are monuments of oral folk art (stories, songs, fables, proverbs, etc.) that have come to us thanks to the fact that they were subsequently written down;

7. cinema - photographic documents;

8. phonodocuments – sound recordings.

For example, in a cave that was a refuge for ancient people, rock paintings were discovered. The cavemen depicted a hunting scene on the wall, where several men are trying to shoot a bull with a bow, and the rest of the inhabitants are throwing spears at the animals. Such a picture immediately gives historians several realistic conclusions. Firstly, already in those years the inhabitants of the cave were hunting, and secondly, they were interested in large prey, and since they killed the animal together, it means their mental development was already at a high level. In addition, they already knew how to make primitive weapons.

Historical sources - this is all that can tell us about people’s past.

2) Working with a historical source according to options.

Option 1. Source No. 1.

Draw conclusions from these findings:

1.What activities were familiar to the residents of the village?

2. What was more developed - cattle breeding or hunting?

3. Which animals have already been domesticated?

Option 2. Source No. 2.

Imagine that in the mountains you see an inscription carved on a rock:

What will this written source tell scientists?

3) Practical work. Physical training.

Divide the sources into physical and written.

If a written source is called, the first option comes up.

If the source is called real, the second option arises.

1. certificates 2. weapons 3. coins 4. clothes. 5. shoes 6. documents 7. tools 8. household utensils 9. diaries 10. epics 11. medals 12. memories.

Written: 1,6,9,10,12.

1. certificates

6. documents

9. diaries

10. epics

12. memories

Real: 2,3,4,5,7,8,11.

4. clothes.

7. tools

8. household utensils

11. medals

5) Creative task:

What historical information can be gleaned from Russian fairy tales?

Difficulties in “reading” sources: finding, understanding, saving.

3. History assistants.

Guys, look at the screen, what do you see??? (Table)

Let's imagine that the table top is the story, and the legs are its helpers. Let's remove the legs from the table, will it be a table?

This means that history will not exist as a science if it does not have assistants. And history is helped by the following sciences.

1) Working with a dictionary. Familiarize yourself with supporting historical disciplines.

- which of them do you know?

List the sciences that help history

1. –archeology 2. –paleography 3. –onomastics 4. –heraldry 5. –sphragistics 6. –numismatics 7. –genealogy 8. –metrology

1. –archeology – a historical discipline that studies the historical past of mankind from material sources

2. –paleography – an auxiliary historical discipline (special historical and philological discipline) that studies the history of writing, the patterns of development of its graphic forms, as well as monuments of ancient writing in order to read them, determine the author, time and place of creation.

3. – onomastics - a science that studies proper names of all types and their origin.4. -5. –

4. – heraldry - a special historical discipline that deals with the study of coats of arms, as well as the tradition and practice of their use.

5. – sphragistics – an auxiliary historical discipline that studies seals (matrices) and their impressions on various materials.

6. – numismatics – an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of coinage and monetary circulation.

7. – genealogy - an auxiliary historical discipline, deals with the study of family relationships of people, the history of clans, the origin of individuals, the establishment of family ties, the compilation of generational lists and family trees.

8. – metrology – the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and methods of achieving the required accuracy.

2) Blitz tournament

I offer you a Blitz tournament to determine what science studies the subjects that I will show you.

A leaf from an old book – paleography.

Medal – faleristics.

Coat of arms - heraldry.

Coin – numismatics.

Printing – sphragistics

Family tree – genealogy.

Flag - flag studies

Scoop – archeology

Kettlebell – metrology

4. Chronology – the science of time.

1. Work in pairs, mutual testing.

Public holidays in Russia. Match the holidays and their dates.

New Year;
Labour Day;
Defender of the Fatherland Day;
Nativity;
Victory Day;
National Unity Day;
Russian Independence Day;
International Women's Day.

2. Independent work in notebooks, at the board.

Write the centuries in Roman numerals.

5. What the historical map will tell you about

“There are seas, but you can’t swim,

There are roads - you can’t go,

There is land, but you can’t plow. What is this?”

That's right - this is a historical map.

It is good to know history, to visually represent events to us, and a historical map helps.

- Which states of the Ancient World have you studied?

- I propose to compare the Roman state in different periods of its existence.

Roman Republic in 4th – 3rd centuries. BC.

What answer to the main question of the lesson can we give? Whose versions were confirmed?

IVConsolidation.

“History is the past of humanity and the science of the past of humanity”

Expected conclusion on the problem:

History is needed in order to understand the past and understand the present, and historical knowledge helps us with this.

APPLYING NEW KNOWLEDGE

1) work in groups

Do you think we, people of the 21st century, should remember what happened in the past? Formulate your position and argue (explain) it. Write down your answer.

