Rebellious age. Causes of the "Rebellion" of the 17th century
1. "Salt Riot"
The 17th century in Russian history gained a reputation as “rebellious.” And indeed, it began with the Troubles, the middle of it was marked by urban uprisings, the last third - by the uprising of Stepan Razin.
The most important reasons for this unprecedented scale of social conflicts in Russia were the development of serfdom and the strengthening of state taxes and duties.
In 1646, a duty on salt was introduced, significantly increasing its price. Meanwhile, salt in the 17th century. It was one of the most important products - the main preservative that made it possible to store meat and fish. Following salt, these products themselves have risen in price. Their sales fell, and unsold goods began to deteriorate. This caused discontent among both consumers and traders. The growth of government revenues was less than expected as the smuggling trade in salt developed. Already at the end of 1647, the “salt” tax was abolished. In an effort to compensate for losses, the government cut the salaries of servicemen “on the instrument”, that is, archers and gunners. General discontent continued to grow.
On June 1, 1648, the so-called “salt” riot took place in Moscow. The crowd stopped the carriage of the Tsar, who was returning from a pilgrimage, and demanded that the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, be replaced. Pleshcheev's servants tried to disperse the crowd, which only provoked even greater anger. On June 2, pogroms of boyar estates began in Moscow. The clerk Nazariy Chistoy, whom Muscovites considered the mastermind of the salt tax, was killed. The rebels demanded that the tsar's closest associate, boyar Morozov, who actually led the entire state apparatus, and the head of the Pushkarsky order, boyar Trakhaniotov, be handed over for execution. Not having the strength to suppress the uprising, in which, along with the townspeople, the "regular" servicemen participated, the tsar gave in, ordering the extradition of Pleshcheev and Trakhaniotov, who were immediately killed. Morozov, his tutor and brother-in-law (the Tsar and Morozov were married to sisters) were “begged” by Alexei Mikhailovich from the rebels and sent into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
The government announced an end to the collection of arrears, convened a Zemsky Sobor, at which the most important demands of the townspeople for a ban on moving to the “white settlements” and of the nobles for the introduction of an indefinite search for fugitives were satisfied (for more details, see topic 24). Thus, the government satisfied all the demands of the rebels, which indicates the comparative weakness of the state apparatus (primarily repressive) at that time.
2. Uprisings in other cities
Following the Salt Riot, urban uprisings swept through other cities: Ustyug Veliky, Kursk, Kozlov, Pskov, Novgorod.
The most powerful uprisings were in Pskov and Novgorod, caused by the rise in price of bread due to its supplies to Sweden. The urban poor, threatened by famine, expelled the governors, destroyed the courts of wealthy merchants and seized power. In the summer of 1650, both uprisings were suppressed by government troops, although they managed to enter Pskov only due to discord among the rebels.
3. "Copper Riot"
In 1662, there was again a major uprising in Moscow, which went down in history as the “Copper Riot.” It was caused by the government's attempt to replenish the treasury, devastated by the long and difficult war with Poland (1654-1667) and Sweden (1656-58). In order to compensate for the enormous costs, the government issued copper money into circulation, making it equal in price to silver. At the same time, taxes were collected in silver coins, and goods were ordered to be sold in copper money. The salaries of servicemen were also paid in copper. Copper money was not trusted, especially since it was often counterfeited. Not wanting to trade with copper money, peasants stopped bringing food to Moscow, which caused prices to soar. Copper money depreciated: if in 1661 two copper rubles were given for a silver ruble, then in 1662 - 8.
On July 25, 1662, a riot followed. Some of the townspeople rushed to destroy the boyars' estates, while others moved to the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, where the tsar was staying those days. Alexey Mikhailovich promised the rebels to come to Moscow and sort things out. The crowd seemed to calm down. But in the meantime, new groups of rebels appeared in Kolomenskoye - those who had previously broken up the courtyards of the boyars in the capital. The tsar was demanded to hand over the boyars most hated by the people and threatened that if the tsar “does not give them back those boyars”, then they “will begin to take it themselves, according to their custom.”
However, during the negotiations, archers called by the tsar had already arrived in Kolomenskoye, who attacked the unarmed crowd and drove them to the river. Over 100 people drowned, many were hacked to death or captured, and the rest fled. By order of the tsar, 150 rebels were hanged, the rest were beaten with a whip and branded with iron.
