Amnuel will go to trial. And his money goes to the monument to Soviet soldiers

Grigory Amnuel is a rather mysterious media personality, perhaps because he is very active in Latvia.

He is better known as a director of documentaries related to religious or government issues. Author of several books and articles.

personal information

However, his maternal relatives were Germans who left Latvia during the first revolution and moved to Moscow.

According to Gregory, his family still has photographs at home that depict Tallinn, Kaliningrad and Jurmala of that time.

The photographs show the former German names.

His family did not experience any special repression because of their nationality. But Grigory Markovich recalls an incident when his mother was unable to enter MGIMO because she had German roots.

Grigory Amnuel himself graduated from the history department of the Tobolsk Pedagogical Institute.

Nothing is known about his childhood and youth. However, his first marriage occurred precisely during his student years. It turned out to be unsuccessful.

At the age of 23, he remarried a Latvian girl. A year later, in 1981, Gregory and his wife had a daughter.

Then they lived in Riga.

Career in film and theater

Gregory for a long time served as a director in Moscow theaters.

These are the Drama and Comedy Theater on Taganka and the Satire Theater on Triumfalnaya Square.

Based on a project by American councils, in 2005 he staged the play “Crime in Laramie” on the stage of the Tolerance Theater.

He has produced many independent film festivals abroad. For example, a festival of Russian cinema and culture in Italy and France.

He has made several dozen documentaries and sports films.

Among them are: “Fire and Ice”, “Redlikh - people stand by”, “Russians against russkikh” and others.

He became a diploma winner at the international film festival with the film “Awakening - a chronicle of turning points” in 1991.

In 1995, he received a prize from the Olympic Committee in the category “Best Sports Film” for the film “A Christmas Dream, or a Portrait with Hockey in the Background.”

The topics condemned in the programs often touched upon interethnic relations between Russia and the Baltic countries, as well as controversial historical issues.

Creative activities and work in the media

In the 1980-90s. years, he became the organizer of the tour of the violinist G. Kremer in Moscow.

He actively took part in organizing the music festival “Music of Lockinghausen”. Also produced orchestra performances chamber music Cologne Philharmonic.

It was installed in the courtyard in April 2016. Grigory Amnuel also assumed all financial costs for the production of this monument.

He took part in the creation of music videos for Anatoly Gerasimov and Viktor Popov.

He is the editor of the magazine “Posev”, which has repeatedly published his journalistic works.

Social activity

He heads an open club with the self-explanatory name “International Dialogue”.

The purpose of this club is to organize various international events on various directions: science, education, culture, social sphere.

On the basis of the club there is a school in which young people get acquainted with European countries and independently form their own opinion about Russia’s existing international relations.

Grigory Markovich holds the position of deputy general director Soviet-American enterprise "ASK".

It was established in 1987 for cooperation between American and Soviet film producers.

He is the head of the EuroASK company.

Is a permanent and constant participant in international round tables and conferences on the problems of the Caucasus, the Baltic, as well as on issues of international cooperation between Russia and NATO.

Awards received

For his active work in the field of cinema, Gregory was repeatedly awarded various awards.

In addition, his activities were appreciated and rewarded not only in Russia, but also in Latvia.

In 1992, immediately after the coup d’etat, he was nominated for the “Defender of Free Russia” medal, which was awarded for defending the constitutional order of the state during the events of 1991.

In 2006, he received a diploma “For promoting the independence of the State of Latvia” from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia.

After 3 years, he was awarded the rank of officer of the Order of Three Stars.

In 2010 it was awarded certificate of honor"Polish Pegasus"

In 2011, Grigory Amnuel won the gold medal named after. I. Paul III, which is awarded only for special services to the Krakow Metropolis.

