Value orientations of rockych. The results of the methodology "Value Orientations" M

Rokeach Method Value Orientations. (Milton Rokeach test. / Research of value orientations by M. Rokeach. / Rokeach value questionnaire) allows you to explore the orientation of the personality and determine its attitude to the world around, to other people, to itself, the perception of the world, the key motives of actions, the basis of the "philosophy of life ".

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Rokeach theory. M. Rokeach considered values ​​as a kind of persistent belief that a certain goal or mode of existence is preferable to another. The nature of human values ​​according to Rokeach:

1. the total number of values ​​that are the property of a person is relatively small,
2. all people have the same values, albeit to varying degrees,
3. values ​​are organized into systems,
4. the origins of human values ​​can be traced in culture, society and its institutions and personality.
5. the influence of values ​​can be traced in almost all social phenomena worthy of study.

M. Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values ​​- terminal and instrumental. M. Rokeach defines terminal values ​​as beliefs that some ultimate goal of individual existence (for example, a happy family life, world peace) is worth striving for from a personal and social point of view; instrumental values ​​- as beliefs that some course of action (for example, honesty, rationalism) is preferable from a personal and social point of view in all situations. In fact, the separation of terminal and instrumental values ​​already produces a fairly traditional distinction between values-goals and values-means.

Instruction:

You will be offered a set of 18 value cards. Your task is to sort them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life. Carefully study the table and, having chosen the value that is most significant for you, put it in the first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it next to the first. Then do the same with all the remaining values. The least important will remain last and will take 18th place. Develop slowly, thoughtfully. The end result should reflect your true position.

Test material for the study of Rokeach's values.

List A (terminal values):
1) active active life (fullness and emotional richness of life);
2) life wisdom (maturity of judgments and common sense, achieved by life experience);
3) health (physical and mental);
4) interesting work;
5) beauty of nature and art (experience of beauty in nature and art);
6) love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one);
7) financially secure life (lack of material difficulties);
8) the presence of good and faithful friends;
9) public recognition (respect for others, team, workmates);
10) knowledge (the possibility of expanding one's education, outlook, general culture, intellectual development);
11) productive life (the fullest possible use of their capabilities, strengths and abilities);
12) development (work on oneself, constant physical and spiritual improvement);
13) entertainment (pleasant, easy pastime, lack of responsibilities);
14) freedom (independence, independence in judgments and actions);
15) happy family life;
16) the happiness of others (well-being, development and improvement of other people, the whole people,
humanity as a whole)
17) creativity (possibility of creative activity);
18) self-confidence (internal harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts).

List B (instrumental values):
1) accuracy (cleanliness), the ability to keep things in order, order in business;
2) good manners (good manners);
3) high demands (high demands on life and high claims);
4) cheerfulness (sense of humor);
5) diligence (discipline);
6) independence (ability to act independently, decisively);
7) intolerance to shortcomings in oneself and others;
8) education (breadth of knowledge, high general culture);
9) responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word);
10) rationalism (the ability to think sensibly and logically, make well-considered, rational decisions);
11) self-control (restraint, self-discipline);
12) courage in defending one's opinion, views;
13) strong will (the ability to insist on one's own, not to retreat in the face of difficulties);
14) tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others for their mistakes and misconceptions);
15) breadth of views (the ability to understand someone else's point of view, respect other tastes, customs, habits);
16) honesty (truthfulness, sincerity);
17) efficiency in business (industriousness, productivity in work);
18) sensitivity (caring).

Key, processing of results, interpretation.

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping into meaningful blocks for various reasons. So, for example, concrete and abstract values, values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life, etc. are distinguished. Instrumental values ​​can be grouped into ethical values, communication values, business values; individualistic and conformist values, altruistic values; the values ​​of self-affirmation and the value of accepting others, etc. These are far from all the possibilities of subjective structuring of a system of value orientations. It is necessary to catch the individual pattern. If it is not possible to identify a single pattern, one can assume that the person has a lack of formation of a value system or even insincerity of answers.

The study is best done individually, but group testing is also possible.