Unlike the “salt”, the “copper” revolt was brutally suppressed, since the government managed to keep the archers on its side and use them against the townspeople.
4. The uprising of Stepan Razin
The largest popular performance of the second half of the 17th century. happened on the Don and Volga.
The population of the Don was Cossacks. The Cossacks did not engage in agriculture. Their main activities were hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and raids on the possessions of neighboring Turkey, Crimea and Persia. For guard duty to protect the southern borders of the state, the Cossacks received a royal salary in bread, money and gunpowder. The government also tolerated the fact that fugitive peasants and townspeople found shelter on the Don. The principle “there is no extradition from the Don” was in effect.
In the middle of the 17th century. There was no longer equality among the Cossacks. The elite of the wealthy ("home-loving") Cossacks stood out, who owned the best fisheries, herds of horses, who received a better share of the spoils and the royal salary. Poor (“golutvennye”) Cossacks worked for house-suckers.
In the 40s XVII century the Cossacks lost access to the Azov and Black Sea, since the Turks strengthened the Azov fortress. This prompted the Cossacks to move their campaigns for booty to the Volga and the Caspian Sea. The robbery of Russian and Persian merchant kravans caused great damage to trade with Persia and the entire economy of the Lower Volga region. Simultaneously with the influx of fugitives from Russia, the hostility of the Cossacks towards the Moscow boyars and officials grew.
Already in 1666, a detachment of Cossacks under the command of Ataman Vasily Us invaded Russia from the Upper Don, reached almost Tula, destroying noble estates on its way. Only the threat of a meeting with a large government army forced Us to turn back. Numerous serfs who joined him also went to the Don with him. The speech of Vasily Us showed that the Cossacks are ready at any moment to oppose the existing order and authorities.
In 1667, a detachment of a thousand Cossacks set off to the Caspian Sea on a campaign “for zipuns,” that is, for booty. At the head of this detachment was Ataman Stepan Timofeevich Razin - a native of the homely Cossacks, strong-willed, intelligent and mercilessly cruel. Razin's detachment during 1667-1669. robbed Russian and Persian merchant caravans, attacked coastal Persian cities. With rich booty, the Razins returned to Astrakhan, and from there to the Don. The “hike for zipuns” was purely predatory. However, its meaning is broader. It was in this campaign that the core of Razin’s army was formed, and the generous distribution of alms to the common people brought the ataman unprecedented popularity.
In the spring of 1670, Razin began a new campaign. This time he decided to go against the “traitor boyars”. Tsaritsyn was captured without resistance, whose residents happily opened the gates to the Cossacks. The archers sent against Razin from Astrakhan went over to his side. The rest of the Astrakhan garrison followed their example. The resisting governors and Astrakhan nobles were killed.
After this, Razin headed up the Volga. Along the way, he sent out “charming letters”, calling on the common people to beat the boyars, governors, nobles and clerks. To attract supporters, Razin spread a rumor that Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich (in fact, already deceased) and Patriarch Nikon were in his army. The main participants in the uprising were Cossacks, peasants, serfs, townspeople and working people. The cities of the Volga region surrendered without resistance. In all the captured cities, Razin introduced administration on the model of the Cossack circle.
Failure awaited Razin only near Simbirsk, the siege of which dragged on. Meanwhile, the government sent 60,000 troops to suppress the uprising. On October 3, 1670, near Simbirsk, the government army under the command of governor Yuri Baryatinsky inflicted a severe defeat on the Razins. Razin was wounded and fled to the Don, to the town of Kagalnitsky, from which he began his campaign a year ago. He hoped to gather his supporters again. However, the homely Cossacks, led by military ataman Kornila Yakovlev, realizing that Razin’s actions could bring the tsar’s wrath on all the Cossacks, captured him and handed him over to the government governors.
Razin was tortured and executed in the summer of 1671 on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow along with his brother Frol. Participants in the uprising were subjected to brutal persecution and execution.