Cheboksary

Elbrus and Emmanuel

But is there only one thing - names begin with the letter "E" But Georgy Arsenievich Emmanuel is a Russian military leader, a cavalry general of the Russian Imperial Army.
And his name is directly connected with both the Caucasus and the conquest of Elbrus in particular. What Emmanuel did during his life cannot be accurately described in one post, here is just one fact: “In 1788, when Emmanuel was only 13 years old, the Turks invaded the Banat towards Belgrade.
Everyone on their way fled, the majority of the residents of Vershitz also left the city, but 13-year-old Emmanuel gathered his comrades and persuaded them to defend the city. Having obtained weapons, the boys actively began to prepare for defense and placed guards and posts everywhere.
When the Turks approached the city, the young men defending it met them from the walls with gunfire.
The Turks, thinking that Vershits was occupied by a strong garrison, did not dare to approach it and passed by." No, did you understand? - at the age of 13! On June 25, 1826, Emmanuel was appointed commander of the troops on the Caucasian line, in the Black Sea region and Astrakhan, and head of the Caucasus region.
Already in next year, thanks to the efforts of E., many neighboring mountain tribes recognized the citizenship of Russia, such as: Tagaurs, Karabulaks, Digorians, Balkars, Uruspievtsy, Chegiltsy, Khulamtsy, Bezengiyevtsy, part of the Chechens and Gumbetovtsy (total 127 villages, 7457 families, 30,007 people of both sexes ).
As a reward for this annexation, made not by force of arms, but by smart orders, Emmanuel was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky. Next year, wanting to collect accurate information about Mount Elbrus and its surroundings and at the same time intending to produce strong impression in the minds of the mountaineers by the appearance in the very heart of their fortress-auls, he decided to undertake an expedition to Elbrus.
At his suggestion, the Academy of Sciences also took part in this expedition, which elected him as an honorary member. At eight o'clock on July 22, General Emmanuel himself left the camp with a small convoy and reached a high hill, from where a majestic view of Elbrus opened up.
He was once again convinced of the possibility of reaching its peak. At 11 o'clock, having returned to his camp, the general began to form a caravan that was supposed to accompany natural scientists.
“Hunters were called. Twenty Cossacks and one Kabardian named Kilyar came out.” The expedition spent the night at one of the sites on the Black Mountains. “Only the next day - July 23 - at noon, the Hungarian traveler de Bess noticed through a telescope on the sparkling covers of Elbrus four people who were trying to reach the top of the mountain.
Three of them soon disappeared from sight, the fourth rose higher and higher - and suddenly his figure was outlined in relief above the very crown of Elbrus. He was, as it turned out later, a Kabardian Kilyar, a native of Nalchik." The scientific expedition descended to the camp on the same day, July 23. In honor of this event, General Emmanuel gave a ceremonial dinner, which was attended by representatives of Kabarda, Karachay, Uruspia and other Trans-Kuban peoples The toast to Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, patron of sciences, was accompanied by a gun salvo.
They raised a toast to General Emmanuel, to the scientists, to the Kabardian Kilyar, to the actual annexation of Elbrus to the domain Russian Empire. Kilyar was awarded a solemnly deserved prize. And these are the inhabitants of Emmanuel’s clearing - ground squirrels (pischuha, eurasian eurasian, karbysh, tarbagans, perhaps there are other options) It seemed like their coach or instructor.
It was visible from afar, by his precisely calibrated movements on the trail and by his cool equipment. Not far from the path that leads to camping, the river flows, over there, behind the horse... And here there are also these bizarre outcrops.
How could such a strange shape, reminiscent of a swimming swan, be formed? This morning my internal alarm clock went off again, which usually haunts me in places where interesting subjects are expected to be photographed.
And so it turned out. I not only saw the sunrise, but also ran after a herd of horses, and then photographed them against the backdrop of snow-white Elbrus.
I rushed along the slopes almost until lunch, so Zhenya barely waited for me, but it seems not in vain. Biography

EMMANUEL(Manuilovich) Georgy (Egor) Arsenievich, Russian military leader, cavalry general (1828).

He came "from the Hungarian nobles of the Serbian nation." As a volunteer in the Austrian troops, he participated in battles with the Turks, and was awarded the gold medal “For Bravery” for his distinction. In 1794 he was accepted into the noble Hungarian Guard of the Austrian Army as a second lieutenant. In 1797 he transferred to Russian service and was appointed captain in the Life Hussar Regiment. On Sept. 1800 promoted to colonel. In 1802 he was transferred to the Kiev Dragoon Regiment, with which he participated in the Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806 - 1807. He distinguished himself in the battles of Pultusk, Gutstadt, Heilsberg and Friedland. From May 1808 - commander of the Kyiv Dragoon Regiment, and in January. 1809 appointed his chief.

At first Patriotic War 1812 commanded a brigade of the 4th Cavalry Division, which was part of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps of the 2nd Western Army. He took part in the battles of Mir and Saltanovka, and in the Battle of Smolensk. He distinguished himself during the defense of the Shevardinsky redoubt. During the battle, at the head of the regiment he went on the attack several times and was seriously wounded. In September he returned to command of the regiment, with which he fought against the enemy near Maloyaroslavets and Vyazma. For distinction he was promoted to major general.

Participant in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813 - 1814. During the campaign of 1813 he was during the blockade of the fortresses of Modlin and Glogau. Then, at the head of a flying detachment, he was in the battles of Bautzen, Stolpen and Bischofswerde. Commanding the cavalry of the vanguard of the corps, Gen. A.F. Langeron in the Silesian Army participated in the Battle of Katzbach and the Battle of Wartenburg, and then distinguished himself in the Battle of Levenberg, where he defeated the French division of General. J. Puteaux. In the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig he defeated 6 French regiments and captured two generals. During the campaign of 1814 he was present during the capture of Reims and Paris. For distinction he was promoted to lieutenant general. Upon returning to Russia, he was appointed commander of the 4th Dragoon Division.

From June 1826 - commander of troops on the Caucasian line and head of the Caucasus region. Thanks to his skillful policy, the very next year many neighboring mountain tribes (127 villages in total) recognized Russian citizenship. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1828 - 1829, he contributed to the strengthening of the border line, the further conquest and pacification of the Caucasus. For his distinction he was promoted to cavalry general. In 1829 he undertook an expedition to Elbrus, as a result of which he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1831 he was wounded during the assault on Aktash-aul, received an indefinite leave for recovery and settled in Elisavetgrad.

Awarded the following orders: Russian - St. Vladimir 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th class, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Anna 1st class. with diamonds and 2nd class, St. George 3rd and 4th class; Prussian Red Eagle 1st and 2nd class, Swedish - Military Order of the Sword 2nd class; golden weapon "For bravery".

Georgy (Egor) Arsenievich Emmanuel (Manuilovich)(1775-1837) - Russian military leader, general of the cavalry of the Russian Imperial Army.

Biography

Born on April 14, 1775 in Vershitsa into the Serbian noble family of Manuilovich.

While serving in the guard, Emmanuel began to supplement his education: he studied French and Italian languages and military sciences. At the end of 1796, despite the objections of Emperor Franz II, he retired and went to Russia.

Family

He was married to Maria Vilimovna Knobel - the daughter of Major General Willim Christianovich Knobel, the granddaughter of the architect Christian Knobel. The marriage produced 10 children: Maria, George, Elizaveta, Alexandra, Varvara, Sophia, Nikolai, Lydia, Julia, Alexander.