I believe that _____________

_________________________

Argument(s)

Because _______________

_________________________

Game technique:

Students take turns (or at will) to express their opinion about history, starting with the words "The world of history is...". The winner is the one whose judgment pleases the largest number of classmates.

V. I would like to end the lesson with the words of the ancient Roman orator Cicero: “Not knowing history means always being a child.”

Let's study history so we can become adults! FORWARD! INTO THE WORLD OF HISTORY!

Many of us, especially schoolchildren and their parents, tirelessly wonder why we need to know history. What is the significance and relevance of studying events that happened many years ago? However, there are many varied reasons that indicate the need to study this subject, which is a combination of many other disciplines. Many arguments have already been made about the importance of history, but they still remain relevant today.

Virtual time machine

Raise patriots

A healthy social atmosphere in the country, a full-fledged society and peace is the goal that all people in general and each individual state in particular strive for. It is impossible to value everything with money and pay for everything. Therefore, the state rests not on businessmen, but on philanthropists, altruists and patriots. The whole world rests on them. History remembers them. Those who loved their country, who gave their lives for the happiness of others. This and fearless warriors, and selfless doctors, and talented scientists, and simply selfless patriots of their people.

Why is history needed? Because it popularly tells each next generation about what it owes to its ancestors. We will learn what ideals our great-grandfathers lived by, what feats they performed. We understand how their lives impacted our present. Fostering respect for the past with its reforms, struggles, victories and failures is the task of history.

Why study history?

Today is inseparable from yesterday. All people and nations live by history: we speak languages that have come down to us from the distant past, we live in societies with complex cultures inherited from ancient times, we use technologies developed by our ancestors... Thus, the study of the relationship between the past and the present is undeniable basis for a good understanding of modern human existence. This explains why we need history, why and how important it is in our lives.

Getting to know the human past is the path to self-knowledge. History helps us understand the origins of modern social and political problems. She is the most important source studying the characteristic behavior of people in certain social conditions. History makes us realize that people in the past were not simply “good” or “bad,” but were motivated in complex and contradictory ways, just as they are today.

Each person's view of the world is shaped by individual experience, as well as the experience of the society in which he lives. If we do not know modern and historical experience different cultures, we cannot even hope to understand how people, societies or nations make decisions in modern world.

The very essence

Historical knowledge is no more and no less than a carefully and critically constructed collective memory. It is memory that makes us human, and collective memory, that is, history, that makes us a society. Why know history? Yes, without individuality, he will immediately lose his identity and will not know how to act when meeting other people. The same thing happens with collective memory, although its loss will not be noticeable so immediately.

However, memory cannot be frozen in time. Collective memory is gradually acquiring a new meaning. Historians are constantly working to reconsider the past by asking new questions, searching for new ones, and analyzing ancient documents in order to gain new knowledge and experience to better understand the past and what is happening. History is constantly changing and expanding, as is our memory, helping us acquire new knowledge and skills to improve our lives….

History largely determines the vector of development of the future: whoever controls the past controls the present and the future. There is an opinion that history is the most politicized science. And this opinion has a right to exist, because each previous era denies the other, and as a result, history is adjusted taking into account the needs of the time.

Historical knowledge spans several millennia, and if understanding itself ancient world based on old sources, archaeological excavations, assumptions and hypotheses, then the support modern history– facts, events, documents, statistics and human evidence.

If we consider facts as fragments of reality, we can understand that by themselves they do not say anything. For historical knowledge fact is the basis, and only a historian can give the fact the meaning that certain ideological and theoretical views require. Therefore, one and the same fact in historical practice may have different visions. Thus, what is important is the interpretation that stands between the fact and its understanding by historical science.

Historical schools and the subject of their research

The subject of historical science itself is defined ambiguously. On the one hand, the subject of history is political, economic, demographic history, as well as the history of a specific place - a village, a city, a country, and sometimes the history of a separate unit of society - a person, a family, a clan.

Modern historical schools number up to thirty definitions of the subject of history (in the scientific sense). As a rule, the subject of history is determined by the historian’s worldview, his philosophical and ideological beliefs. Therefore, you should not look for objectivity in history; the support in its understanding should be your own understanding of the processes independent work with facts and sources, and critical thinking.

Materialist historians are of the opinion that history studies the patterns of development of society, which depend on material goods and methods of their production. In other words, the basis of history from the point of view of materialism is economic relations, and with the help of society, the reasons for the development or non-development of these relations are determined.

The basis of the liberal understanding is the conviction that the subject is specifically a person (his personality), through whom his natural rights are realized. That is, history, according to liberal historians, studies people in time.