The main reasons for the defeat of Razin's uprising were its spontaneity and low organization, the fragmented actions of the peasants, which, as a rule, were limited to the destruction of the estate of their own master, and the lack of clearly understood goals for the rebels. Even if the Razinites managed to win and capture Moscow (this did not happen in Russia, but in other countries, for example, in China, rebel peasants managed to take power several times), they would not be able to create a new just society. After all, the only example of such a fair society in their minds was the Cossack circle. But the entire country cannot exist by seizing and dividing other people's property. Any state needs a management system, an army, and taxes. Therefore, the victory of the rebels would inevitably be followed by new social differentiation. The victory of the unorganized peasant and Cossack masses would inevitably lead to great sacrifices and would cause significant damage to Russian culture and the development of the Russian state
In historical science there is no unity on the question of whether to consider Razin’s uprising a peasant-Cossack uprising or a peasant war. In Soviet times, the name “peasant war” was used; in the pre-revolutionary period, it was about an uprising. In recent years, the term “uprising” has once again become dominant.
What to pay attention to when answering:
Reasons for the "rebellion" of the 17th century. - the formation of serfdom and the growth of state duties, caused by numerous wars and the increase in the state apparatus in connection with the completion of centralization and the gradual formation of absolutism.
All the uprisings of the 17th century. were spontaneous. The participants in the events acted under the influence of desperation and the desire to seize prey. It should be noted that there was a fundamental difference in the outcome of the Salt and Copper riots, caused by the strengthening of power between 1648 and 1662.
Speaking about Razin's uprising, it should be noted that most of the major uprisings began on the outskirts, since, on the one hand, many fugitives accumulated there, not burdened with large households and ready for decisive action, and on the other hand, the power there was much weaker than in center of the country.
This topic also includes the uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery (1667-1676), which is discussed in topic 28 in connection with the church schism.
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Occurred due to an attempt by the state to replenish the treasury by introducing additional taxes on salt. 1 June 1648 Alexey Mikhailovich was returning to the Moscow Kremlin. Muscovites tried to file a complaint with him against the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, L.S. Pleshcheev. Under the pressure of the townspeople, the tsar was forced to give in: he “gave up with his head” (gave him over to the crowd) not only Pleshcheev, but also the head of the Pushkarsky order. After this uprising, similar ones broke out in many other cities: Tomsk, Ustyug Veliky, Yelets, Kursk, Kozlov. Taking advantage of the unstable situation, the nobility demanded that the tsar streamline the laws and judicial system and prepare a new conciliar code.
Copper Riot
The reason was the fact that coins began to be minted not from silver, but from copper. This in turn was caused by the depletion of the treasury. The cost of the new coins was 12-15 times less than the old ones, and traders refused to use them. In July 1662 Crowds of rebels rushed to the royal palace in the village of Kolomenskoye. The king was forced to enter into negotiations with them and promised to return the old order. The satisfied people retreated, but on the way they met a new crowd, and the procession resumed. During that time, Alexey Mikhailovich gathered troops, and the unarmed people were defeated. Brutal reprisals began against the participants in the procession: the instigators were hanged, someone's hand was cut off, someone's leg, someone's tongue. Others were sent into exile and whipped. Nevertheless, copper money was still abolished.
The uprising of Stepan Razin
The largest public performance of the century; uprising of Cossacks and peasants. The Council Code of 1649 led to the fact that many people moved to the outskirts of the country, primarily to the Don. The cause of the uprising was the miserable existence that the Cossacks and peasants led there. Eventually in 1666 700 Don Cossacks under the leadership of Vasily Us headed to Moscow with a request to accept them into the royal service. As a result of the refusal, the peaceful campaign grew into an uprising, which the peasants also joined. Soon the rebels retreated back to the Don, where they joined the detachments led by Ataman Stepan Razin. First stage their performances are called a “campaign for zipuns”; it was a campaign “for prey.” The detachment blocked the main trade routes and robbed ships; The rebels captured the Yaitsky town and defeated the Persian fleet. Having received good booty, Razin summer of 1669 returned to the Don and settled with the troops in the town of Kagalnitsky, where the dispossessed and poor began to gather. Feeling confident, Razin went to Moscow, wanting to kill all the nobility. Has begun second phase Razin's performances. The detachment took Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan; A government was formed headed by Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak. The population of many Volga cities went over to the side of the rebels: Samara, Penza, Saratov and others; each of those who joined was declared a Cossack. There were already 200,000 people in the detachment. In the meantime, an expedition against Razin was organized (it was headed by Yu. Baryatinsky). The rich Cossacks, fearing for themselves, betrayed the ataman. Stepan was drawn and quartered, but the uprising continued. Only in November 1671 A year later, the tsarist troops completely suppressed the uprising. In total, up to 100,000 rebels were killed and tortured; The country has never known such massacres.