Awards

• Order of St. George, 3rd class (08/17/1813)
• Order of St. George, 4th class (12/19/1812)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
• Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1813)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class (1812)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class (1807)
• Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (02.10.1827)
• Order of St. Anne, 1st class (1813)
• Diamond badges for the Order of St. Anne, 1st class
• Order of St. Anne, 2nd class (1807)
• Silver medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812"
• The highest rescript (17.09.1829)
• Insignia “For XXXV years of blameless service” (1831)
• Gold medal "For Bravery" (1794, Austria)
• Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class (1814, Prussia)
• Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class (1813, Prussia)
• Order of the Sword, commander (1st class) (1813, Sweden)

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Notes

Links

• // Russian archive: Sat. - M., studio "TRITE" N. Mikhalkov, 1996. - T. VII. - pp. 625-626.
• // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.

An excerpt characterizing Emmanuel, Georgy Arsenievich

- Why do you know?
- I know. This is not good, my friend.
“And if I want...” said Natasha.
“Stop talking nonsense,” said the Countess.
- And if I want...
- Natasha, I'm serious...
Natasha didn’t let her finish, she pulled her towards her big hand countess and kissed her on top, then on the palm, then turned her again and began to kiss her on the bone of the upper joint of the finger, then in the gap, then again on the bone, whispering: “January, February, March, April, May.”
- Speak, mother, why are you silent? “Speak,” she said, looking back at the mother, who was looking at her daughter with a tender gaze and, because of this contemplation, seemed to have forgotten everything she wanted to say.
- This is no good, my soul. Not everyone will understand your childhood connection, and seeing him so close to you can harm you in the eyes of other young people who come to us, and, most importantly, it tortures him in vain. He may have found a match for himself, a rich one; and now he's going crazy.
- Does it work? – Natasha repeated.
– I’ll tell you about myself. I had one cousin...
- I know - Kirilla Matveich, but he’s an old man?
– It wasn’t always an old man. But here’s what, Natasha, I’ll talk to Borya. He doesn't need to travel so often...
- Why shouldn’t he, if he wants to?
- Because I know that this will not end in anything.
- Why do you know? No, mom, you don't tell him. What nonsense! - Natasha said in the tone of a person from whom they want to take away his property.
“Well, I won’t get married, so let him go, if he’s having fun and I’m having fun.” – Natasha smiled and looked at her mother.
“Not married, just like that,” she repeated.
- How is this, my friend?
- Yes, yes. Well, it’s very necessary that I don’t get married, but... so.
“Yes, yes,” the countess repeated and, shaking her whole body, laughed with a kind, unexpected old woman’s laugh.
“Stop laughing, stop,” Natasha shouted, “you’re shaking the whole bed.” You look terribly like me, the same laugher... Wait... - She grabbed both hands of the countess, kissed the little finger bone on one - June, and continued to kiss July, August on the other hand. - Mom, is he very much in love? How about your eyes? Were you so in love? And very sweet, very, very sweet! But it’s not quite to my taste - it’s narrow, like a table clock... Don’t you understand?... Narrow, you know, gray, light...
- Why are you lying! - said the countess.
Natasha continued:
- Do you really not understand? Nikolenka would understand... The earless one is blue, dark blue with red, and he is quadrangular.
“You flirt with him too,” said the countess, laughing.
- No, he is a Freemason, I found out. It’s nice, dark blue and red, how can I explain it to you...
“Countess,” the count’s voice was heard from behind the door. -Are you awake? – Natasha jumped up barefoot, grabbed her shoes and ran into her room.
She couldn't sleep for a long time. She kept thinking that no one could understand everything that she understood and that was in her.
"Sonya?" she thought, looking at the sleeping, curled up cat with her huge braid. “No, where should she go!” She is virtuous. She fell in love with Nikolenka and doesn’t want to know anything else. Mom doesn’t understand either. It’s amazing how smart I am and how... she’s nice,” she continued, speaking to herself in the third person and imagining that some very smart person was talking about her, the smartest and most good man... “She has everything, everything,” the man continued, “she’s extraordinarily smart, sweet and then good, extraordinarily good, dexterous, swims, rides perfectly, and has a voice! One might say, an amazing voice!” She sang her favorite musical phrase from the Cherubini Opera, threw herself on the bed, laughed with the joyful thought that she was about to fall asleep, shouted to Dunyasha to put out the candle, and before Dunyasha had time to leave the room, she had already moved into another, even more happy world dreams, where everything was as easy and beautiful as in reality, but it was only even better, because it was different.

The next day, the countess, inviting Boris to her place, talked with him, and from that day he stopped visiting the Rostovs.