The advantages of the technique are universality, convenience and economy in conducting the survey and processing the results, flexibility - the ability to vary both stimulus material (lists of values) and instructions. Its essential shortcomings are the influence of social desirability, the possibility of insincerity. Therefore, a special role in this case is played by the motivation for diagnosis, the voluntary nature of testing. The methodology is not recommended for selection and examination purposes.
In order to overcome these shortcomings and to penetrate deeper into the system of value orientations, it is possible to change the instructions, which provide additional diagnostic information and allow more reasonable conclusions to be drawn. So, after the main series, you can re-rank the cards by answering the following questions.

1. In what order and to what extent (as a percentage) are these values ​​realized in your life?
2. Where would you place these values ​​if you were the person you wanted to be?
3. How do you think a person perfect in every way would do it?
4. How do you think most people would do it?
5. How would you have done it 5 or 10 years ago?
6. ...in 5 or 10 years?
7. How would people close to you rank the cards?

The most common at present is the method of studying the value orientations of M. Rokeach, based on the direct ranking of the list of values.

M. Rokeach distinguishes two classes of values:

terminal - belief that some ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for;

instrumental - belief that some course of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation.

This division corresponds to the traditional division into values-goals and values-means.

The respondent is presented with two lists of valuables (no 18 in each) either on sheets of paper in alphabetical order or on cards. In the lists, the subject assigns a rank number to each value, and arranges the cards in order of importance. The latter form of material supply gives more reliable results. First, a set of terminal values ​​is presented, and then a set of instrumental values.

Instruction: Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards with the designation of values. Your task is to sort them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life.

Each value is written on a separate card. Carefully study the cards, and choosing the one that is most significant to you, put it in the first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it next to the first. Do the same for all remaining cards. The least important will remain last and will take 18th place.

Work slowly, thoughtfully. If in the course of work you change your mind, you can correct your answers by swapping the cards. The end result should reflect your true position.

Stimulus material

List A (terminal values):

Active active life (completeness and emotional richness of life);

Life wisdom (maturity of judgment and common sense, achieved by life experience);

Health (physical and mental);

Interesting job;

Beauty of nature and art (experience of beauty in nature and art);

Love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one);

Financially secure life (lack of material difficulties);

Having good and loyal friends;

Public recognition (respect for others, team, workmates);

Cognition (the possibility of expanding one's education, horizons, general culture, intellectual development);

Productive life (the fullest possible use of their capabilities, strengths and abilities);

Development (work on oneself, constant physical and spiritual improvement);

Entertainment (pleasant, easy pastime, lack of responsibilities);

Freedom (independence, independence in judgments and actions);

Happy family life;

Happiness of others (welfare, development and improvement of other people, the whole people, humanity as a whole);

Creativity (possibility of creative activity);

Self-confidence (inner harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts).

List B (instrumental values)

Accuracy (cleanliness), the ability to keep things in order, order in business;

Good manners (good manners);

High demands (high demands on life and high claims);

Cheerfulness (sense of humor);

performance (discipline);

Independence (ability to act independently, decisively);

Intolerance to shortcomings in oneself and others;

Education (breadth of knowledge, high general culture);

Responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word);

Rationalism (the ability to think sensibly and logically, make well-considered, rational decisions);

Self-control (restraint, self-discipline);

Courage in defending one's opinion, one's views;

Strong will (the ability to insist on one's own, not to retreat in the face of difficulties);

Tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others for their mistakes and delusions);

Breadth of views (the ability to understand someone else's point of view, respect other tastes, customs, habits);

Honesty (truthfulness, sincerity);

Efficiency in business (industriousness, productivity in work);

Sensitivity (caring).

The advantage of the technique is its versatility, convenience and economy in conducting the survey and processing the results, flexibility - the ability to vary both stimulus material (lists of values) and instructions. Its essential disadvantage is the influence of social desirability, the possibility of insincerity. Therefore, a special role in this case is played by the motivation for diagnosis, the voluntary nature of testing and the presence of contact between the psychologist and the subject. The methodology is not recommended for selection and examination purposes.