The treasury was always short of money. The government came up with new taxes. Salt is a product that everyone needs, and the government hoped to replenish the treasury by introducing a tax on it. Salt prices have increased 3-4 times. Salt consumption in the country has decreased. But without it it was impossible to prepare food for the winter: pickle mushrooms, cabbage, lard, fish. The main food product in the cities was salty fish. Thousands of pounds of fish without salt rotted on the Volga. Thus, not only the poor population was dissatisfied, but also the merchants, who suffered heavy losses. But the treasury was not replenished.
As a result of general discontent, a “salt riot” occurred in Moscow in 1648. The people stormed the Kremlin gates. People close to the king were killed. The courtyard of boyar Morozov, who was considered the main culprit in increasing the salt tax, was plundered. The king was afraid. He removed boyar Morozov from affairs and exiled him. The riot in the capital began to wane.
In 1648-1650 A wave of urban uprisings swept across the country. The salt tax was abolished, but the people demanded to restore order in the state and curb the willfulness of officials. In England at the same time, the rebels cut off the king's head. In France, the “Sun King” was forced to flee from the rebellious Paris. And in Russia, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich convened the Zemsky Sobor and made peace with representatives of the estates. The Council in 1649 adopted the Code, bringing the laws into line with the new situation in the country.
Novgorod uprising
The largest uprising in the capital broke out in 1682, and went down in history under the name Streletsky revolt, or Khovanshchina. Popular discontent with the seizure of power by the boyars, who placed 10-year-old Peter on the throne, was led by the archers and “elected” (guards) soldiers of the Moscow garrison. The rebels dealt with those who oppressed the people with impunity, and held power in the capital for three months. The uprising also spread to other cities and garrisons of Russia.
A stone monument was erected on Red Square - a monument to the victory of the rebels. Their representatives controlled the work of the Boyar Duma and orders. The archers and soldiers were confident that the service class should stand in the state on a par with the nobility. But they allowed themselves to be deceived and bribed with privileges. The uprising ended in peace with the government of Princess Sophia, who promised to maintain fairness and justice in the country. Material from the site
Peter I had to interrupt his stay abroad as part of the Great Embassy and in 1698 urgently return to Russia. The country has begun Streltsy riot. The king brutally dealt with its participants. The rebels were hanged on the fortress walls in Moscow, many were executed on the scaffold. Peter I considered Princess Sofya Alekseevna an instigator of rebellion. There was no direct evidence, but for him she personified the entire past that he hated. Sophia was forcibly forced to become a monk. So from Princess Sophia of the Romanov family she turned into nun Susanna.
In the 17th century in Russia there were mass phenomena. The era of the Time of Troubles is over. All spheres of public life were completely destroyed: economics, politics, social relations, culture, spiritual development. Naturally, it was necessary to restore the economy. Many reforms and innovations hit the population of that time hard. The result is popular movements. Let's try to analyze this topic in more detail.
Subject "history" (7th grade): "People's movements"
The period of the “rebellious age” is included in the compulsory school minimum. The course “Domestic History” (7th grade, “Popular Movements”) identifies the following causes of social upheaval:
- Increase in taxes due to constant military conflicts.
- Attempts by the authorities to limit Cossack autonomy.
- Increased administrative red tape.
- Enslavement of the peasants.
- Church reforms that led to a split among the clergy and the population.
The above reasons give reason to believe that popular movements in the 17th century were associated not only with the peasantry, as was the case earlier, but also with other social strata: the clergy, the Cossacks, the archers.
This means that powerful forces who know how to wield weapons are beginning to oppose the authorities. The Cossacks and archers managed to gain combat experience in constant wars. Therefore, their participation in unrest can be compared in scale to civil wars.
Salt riot
I would like to remember modern pensioners who actively monitor salt prices in stores. An increase of one or two rubles is today accompanied by various reproaches and criticism of the authorities. However, the rise in salt prices in the 17th century provoked a real revolt.