On December 31, on New Year's Eve 1810, le reveillon [night supper], there was a ball at Catherine's nobleman's house. The diplomatic corps and the sovereign were supposed to be at the ball.
On the Promenade des Anglais, the famous house of a nobleman glowed with countless lights. At the illuminated entrance with a red cloth stood the police, and not only gendarmes, but the police chief at the entrance and dozens of police officers. The carriages drove off, and new ones drove up with red footmen and footmen with feathered hats. Men in uniforms, stars and ribbons came out of the carriages; ladies in satin and ermine carefully stepped down the noisily laid down steps, and hurriedly and silently walked along the cloth of the entrance.
Almost every time a new carriage arrived, there was a murmur in the crowd and hats were taken off.
“Sovereign?... No, minister... prince... envoy... Don’t you see the feathers?...” said from the crowd. One of the crowd, better dressed than the others, seemed to know everyone, and called by name the most noble nobles of that time.
Already one third of the guests had arrived at this ball, and the Rostovs, who were supposed to be at this ball, were still hastily preparing to dress.
There was a lot of talk and preparation for this ball in the Rostov family, a lot of fears that the invitation would not be received, the dress would not be ready, and everything would not work out as needed.
Along with the Rostovs, Marya Ignatievna Peronskaya, a friend and relative of the countess, a thin and yellow maid of honor of the old court, leading the provincial Rostovs in the highest St. Petersburg society, went to the ball.
At 10 o'clock in the evening the Rostovs were supposed to pick up the maid of honor at the Tauride Garden; and yet it was already five minutes to ten, and the young ladies were not yet dressed.
Natasha was going to the first big ball in her life. That day she got up at 8 o'clock in the morning and was in feverish anxiety and activity all day. All her strength, from the very morning, was aimed at ensuring that they all: she, mother, Sonya were dressed in the best possible way. Sonya and the Countess trusted her completely. The countess was supposed to be wearing a masaka velvet dress, the two of them were wearing white smoky dresses on pink, silk covers with roses in the bodice. The hair had to be combed a la grecque [in Greek].
Everything essential had already been done: the legs, arms, neck, ears were already especially carefully, like a ballroom, washed, perfumed and powdered; they were already wearing silk, fishnet stockings and white satin shoes with bows; the hairstyles were almost finished. Sonya finished dressing, and so did the Countess; but Natasha, who was working for everyone, fell behind. She was still sitting in front of the mirror with a peignoir draped over her slender shoulders. Sonya, already dressed, stood in the middle of the room and, pressing painfully with her small finger, pinned the last ribbon that squealed under the pin.
“Not like that, not like that, Sonya,” said Natasha, turning her head away from her hair and grabbing the hair with her hands, which the maid who was holding it did not have time to let go. - Not like that, come here. – Sonya sat down. Natasha cut the tape differently.
“Excuse me, young lady, you can’t do this,” said the maid holding Natasha’s hair.
- Oh, my God, well, later! That's it, Sonya.
-Are you coming soon? – the countess’s voice was heard, “it’s already ten.”
- Now. -Are you ready, mom?
- Just pin the current.
“Don’t do it without me,” Natasha shouted, “you won’t be able to!”
- Yes, ten.
It was decided to be at the ball at half past ten, and Natasha still had to get dressed and stop by the Tauride Garden.
Having finished her hair, Natasha, in a short skirt, from which her ballroom shoes were visible, and in her mother’s blouse, ran up to Sonya, examined her and then ran to her mother. Turning her head, she pinned the current, and barely had time to kiss her White hair, again ran to the girls who were hemming her skirt.
The issue was Natasha's skirt, which was too long; Two girls were hemming it, hastily biting the threads. The third, with pins in her lips and teeth, ran from the Countess to Sonya; the fourth held her entire smoky dress on her raised hand.
- Mavrusha, rather, my dear!
- Give me a thimble from there, young lady.
- Soon, finally? - said the count, entering from behind the door. - Here's some perfume for you. Peronskaya is already tired of waiting.
“It’s ready, young lady,” said the maid, lifting the hemmed smoky dress with two fingers and blowing and shaking something, expressing with this gesture an awareness of the airiness and purity of what she was holding.
Natasha began to put on her dress.
“Now, now, don’t go, dad,” she shouted to her father, who opened the door, still from under the haze of her skirt, which covered her entire face. Sonya slammed the door. A minute later the count was let in. He was in a blue tailcoat, stockings and shoes, perfumed and oiled.
- Oh, dad, you are so good, dear! – Natasha said, standing in the middle of the room and straightening the folds of the haze.
“Excuse me, young lady, allow me,” said the girl, standing on her knees, pulling off her dress and turning the pins from one side of her mouth to the other with her tongue.
- Your will! - Sonya cried out with despair in her voice, looking at Natasha’s dress, - your will, it’s long again!
Natasha moved away to look around in the dressing table. The dress was long.
“By God, madam, nothing is long,” said Mavrusha, crawling on the floor behind the young lady.
“Well, it’s long, so we’ll sweep it up, we’ll sweep it up in a minute,” said the determined Dunyasha, taking out a needle from the handkerchief on her chest and getting back to work on the floor.
At this time, the countess entered shyly, with quiet steps, in her current and velvet dress.
- Ooh! my beauty! - the count shouted, - better than all of you!... - He wanted to hug her, but she pulled away, blushing, so as not to crumple.
“Mom, more on the side of the current,” Natasha said. “I’ll cut it,” and she rushed forward, and the girls who were hemming, did not have time to rush after her, tore off a piece of smoke.
- My God! What is this? It's not my fault...
“I’ll sweep it all away, it won’t be visible,” Dunyasha said.
- Beauty, it’s mine! - said the nanny who came in from behind the door. - And Sonyushka, what a beauty!...
At a quarter past ten they finally got into the carriages and drove off. But we still had to stop by the Tauride Garden.
Peronskaya was already ready. Despite her old age and ugliness, she did exactly the same thing as the Rostovs, although not with such haste (this was a common thing for her), but her old, ugly body was also perfumed, washed, powdered, and the ears were also carefully washed , and even, and just like the Rostovs, the old maid enthusiastically admired her mistress’s outfit when she, in a yellow dress with a code, came out into the living room. Peronskaya praised the Rostovs' toilets.
The Rostovs praised her taste and dress, and, taking care of her hair and dresses, at eleven o'clock they settled into their carriages and drove off.