In order to overcome these shortcomings and to penetrate deeper into the system of value orientations, it is possible to change the instructions, which provide additional diagnostic information and allow more reasonable conclusions to be drawn. So, after the main series, you can ask the subject to rank the cards by answering the following questions:

“In what order and to what extent (as a percentage) are these values ​​realized in your life?”

“How would you place these values ​​if you were what you dreamed of?”

“How do you think a person who is perfect in every way would do it?”

“How do you think most people would do it?”

“How would you have done it 5 or 10 years ago?”

“…………………… in 5 or 10 years?”

“How would people close to you rank the cards?”

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping by the subjects into meaningful blocks for various reasons. So, for example, “concrete” and “abstract” values, values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life are distinguished.
etc. Instrumental values ​​can be grouped into ethical values, communication values, business values; individualistic and conformist values, altruistic values; the values ​​of self-affirmation and the value of accepting others, etc. These are far from all the possibilities of subjective structuring of a system of value orientations. The psychologist must try to catch the individual pattern. If it is not possible to identify a single pattern, one can assume that the respondent has a lack of formation of a system of values ​​or even insincerity of answers.

The survey is best done individually, but group testing is also possible.

Test of meaningful life orientations

Instruction: You will be presented with pairs of opposite statements. Your task is to choose one of the two statements that, in your opinion, is more true, and mark one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, depending on how confident you are in the choice (or 0 if both statements, in your opinion , are equally true).

Keys to the scales of the LSS test

To calculate the points, it is necessary to convert the positions marked by the subject on a symmetrical scale 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 into scores on an ascending or descending asymmetric scale according to the following rule:

Items 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17 are transferred to the ascending scale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.

Items 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20 are transferred to the descending scale 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.

Here is an example of translating the answers to the first five items of the test into scores on asymmetric scales:

1. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Þ 3

2. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Þ 1

3. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Þ 4

4. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Þ 5

5. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Þ 2

After that, the scores of the asymmetric scales corresponding to the positions marked by the subjects are summarized.

The general indicator of coolant is all 20 points of the test.

Subscale 1 (Goals)- pp. 3, 4, 10, 16, 17, 18.

Subscale 2 (Process)- pp. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.

Subscale 3 (Result)- pp. 8, 9, 10, 12, 20.

Subscale 5 (Locus of control - I)- pp. 1, 15, 16, 19.

Subscale 1 (locus of control - life)- pp. 7, 10, 11, 14, 18, 19.

The norms necessary for evaluating the results are shown in table 1.

Table 1

Mean and standard deviations for the general indicator of coolant
and all five subscales separately for men and women (N = 200 people)

Subscale interpretation

1. Goals in life. Scores on this scale characterize the presence or absence in the life of the subject of goals in the future, which give life meaningfulness, direction and time perspective. Low scores on this scale even with general high level meaningfulness of life (OL) will be inherent in a person living today or yesterday. At the same time, high scores on this scale can characterize not only a purposeful person, but also a projector, whose plans have no real support in the present and are not supported by personal responsibility for their implementation. These two cases are easy to distinguish, taking into account the indicators on other scales of the LSS.

2. The process of life or interest and emotional richness of life. The content of this scale coincides with the well-known theory that the meaning of life is to live. This indicator indicates whether the subject perceives the very process of his life as interesting, emotionally rich and filled with meaning. High scores on this scale and low scores on the others will characterize a hedonist who lives for today. Low scores on this scale are a sign of dissatisfaction with one's life in the present; at the same time, however, it can be given a full meaning by memories of the past or a focus on the future.

3. The effectiveness of life or satisfaction with self-realization. The points on this scale reflect the assessment of the passed segment of life, the feeling of how productive and meaningful part of it was lived. High scores on this scale and low scores on the rest will characterize a person who is living out his life, who has everything in the past, but the past can give meaning to the rest of life. Low scores - dissatisfaction with the lived part of life.