On July 1, 1648, a powerful wave of protest broke out. The reason was an additional duty on salt, through which the government decided to replenish the budget. The situation led to protesters “intercepting” Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich as he returned from prayer to the Kremlin. People complained to the “good king” about the actions of the “bad” boyar - the head of L. S. Pleshcheev. In the eyes of the average man in the street, he alone was to blame for all the troubles of the state: red tape, embezzlement, rising prices not only for salt, but also for other food products.
The “bad” boyar had to be sacrificed. “On the quiet,” the tsar got rid of not only the “scoundrel” Pleshcheev, but also his relative, boyar B. Morozov, his teacher. In fact, he was the “secret cardinal” in the country and resolved almost all administrative issues. However, after this, popular movements in the country did not end. Let's move on to the rest in more detail.
Popular movements (7th grade, history of Russia): copper riot
The salt situation has not taught the government to approach reforms cautiously. There was a catastrophic shortage of money in the country. And then the authorities carried out the most “murderous” economic reform, which could only be imagined - the devaluation of the coin.
Government instead silver money introduced copper coins into circulation, which were 10-15 cheaper. Of course, it was possible to come up with wooden (in the literal sense of the word) rubles, but the authorities did not dare to tempt fate so much. Naturally, merchants stopped selling their goods for copper.
In July 1662, pogroms and riots began. Now people did not believe in the “good king”. The estates of almost all the tsar's associates were subjected to pogroms. The crowd even wanted to destroy the residence of the “anointed one of God” himself in the village of Kolomenskoye. However, the troops arrived in time, and the king went out to negotiate.
After these events, the authorities treated the rebels harshly. Many people were executed, arrested, some had their arms, legs, and tongues cut off. Those who were lucky were sent into exile.
The uprising of Stepan Razin
If previous popular movements were organized by a peaceful unarmed population, then armed Cossacks with combat experience took part in them. And this turned into a more serious problem for the state.
It was all to blame Cathedral Code 1649. This document definitively established serfdom. Of course, it began to take shape since the time of Ivan III, with the introduction of St. George’s Day and the assignment of workers to the lands of feudal lords. However, it established a lifelong search for fugitive peasants and their return to their former owners. This norm went against the Cossack liberties. There was a centuries-old rule “there is no extradition from the Don,” which implied the protection of everyone who ended up there.
By the mid-60s of the 17th century, a huge number of runaway peasants had accumulated on the Don. This led to the following consequences:
- The impoverishment of the Cossacks, as there was simply not enough free land. In addition, there were no wars, which traditionally reduce the Cossack population and serve as a source of wealth.
- Concentration of a huge combat-ready army in one place.
All this, naturally, could not help but result in popular movements
"Hike for zipuns"
The first stage of the uprising of peasants and Cossacks under the leadership of S. Razin went down in history as a “campaign for zipuns,” that is, for booty (1667-1669). The purpose of the campaign was to plunder merchant ships and caravans carrying cargo from Russia to Persia. In fact, Razin’s detachment was a pirate gang that blocked the main trade artery on the Volga, captured the Yaitsky town, defeated the Persian fleet, and then returned in 1669 with rich booty to the Don.
This successful and unpunished campaign inspired many other Cossacks and peasants who were suffocating from poverty. They massively reached out to S. Razin. Now the idea of carrying out a revolution in the country has already arisen. S. Razin announced a campaign against Moscow.
Second stage (1670 - 1671)
In fact, S. Razin’s speech resembles a future peasant war led by E. Pugachev. Wide large number, participation in the conflict of local national tribes speaks of a full-scale civil war. Generally National history(popular movements in particular) had never seen such mass protests of its own people before this time.
Progress of the uprising
The rebels immediately took the city of Tsaritsyn. We approached the well-fortified fortress of Astrakhan, which then surrendered without a fight. All governors and nobles were executed.
Success provoked a massive transition to Razin’s side in such large cities as Samara, Saratov, Penza, which indicates a serious political crisis within Russian society. In addition to the Russian population, the peoples of the Volga region also flocked to him: Chuvash, Tatars, Mordovians, Mari, etc.
Reasons for the large number of rebels
The total number of rebels reached 200 thousand people. There are several reasons why thousands flocked to Razin: some were tired of poverty and taxes, others were attracted by the status of “free Cossacks,” and others were criminals. Many national communities wanted autonomy and even independence after the victory of the revolution.