Since the morning of that day, Natasha had not had a minute of freedom, and not once had time to think about what lay ahead of her.
In the damp, cold air, in the cramped and incomplete darkness of the swaying carriage, for the first time she vividly imagined what awaited her there, at the ball, in the illuminated halls - music, flowers, dancing, the sovereign, all the brilliant youth of St. Petersburg. What awaited her was so beautiful that she did not even believe that it would happen: it was so incongruous with the impression of cold, cramped space and darkness of the carriage. She understood everything that awaited her only when, having walked along the red cloth of the entrance, she entered the entryway, took off her fur coat and walked next to Sonya in front of her mother between the flowers along the illuminated stairs. Only then did she remember how she had to behave at the ball and tried to adopt the majestic manner that she considered necessary for a girl at the ball. But fortunately for her, she felt that her eyes were running wild: she could not see anything clearly, her pulse beat a hundred times a minute, and the blood began to pound at her heart. She could not accept the manner that would make her funny, and she walked, frozen with excitement and trying with all her might to hide it. And this was the very manner that suited her most of all. In front and behind them, talking just as quietly and also in ball gowns, guests entered. The mirrors on the stairs reflected ladies in white, blue, pink dresses, with diamonds and pearls on open hands and necks.
Natasha looked in the mirrors and in the reflection could not distinguish herself from others. Everything was mixed into one brilliant procession. Upon entering the first hall, the uniform roar of voices, footsteps, and greetings deafened Natasha; the light and shine blinded her even more. The owner and hostess, who had already been standing for half an hour front door and those who said the same words to those entering: “charme de vous voir,” [in admiration that I see you] greeted the Rostovs and Peronskaya in the same way.
Two girls in white dresses, with identical roses in their black hair, sat down in the same way, but the hostess involuntarily fixed her gaze longer on thin Natasha. She looked at her and smiled especially at her, in addition to her masterful smile. Looking at her, the hostess remembered, perhaps, her golden, irrevocable girlhood time, and her first ball. The owner also followed Natasha with his eyes and asked the count who was his daughter?

Book N. B. Golitsyn, “Biography of the Cavalry General Emmanuel”

Emmanuel Georgy Arsenievich- cavalry general, head of the Caucasus region; born April 2, 1775 in the city. Vershitsa and received his education at the local school, where from the very early years began to show military inclinations. He came from a noble Montenegrin family that moved to Banat and ruled the Serbian population; his grandfather received the Hungarian nobility.

In 1788, when Emmanuel was only 13 years old, the Turks invaded the Banat towards Belgrade. Everyone on their way fled, the majority of the residents of Vershitz also left the city, but 13-year-old Emmanuel gathered his comrades and persuaded them to defend the city. Having obtained weapons, the boys actively began to prepare for defense and placed guards and posts everywhere. When the Turks approached the city, the young men defending it met them from the walls with gunfire. The Turks, thinking that Vershits was occupied by a strong garrison, did not dare to approach it and passed by. This was the first feat of the future major military leader.

Burning with the desire for further military exploits, he entered the Miyalevich volunteer corps, then served as a cadet in the regiment of Baron Spivny, and in 1792 he again entered the Miyalevich corps. The following year, while participating in many battles, he received three very serious wounds: a bayonet in the stomach (at Landau), a grenade fragment in right hand(ibid.) and buckshot in right leg(in Weissenburg lines). For the amazing courage he repeatedly showed, the chapter of orders asked him for a gold medal with the inscription “der Tapferkeit” to be worn in his buttonhole. This award is considered very honorable in Austria.

Having recovered from his wounds, Emmanuel was accepted by Emperor Franz into the Hungarian noble guard as a second lieutenant in 1794. While serving in the guard, he began to supplement his education and studied French and Italian languages ​​​​and military sciences. Dissatisfied with the Austrian government, which was slow in fulfilling some of its promises, Emmanuel, despite the reluctance of Emperor Franz Joseph, resigned and went to Russia.

Arriving in Moscow on March 27, 1797, on the same day, during the parade on Kremlin Square, he caught the eye of Emperor Paul, who became interested in the young man in the uniform of a Hungarian guardsman and, having learned that Emmanuel had come with the goal of enrolling in military service, ordered him to be enlisted as a lieutenant in the Life Hussar Regiment. The very next year, Emmanuel was promoted to staff captain, and a year later to captain. Emperor Paul, who loved the dashing hussar captain very much, despite his youth (he was only 25 years old), promoted him to colonel on September 25, 1800.

Two years later, Emmanuel at will was transferred to the Kiev Dragoon Regiment, with which he participated in campaigns against the French in 1800 and 1807. During the Battle of Pułtusk, while commanding two squadrons, he was wounded in the leg, but did not leave the army. For the differences shown in this matter, he was awarded a golden saber with the inscription “for bravery.” Upon recovery, he was instructed to go with a small detachment to Tikochin to restore contact with the corps of General Essen 1st, who was heading to the main army, and, in addition, to set up a mobile hospital for 4,000 wounded people. Both orders were carried out brilliantly by him.

Then on May 24, 1807, during the battle of Gutstatt, Emmanuel with three squadrons of dismounted dragoons attacked enemy posts, took one captain and 100 soldiers prisoner and broke into Gutstatt. For this deed he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree, and for the courage shown five days later in the battle of Heilsberg, he received the Order of St. Anna 2nd degree. In the battle of Friedland, he commanded the Kyiv Dragoon Regiment, and during the retreat with a small cavalry detachment, he destroyed all crossings and rafts along the Neman, which prevented the French from bypassing our army. Returning to Russia and recovering from his wounds, he again joined the ranks of his regiment and on December 11, 1808, he was appointed chief of first the Courland and then the Kyiv dragoon regiments.