4. Locus of control-I (I am the master of life). High scores correspond to the idea of ​​oneself as a strong personality with sufficient freedom of choice to build one's life in accordance with one's goals and ideas about its meaning. Low scores - disbelief in one's own strength to control the events of one's own life.

5. Locus of control-life or manageability of life. With high scores - the belief that a person is given control over his life, freely make decisions and implement them. Low scores - fatalism, the conviction that a person's life is not subject to conscious control, that freedom of choice is illusory and it is pointless to think of anything for the future.

Test "Awareness of life goals"

The methodology consists of two scales.

Scale A - "attitude to life"- aimed at identifying the level of awareness of the individual in the formation of life goals and its responsibility for their achievement. The scale consists of 6 questions: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11.

Scale B - "structured free time"- shows how the depth and awareness of a person's life goals are manifested through the structure of the use of free time. The scale consists of 6 questions: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.

The test as a whole contributes to the individual's awareness of the level of formation of his life goals, the possible contradiction between the depth of life goals and ways of using free time and helps to choose the direction of further self-improvement of the individual.

It is essential that with the harmonious development of the personality, the scores on both scales are inversely related: with high scores on the B scale, low scores on the A scale, and vice versa.

Significant Violations an inverse relationship may indicate a disharmonious development of the personality, a crisis period of life, an internal conflict ... In this case, an additional study of the personality is required to localize the source of the contradiction and directed work on harmonization.

Instruction: Read the question carefully and decide which of the answers - YES, SOMETIMES, NO / NEVER - is right for you. Write it down on the registration form.

Questions

1. Do you dedicate your free time to strengthen relationships with people?

2. Do you read "light" literature (fantasy, comics, adventures)?

3. Do you read serious literature?

4. Do you work at home that is related to your profession?

5. Do you do household chores, everyday household chores?

6. Do you have a hobby that consumes your free time?

7. Do you play sports for your own pleasure (individually, so to speak)?

8. Do you use your free time for work that is a source of additional income for you?

9. Do you go to the cinema, theaters, concerts, museums?

10. Do you go to restaurants, cafes, parties and dances?

11. Are you involved in social work?

12. Do you like to beat the buckets, sit in front of the TV?

Registration form

Results processing

For each answer, a certain number of points is awarded: for the answer "yes" - 0 points, for the answer "sometimes" - 1 point, for the answer "no/never" - 2 points. The sum of scores for each scale is calculated separately.

INTERPRETATION ON THIS TECHNIQUE

You can interpret according to Allport. Separately, take 5 dominant and 5 last values ​​separately according to the list of terminal and instrumental values.
Determine which value systems they can be attributed to. Allport defines them as social, theoretical, economic, aesthetic, political and religious.

Theoretical. A person who emphasizes this value is primarily interested in revealing the truth. Such a person is characterized by a rational, critical and empirical approach to life. The theoretical type is highly intellectual and more often chooses to work in the field of fundamental science or philosophy.

Economic. The “economic” person values ​​above all that which is useful or advantageous. He is exceptionally "practical" and firmly adheres to the stereotype of the successful American businessman. Representatives of this type are keenly interested in how to make money; knowledge that does not find a specific application, they consider useless. Many brilliant achievements in the field of engineering and technology have resulted from the fulfillment of the scientific needs of economic people.

Aesthetic. Such a person values ​​form and harmony most of all. Perceiving any life phenomena from the point of view of attractiveness, symmetry or relevance, people of this type interpret life as a course of phenomena in which each individual enjoys life for his own sake. The aesthetic subject will not necessarily be a creator, an artist, but his inclinations may manifest themselves in an increased and active interest in the aesthetic aspects of life.

Social. The highest value for social type is the love of people. It is highly likely that such a person will view theoretical, economic, and aesthetic approaches to life as cold and inhumane, regarding love as the only acceptable form of human relationship. IN pure form social attitude is altruistic and is closely related to religious values.

Political. The dominant interest of the political type is power. The professional activity of people of this type is not necessarily limited to the sphere of politics, since leaders in any field usually value power and influence above all else. Thus, there are clear individual differences among "political personalities" in regard to the value of power. At the same time, the unveiled expression of this motive in the political type rejects all others in the thirst for personal power, influence, fame and fame.