End of the uprising, massacres
However, the goals of the rebels were not destined to come true. Lacking organizational unity and common goals, the army was uncontrollable. In September 1670, it tried to take Simbirsk (modern Ulyanovsk), but failed, after which it began to disintegrate.
The main force, led by S. Razin, went to the Don, many fled to the internal regions. The punitive expedition against the rebels was led by the governor, Prince Yu. Baryatinsky, which actually means the use of all available military forces. Fearing for their lives, the rebels betrayed their leader, who was then quartered.
Up to 100 thousand people were killed and tortured by the official authorities. Russia had never known such mass repressions before this time.
The 17th century was a time of numerous popular uprisings caused by the deterioration of the economic and political situation of Russia due to famine, intervention, weakening of power, and the struggle for the royal throne. Scattered peasant uprisings in the summer of 1606 it grew into under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov. The reason for this uprising was V. Shuisky’s attempt to restore the payment of taxes abolished by False Dmitry 1st. The peasants and serfs who rebelled in Putivl, led by Bolotnikov, went to Moscow. They were joined by the nobility of the southern districts under the leadership of G. Sumbulov and P. Lyapunov.
The rebels were joined by the population of the southern and southwestern regions of Russia, as well as the Lower and Middle Volga regions. Having won several victories over the tsarist troops, Bolotnikov, taking Kaluga and Kashira, stopped in Kolomenskoye. However, near Moscow there was a division of troops. The noble detachments partially went over to Shuisky's side. The remaining nobles - Grigory Shakhovskoy and Andrei Telyatevsky - supported Bolotnikov to the end, but due to the difference in the tasks facing them, they caused a split in the ranks of the army.
During the siege of Moscow, Bolotnikov was defeated and retreated to Kaluga. Tver and Don Cossacks helped the rebels retreat to Tula. After a four-month siege, Shuisky managed to persuade Bolotnikov to capitulate by deception. He promised to spare the lives of the rebels if they stopped resisting. However, the boyar government did not keep its promise - the participants in the peasant-noble unrest were inflicted brutal reprisal. Ivan Bolotnikov was exiled to distant Kargopol, where he was secretly blinded and drowned.
The reason for the failure of this uprising was the lack of a clear program and discipline in the army.
Numerous uprisings in the mid-17th century. testified to the crisis state of the country. The salt riot in 1648 in Moscow arose due to the replacement of the single tax with a tax on salt, which caused its significant rise in price.
In Pskov and Novgorod in 1650, unrest occurred due to a sharp increase in the price of bread.
The huge amount of copper money issued by the government led to a rapid fall in its value. This caused the impoverishment of the lower strata of the population of Moscow. In the summer of 1662, the Copper Riot occurred and copper money was withdrawn from circulation.
The situation of the peasants worsened. The flow of the poorest segments of the population fleeing to the Don, where the rule “no extradition from the Don” was in effect, increased. However, by this time all the people on the Don had been distributed fertile lands and pastures, most of the royal salary was divided. After the Cossacks left Azov in 1642, they lost access to the Azov and Black Seas. For those fleeing Russia, there was only one source of livelihood left - military booty.
In 1667, the wealthy Cossack Stepka Razin, having gathered a detachment from the “golytba”, went on a campaign “for zipuns” to the Volga, and then to the river. Yaik. In 1668-1669 he devastated the Persian coast of the Caspian Sea and returned to the Don with rich booty. In the spring of 1670, Razin declared himself an ataman and seized power throughout the Lower Volga region. He promised the common people freedom and a free Cossack system without taxes and duties. Razin's army was joined by detachments of Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians and Tatars. Razin's seven thousand strong detachment, having defeated the Streltsy, captured Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. Moving up the Volga, his army reached Simbirsk and besieged it on September 4, 1670.
On October 3, 1670, a 60,000-strong royal army came to the aid of the besieged city. Razin was defeated and retreated to the Don. The uprising swept the region between the Volga and Oka, its centers were suppressed only in the summer of 1671. Stepan Razin was captured on the Don by the Cossack elite and handed over to the Tsar in April 1671.
The reasons for the defeat of the Razin uprising include its spontaneity, the lack of a clear program and plan of action among the rebels, poor discipline among the troops, poor weapons and contradictions between various social groups rebels.