The following year a campaign was announced for Austria. In the army sent on this campaign, Prince. S. F. Golitsyn also included the Kiev Dragoon Regiment. This put him in a very great difficulty, since it was very difficult for him, as a Hungarian nobleman and a former Austrian officer, to take up arms against his homeland. Therefore, he turned to the sovereign with a request to involve him in any service, but to allow him not to act against his fellow citizens. His request was respected.

With the outbreak of the War of 1812, Emmanuel again entered a time of constant skirmishes and battles. Being part of the army of Prince. Bagration, he already dealt with the French on June 28th in the battle of the town of Mira. During this affair, nine enemy cavalry regiments were exterminated, and in this extermination he played a leading role. For the battle of Mir he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree. Then there were battles at Novoselki, Saltanovka, Smolensk, etc., and everywhere he did not stop fighting in the rearguard. Finally, in the battle of August 24, not reaching Borodino, he defended the Shevardinsky redoubt and went on the attack several times with his regiment, and was wounded by a bullet in the chest. The reward for this deed was the Order of St. George 4th degree. However, this time the wound forced him out of action, but in September he already reported to the Tarutino camp.

When the French left Moscow, Emmanuel, being in the vanguard, persistently pursued them all the time. Near Vyazma, with the Kyiv Dragoon and Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiments, he crashed between the rearguard of the Viceroy and the vanguard of Marshal Davout, pushed back the brigade of General Nagel, most of which he took prisoner, and then at the village of Chervonnoye he took another 500 people prisoner. For his distinguished service in cases against the French, he was promoted to major general on December 26, 1812.

The next year's campaign began for him by participating in the siege of the fortresses first of Modlin, then of Glogau, and when in April he reached the mountains. Zwickau, then he was entrusted with covering the left flank of the allied army at the head of a flying detachment, consisting of regiments: Kyiv Dragoons, Cossacks: Rebrikov 3rd, Yagodin 2nd, Stavropol Kalmyk, 11th Jaeger and Horse Artillery No. 4 companies. With the same detachment, he defended the crossing of the Allied troops across the Elbe, and then, located in the mountains of Silesia, watched the French until the Battle of Bautzen. At this time, he had serious battles with the French near Weisel, at Stolpen, Bischofswerde and Neukirchen, and on May 9 in the general battle of Bautzen, where he almost destroyed one French dragoon regiment, after which, moving to Radmeritz, he crossed to the right bank of the river Neisse and prepared everything necessary for burning the bridge. When MacDonald's corps, thinking of cutting off Miloradovich and pinning him to the Austrian border, began to cross the bridge, the bridge suddenly caught fire, and E. began showering the French with cannonballs. Continuing to cover the left flank of the allied army and moving towards Spenau and Goldberg to Jauer, Emmanuel attacked the French at the latter and captured 600 people prisoner. Upon the conclusion of a six-week truce on May 23, Emmanuel was entrusted with the establishment of a demarcation line stretching from the Bohemian border to the village of Peterwitz, and he was given 14 Cossack regiments, 2 dragoons, 8 chasseurs, 2 infantry regiments and 2 battery companies. For the distinctions shown while commanding the flying detachment, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree and, in addition, received the Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd degree, from the Prussian king.

At the end of the truce, he received a new assignment - to command the cavalry of the vanguard of the gr. Langeron and at the head of the vanguard crossed the Beaver River at Sieben-Eichen on August 7, broke through the enemy line, took many prisoners and even Marshal MacDonald’s convoy, but, in turn, was surrounded by the French, and although Langeron, who was standing across the river, could not provide assistance to his vanguard, however, the latter returned back to Beaver without losing a single gun; After this, E. had constant battles with MacDonald, who was pursuing him, for seven days, until finally on August 14, during the Battle of Katzbach, victory remained with the allies, thanks to E.’s energy, courage and management. Then, having crossed Katzbach, he with one cavalry attacked the French near the village of Pilgramsdorf and captured 7 guns, 4 charging boxes and 1131 prisoners. The next day, August 16, Emmanuel drove the enemy out of the Neuwiesen Forest and occupied it with his rangers, and then participated in the extermination of the Puteaux division at Levenberg (August 17).

Commanding not only the Russian vanguard cavalry during the offensive movement towards Dresden, but also the Prussian cavalry that joined it under the command of General Katzler, Emmanuel had strong battles with the French at Stolpen, Rotmeritz, Bischofswerd, Elster, Duben, Eulenburg, St. Rotegak, Vederich, Rodefeld and Badefeld. For the rare distinction he showed in these matters, he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree.

In the battle of October 4 near Leipzig, Emmanuel with two regiments held off the onslaught of 6 French regiments, and then he attacked them and defeated them. In the famous battle of October 6, taking an active part from the very beginning, he especially distinguished himself at a time when the French began to retreat: having only a convoy of 12 people at hand, he captured 2 generals, 17 officers and 400 lower ranks. This is how Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky describes this feat: “Having passed the chain of our riflemen, he (Emmanuel) met 12 enemy cuirassiers and took them prisoner. Then, among the fleeing enemies, he captured the general and, approaching the blown-up bridge (across the Pleisu River, blown up by order Napoleon I), saw several Frenchmen crossing the river on the boards. Emmanuel ordered them to return, threatening them with death; they obeyed unquestioningly; suddenly ours noticed a French battalion walking towards the river across their path. Loriston, Emmanuel drove up to the battalion, amazed at the sight of his corps commander, Loriston, next to our general. At the first request, the battalion put down its gun. Thus, 2 generals, 17 officers and 400 privates were captured by Emmanuel alone. He left the swords to the officers on their word of honor. the impossibility of giving them to anyone for safekeeping, because his small convoy was holding captured generals and cuirassiers’ horses.” It is remarkable that neither Emmanuel nor his convoy received any reward for their feat. The reason for this was the hostility of Blucher, who was offended that the captive Lauriston, besides him, at the request of Emperor Alexander 1st, was transferred to the main apartment.