Religious. Representatives of this type are mainly interested in understanding the world as a whole. However, the ways of expressing this desire may be different. For example, some religious personalities are "immanent mystics" who find meaning in self-affirmation and active participation in life. At the same time, others are "transcendental mystics" seeking to connect with higher reality by withdrawing from life (for example, monks). Regardless of the method of self-expression, a religious person sees unity and the highest meaning in the universe.

Scales: terminal and instrumental values

Purpose of the test

M. Rokeach distinguishes between two classes of values:

. terminal- belief that the ultimate goal of individual existence is worth striving for;
. instrumental- Beliefs that some course of action or personality trait is preferable in any situation.

This division corresponds to the traditional division into values-goals and values-means.

The respondent is presented with two lists of valuables (18 each), either on sheets of paper in alphabetical order or on cards. In the lists, the subject assigns a rank number to each value, and arranges the cards in order of importance. The latter form of material supply gives more reliable results.

First, a set of terminal values ​​is presented, and then a set of instrumental values.

Instructions for the test

"Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards with the designation of values. Your task is to arrange them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life.

Carefully study the table and, having chosen the value that is most significant for you, put it in the first place. Then choose the second most important value and place it next to the first. Then do the same with all the remaining values. The least important will remain last and will take 18th place.

Develop slowly, thoughtfully. The end result should reflect your true position."

Test

List A (terminal values):

1. active active life (completeness and emotional richness of life);
2. life wisdom (maturity of judgment and common sense, achieved by life experience);
3. health (physical and mental);
4. interesting work;
5. beauty of nature and art (experience of beauty in nature and art);
6. love (spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one);
7. financially secure life (lack of financial difficulties);
8. the presence of good and true friends;
9. public vocation (respect for others, team, workmates);
10. knowledge (the possibility of expanding one's education, outlook, general culture, intellectual development);
11. productive life (the fullest possible use of their capabilities, strengths and abilities);
12. development (work on oneself, constant physical and spiritual improvement);
13. entertainment (pleasant, easy pastime, lack of responsibilities);
14. freedom (independence, independence in judgments and actions);
15. happy family life;
16. happiness of others (welfare, development and improvement of other people, the whole people, humanity as a whole);
17. creativity (possibility of creative activity);
18. self-confidence (inner harmony, freedom from internal contradictions, doubts).

List B (instrumental values):

1. accuracy (cleanliness), the ability to keep things in order, order in business;
2. good manners (good manners);
3. high demands (high demands on life and high claims);
4. cheerfulness (sense of humor);
5. diligence (discipline);
6. independence (ability to act independently, decisively);
7. intolerance to shortcomings in oneself and others;
8. education (breadth of knowledge, high general culture);
9. responsibility (sense of duty, ability to keep one's word);
10. rationalism (the ability to think sensibly and logically, make well-considered, rational decisions);
11. self-control (restraint, self-discipline);
12. courage in defending one's opinion, views;
13. strong will (the ability to insist on one's own, not to retreat in the face of difficulties);
14. tolerance (to the views and opinions of others, the ability to forgive others for their mistakes and delusions);
15. breadth of views (the ability to understand someone else's point of view, to respect other tastes, customs, habits);
16. honesty (truthfulness, sincerity);
17. efficiency in business (industriousness, productivity in work);
18. sensitivity (caring).

Processing and interpretation of test results

Analyzing the hierarchy of values, one should pay attention to their grouping by the subjects into meaningful blocks for various reasons. So, for example, "concrete" and "abstract" values, values ​​of professional self-realization and personal life, etc. are distinguished. Instrumental values ​​can be grouped into ethical values, communication values, business values; individualistic and conformist values, altruistic values; values ​​of self-affirmation and values ​​of acceptance of others, etc. These are far from all the possibilities of subjective structuring of the system of value orientations. The psychologist must try to catch the individual pattern.

If it is not possible to identify a single pattern, one can assume that the respondent has a lack of formation of a system of values ​​or even insincerity of answers.