Being in the vanguard of the army that pursued the French after the defeat at Leipzig, Emmanuel almost daily fought with the enemy and, by the way, near the mountains. The Goths captured 1,200 people. After joining the corps of gr. Saint-Prix, he participated in the capture of the mountains. Reims, and then, thanks only to his fearlessness, energy and management, the corps gr. Saint-Prix was not destroyed when Napoleon's entire army attacked it. Having removed the remains of the hull gr. Saint-Prix in Lan, E. soon received orders to build a bridge across the Martha near the village. Trinorta. He carried out this assignment brilliantly. On March 17 (1814), Emmanuel received a new appointment as head of the vanguard of the army moving towards Paris.

Taking an active part in the capture of Paris, the very next day after this event he was sent to pursue the French and only on March 2 stopped his military operations. For the capture of Paris, he was promoted to lieutenant general and, in addition, received the Order of the Red Eagle, 1st degree, from the Prussian king, and the Order of the Sword, 2nd degree, from the Crown Prince of Sweden. Upon returning to Russia, E. was appointed head of the 4th Dragoon Division and remained in this position for about 10 years.

On June 25, 1826, Emmanuel was appointed commander of the troops on the Caucasian line, in the Black Sea region and Astrakhan, and head of the Caucasus region. Already the next year, thanks to the efforts of E., many neighboring mountain tribes recognized Russian citizenship, such as: Tagaurs, Karabulaks, Digorians, Balkars, Uruspievians, Chegilians, Khulamians, Bezengievians, part of the Chechens and Gumbetovians (total 127 villages, 7457 families, 30,007 people of both sexes). As a reward for this annexation, made not by force of arms, but by smart orders, Emmanuel was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

With the beginning Russian-Turkish war 1828-1829 Emmanuel's position became quite difficult due to the insignificant number of troops at his disposal, and at the same time due to the hostile movement of the Trans-Kuban highlanders. He ordered to strengthen and prepare for defense all border villages and divided the troops he had into two columns, of which he entrusted the left one to Major General Antropov. Thanks to the quite expedient orders of the latter, the invasion of the Trans-Kubans did not have serious consequences, but it gave E. the idea of ​​​​conquering the Karachais. Despite the fact that Karachaevo was considered completely impregnable, he nevertheless attacked it on October 20 and, after a 12-hour stubborn battle, took the mountain ridge called Donkey Saddle, and the Karachais accepted Russian citizenship.

Following them, the Avar Khanate (more than 100,000 inhabitants), the Natukhais, Temirgois, Kerkineans and Trans-Kuban Nagais (about 19,000 people) accepted citizenship. But since the movement against Russia of some Trans-Kuban peoples did not stop, Emmanuel decided to send a new expedition of three columns beyond the Kuban. This expedition ended very successfully. For his intensive efforts to conquer and pacify the Caucasus, Emmanuel was promoted to cavalry general in June 1828.

The following year, wanting to collect accurate information about Mount Elbrus and its surroundings and at the same time intending to make a strong impression in the minds of the mountaineers by appearing in the very heart of their fortress-auls, he decided to undertake an expedition to Elbrus. At his suggestion, the Academy of Sciences also took part in this expedition, which elected him as an honorary member.

In 1830, Emmanuel was granted eternal and hereditary ownership of 6,000 acres of land in the Caucasus region. The following year he went on a long vacation and settled in Elizavetgrad (present-day Kirovograd), where he died on January 14, 1837, at the age of 62.

General Emmanuel's expedition to Elbrus

From the memoirs of Academician Kupfer

At eight o'clock on July 22, General Emmanuel himself left the camp with a small convoy and reached a high hill, from where a majestic view of Elbrus opened up. He was once again convinced of the possibility of reaching its peak. At 11 o'clock, having returned to his camp, the general began to form a caravan that was supposed to accompany natural scientists. “Hunters were called. Twenty Cossacks and one Kabardian named Kilyar came out” (Potto, p. 382). When the detachment reached the black mountains, among which there was no longer the slightest sign of a path, not only the academicians, but even the Cossacks and the guide Kilyar did not dare to trust their lives to animals, and therefore everyone dismounted and led their horses.

The expedition spent the night at one of the sites on the Black Mountains. “Only the next day - July 23 - at noon, the Hungarian traveler de Besse noticed through a telescope on the sparkling covers of Elbrus four people who were trying to reach the top of the mountain. Three of them soon disappeared from sight, the fourth rose higher and higher - and suddenly a figure his relief was outlined above the very crown of Elbrus. He was, as it turned out later, a Kabardian Kilyar, a native of Nalchik.”

The troops marked this moment with three rifle shots. Kilyar didn’t see anyone or anything ( we're talking about about Prometheus among the Greeks, about an old man chained to the top of a mountain for disobeying Allah, about a crowd of genies among the Circassians). As a souvenir of his ascent, he brought a black stone with greenish veins, which turned out to be basalt. General Emmanuel ordered it to be divided into two equal parts, one was sent to St. Petersburg, the other was given to the Hungarian scientist de Besse for storage in the national museum of the city of Pest (part of modern Budapest).

The scientific expedition descended to the camp on the same day, July 23. In honor of this event, General Emmanuel gave a ceremonial dinner, which was attended by representatives of Kabarda, Karachay, Uruspia and other Trans-Kuban peoples. A toast to Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, patron of sciences, was accompanied by a gun salvo. They raised a toast to General Emmanuel, to the scientists, to the Kabardian Kilyar, to the actual annexation of Elbrus to the possessions of the Russian Empire. Kilyar was awarded a solemnly deserved prize.

By order of the general, in memory of this outstanding event, the following text was cut out on the rock (we quote in full): “During the reign of the All-Russian Emperor Nicholas 1, the commander of the troops on the Caucasian line, cavalry general Georgy Emmanuel, camped here from July 20 to July 23, 1829. With him were : his son Georgy, fourteen years old, academicians sent by the Russian Government: Kupfer, Lenz, Menetrier, Meyer, mining corps official Vansovich, architect Mineralnye Vody Joseph Bernadazzi and the Hungarian traveler Ivan de Bess. The Academicians and Bernadazzi, leaving the camp located eight thousand feet (1143 fathoms) above the sea surface, climbed Elbrus on the twenty-second to fifteen and a half thousand feet (2223 fathoms). Only the Kabardian Kilyar reached the top. Let this modest stone pass on to posterity the names of those who first paved the way to reach Elbrus, which until now was considered impregnable." This text is cast on a cast iron plate in Lugansk in two copies, one of them is kept in Tbilisi, the other in the Pyatigorsk Museum. Text cast in Arabic."

And to this day, disputes between various Caucasian peoples do not subside about who this Kilyar was by nationality, and about who belongs to the primacy of the official conquest of Elbrus - Karachais, Balkars or Kabardians.

In 1829, when preparing for an expedition to Elbrus (and with him he led a detachment of 1000 people!), the general informed the rulers of Karachay and Balkaria about this, inviting them to a meeting. It took place at the very beginning of the journey, in the fortified point closest to the border of Kabarda and Karachay. The leaders of the Karachay and Balkar people, princes Islam Krymshaukhalov and Myrzakul Urusbiev, came to meet with the general. The meeting was very important. The mountain peoples were afraid that the Russians were coming to war (to plunder, simply put), and prepared for defense. The general not only assured them of safety, he demonstrated friendly feelings and presented valuable gifts (which only the Tula samovar was worth). The mountaineers tried to stay out of debt, repaid what they could, and also provided the expedition with five of the best guides, five of the best hunters who walked the highlands back and forth. Only the names of two of them went down in history: Killar Khashirov and Akhiya Sottaev. Apparently they were the strongest. When Elbrus from the foot to the top appeared before the general’s gaze, he was overcome with real excitement. It was solemnly announced to all members of the expedition that those who climb Elbrus will receive a reward. Emanuel set the first prize at 100 silver rubles. At that time it was a lot of money, especially for the mountaineers. There was something to compete for.

Race No. 1.

Everything suggests that there was a clear favorite in the race, his name was Killar Khashirov. He was among the five guides proposed by Krymshaukhalov. The prevailing opinion is that he was a Kabardian (as was written in some reports), although at that time all guides were indiscriminately called Circassians. I. Miziev’s version that Killar was from the Karachais seems more convincing. There are two groups of arguments. First, let's just turn to logic. The guides were given by Krymshaukhalov and this was a very important matter. Could a Kabardian (they live in the foothills) be among the chosen ones, especially be the leader of a group of guides among the Karachais and Balkars? And secondly, the surname Khashirov is found only in Karachay; there is no such surname in Kabarda. Moreover, there is historical data that later, to travelers who visited the upper reaches of the Kuban, local residents told about Killar, how local resident.

And there is every reason to say that according to some unknown, but very real hierarchy (maybe even set by the prince), it was Killar who was chosen by the “Circassians” as the climber. And it is possible that he later gave the money to the prince! In any case, it was believed that he was able to make it, and the other mountaineers, it seems, deliberately did not compete with him. Besides them, five scientists went to the top. Their leader was 30-year-old academician Adolf Kupfer. And the one who stood out the most athletically was 25-year-old Emilius Lenz, who had recently returned from a three-year voyage around the world. However, serious competition could hardly be expected from the gentlemen; this is not a lordly business after all. The Cossacks are another matter (there were 20 of them), who knows what these Russians are capable of. For four hundred rubles!

Fireworks in honor of the highlander.

Killar took the lead from the first minute. It was in his footsteps that the group followed to their overnight stay on a rocky ridge. On July 22, 1829, Killar woke up before everyone else, in the middle of the night, and went out to climb in the dark. Isn't this a confirmation of the seriousness of his intentions! At the last rocks, I threw away all my extra things and went light to the top. The weather was satisfactory and small clouds did not significantly interfere with the ascent. At the top of Killar Khashirov, as evidence, left his hat, covering it with stones. The mountaineer also descended at a fast pace; he arrived at the camp before the company of exhausted “academicians” had reached there. Second place in the race was taken by the Cossack Lysenkov, who did not reach the top, exhausted and falling through the soft snow thawed in the sun. 3rd-4th place, for which awards were no longer awarded, were taken by Lenz and the Balkarian Ahiya Sottaev from Urusbievo, who, together with other mountaineers, provided great assistance to the academicians in their difficult descent. Maybe they just saved their lives. General Emanuel carefully watched the progress of the ascent through a telescope. He saw how one of the climbers, judging by his clothes, a Circassian, walked far ahead of everyone and soon disappeared from visibility in the area of ​​the summit. A few minutes later, considering the job done, the general gave the command to celebrate the achievement of the summit of Elbrus with drumming and a gun salute. When all the participants in the ascent descended to the camp, a large gala dinner was held, and all the winners received the promised prize money.